3rd term Math reviewer

(Topics: Algebraic Expressions, First Degree Equations and Inequalities, Linear Equations and Inequalities in two variables)

Algebraic Expressions:
Variables- Symbols used in Algebraic expression to represent a certain number/s. Ex: Shapes, Letters, any symbol etc. Constant- A specific value or element of the set of real numbers. Ex: Any natural number, whole number, integer, rational number, and irrational number. (Note: You can use a variable alone, a constant alone, or a mixture of both) Domain- Set of permissible values for a variable in a certain Algebraic expression. If the expression is non-fractional(no fractions), the domain will be the set of real numbers. When there is a fraction and its denominator is a variable ONLY, then the domain will be the set of all real numbers excluding 0. If the denominator of a fraction is a mixture of a constant and a variable, just find the value of the variable that will make the denominator 0 and the domain will be the set of real numbers excluding that number.

Monomial- An algebraic expression with one term. Ex: 1, x, 4y Multinomial- An algebraic expression with more than 1 term. Ex: x+1, 3+2+z, 7-4+3y Binomial- Is a multinomial algebraic expression with exactly 2 terms. Ex: x+1, 2-y, 3 times z Trinomial- Is a multinomial algebraic expression with exactly 3 terms. Ex:1-2-3, x+y+z, 3x-4+8z Factor- If an algebraic expression is a product of 2 or more quantities, each quantity is called a factor.

Ex: x and y are factors of xy Literal factors- Factors that are variables Numerical Factors- Factors that are numbers. Coefficient- The coefficient of a number is the number multiplied to it to get an algebraic expression Ex: x and 2 are coefficients in the expression 2x Similar/Like terms- 2 or more algebraic expressions with the SAME variables and their exponents. Ex: 2x^3y^2 is similar to 4y^2x^3 Evaluation- The process of getting the answer to an algebraic expression with specific values assigned to each variable. Ex: x+y-2; x=2, y=3 If you substitute x and y with their respective values you will get the answer 3. Polynomial- An algebraic expression where each term can either be a constant, a variable, or a product of both. Rational Algebraic expression- An algebraic expression which is a quotient of two polynomials and the denominator is not equal to 0. Ex: 3-x/4+x wherein the sum of 4 and x should not be equal to 0. Radical expression- An algebraic expression where at least one of the terms has a variable under the radical sign. Degree- The exponent of a variable Ex: 4x^3y^2 The degree of x is 3 and y is 2 Degree of a term of a polynomial- The sum of the exponents of the variables in a certain polynomial. Ex: 4x^3y^2 The degree of the polynomial is 5

Degree of a non-constant polynomial in some variable- The highest exponent of a variable in a polynomial Ex:4x^3y^2-3x^2y^6 The degree of x is 3 and y is 6 Degree of a polynomial- It is the largest sum of the exponents of the variables among the terms of the given polynomial.

Addition and subtraction of polynomials

Things to remember: 1. Use the commutative property and associative property of addition to group similar terms. 2. You can only add like terms and not unlike terms. 3. Add the numerical coefficients of similar terms by using the distributive property of multiplication over addition. 4. IN subtracting polynomial, make sure to distribute the negative sign if there are grouping symbols. Additive Inverse- The number you add to a certain number to make it 0.

Multiplication of polynomials
Laws of exponents: 1. Product Law- x^2 times x^4= x^6 2. Power of a Product law- (xy)^6= x^6 times y^6 3. Power of a power law- (x^2)^4- x^8 Methods of Multiplying Polynomials 1. Face of a man 2. Parrots Beak 3. FOIL (Check on page 161. Hard to illustrate)

Division of Polynomials
Laws of exponents: 4. Quotient law- x^5/x^2= x^5-2= x^3 (Cancellation) 5. Power of a quotient law- (x^5/y^2)^3= x^15/y^6 Things to remember: (Long division method) 1. Arrange the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending power of a literal factor common to both. 2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to obtain the first term of the quotient. 3. Multiply the quotient in step 2 by the entire divisor. Subtract this product from the dividend. 4. Use the remainder thus obtained as the new dividend. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to obtain the second term of the quotient. 5. Continue the above procedure until the remainder obtained is either 0 or is of a lower degree in the common literal factor than the divisor.

First Degree Equations:

Mathematical equation- A statement which tells that 2 expressions are equal Ex: 5+x= 7 Solution- The value of the variable in an equation Ex: The solution of 5+x=7 is x=2 Contradictions- An equation that cant be true for any value Solution set- The set of possible values for the variable Conditional Equations- An equation which is true for particular real numbers only and not true for all real numbers. Identity Equations- An equation which is true for every real number. Equivalent Equations- 2 or more equations which have the same solution sets. Ex: x-2=3 and x+5=10; the value of x in both equations is 5.

Properties of Equality: 1. 2. 3. 4. Reflexive Property of Equality- If x is an element of the set of real numbers, then x=x Symmetric Property of Equality- If x=y then y=x Transitive Property of Equality- If x=y and y=z then x=z Addition Property of Equality- If x=y and z is an element of the set of real numbers, then 2+z=2+z 5. Multiplication Property of Equality- If x=y and z is an element of the set of real numbers, then xz=yz

First degree equation in 1 variable- Can be written as ax+b=0 wherein a and b are constants and a is not equal to 0. To solve first degree equations, use the different properties of equality especially APE and MPE. Your final answer should be the value of the variable given in that equation. Literal Equation- An equation which relates one variable to other variables. Translations- The process of expressing a given quantitative description mathematically.

First Degree Inequalities:

Inequality- A mathematical statement which asserts that two quantities are not equal. Things to remember when graphing Inequalities: 1. When the sign is greater than/less than or equal to, make sure the dot is shaded and if not equal to, dont shade it. 2. Negatve numbers to the left and positive numbers to the right of 0.

Compound statements- 2 or more inequalities intersecting or combining. Intersection- The numbers that are in both inequalities in a given compound statement Union- All of the numbers combined in both inequalities in a given compound statement.

Properties of Inequality: 1. Trichotomy Property- Let a and b be real numbers. Only one relationship can hold(Either a>b or a<b or a=b) 2. Transitive Property- If a<b and b<c then a<c 3. Addition Property of Inequality- If a<b then a+c<b+c 4. Multiplication Property of Inequality- If a<b the ac<bc (Note: If you multiply negative to both sides, the sign will change to the opposite of the original one.)

Linear Equations and Inequalities in 2 Variables:

Ordered Pairs- A grouping of 2 real numbers. The ordered pair (a,b) is the grouped pair of a and b where a is the first element and b is the second element. Note: In the solutions set of an equation/inequality with 2 variables, always follow the order (x,y) where the value of x is the first element and the value of y is the second element ALWAYS. Cross-Product- The set of ordered pairs that you can build by combining 2 sets. Let A and B be sets. The solution set to AxB is {(x,y)I x is an element of A and y is an element of b}. In combining 2 sets, let x always be the first set and y the second set. Domain- The first element of an ordered pair(x) Range- The second element of an ordered pair(y) y-coordinate/ordinate- The point that describes the distance from the x-axis x-coordinate/abscissa- The point that describes the distance from the y-axis Origin- Point of intersection in a Cartesian plane. (0,0) Axes- The lines that make the Cartesian plane. Horizontal line=x-axis, Vertical line=y-axis. Quadrants- The four regions in a Cartesian plane which are separated by the axes. Upper left- Quadrant 2 (-,+) Lower left- Quadrant 3 (-,-) Upper right- Quadrant 1 (+,+) Lower right- Quadrant 4 (+,-)

A linear Equation in 2 variable- Can be written as ax+by+c=0 where a, b, c are real numbers and a and b are not equal to 0. The graph of a linear equation in 2 variables is a set of points that line on a line. x-intercept- The value of x when y is 0. y-intercept- The value of y when x is 0. Slope- The constant ratio of a line. You can find the slope by using this formula: vertical change(rise)/horizontal change(run) Or this equation: y1-y2/x1-x2 or y2-y1/x2-x1 Graphing a Linear Inequality: 1. Graph the inequality as an Equality and use a solid line if the sign is greater than/less than or equal to and a broken line if not equal to. 2. Find the slope-intercept form of the Inequality( y > or < or > or < mx+b, wherein m=slope and b=y-intercept). 3. If greater than or greater than/equal to, shade the upper part of the line. If less than or less than/equal to, shade the lower part of the line. 4. The shaded part will be your solution set.