RETAINING WALLS TEMBOK PENAHAN

Prepared by : Noor Khazanah binti A Rahman Updated by : Isham Ismail

Simple concept of retaining walls

Typical details behind retaining walls

definition
Is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil Required when it was desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil

Types of RW
Gravity wall Cantilevered Sheet pilling Anchored

Gravity wall
Gravity walls depend on the weight of their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressures from behind For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid footing in frost areas

Cantilevered
Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T) This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall

Sheet pilling
usually used in soft soils and tight spaces which are driven into the ground usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil

Anchored
An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Usually driven into the material with boring, anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil. Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak

The concept,
Refer to a cantilever retaining wall Is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top It must resist the lateral pressures generated by loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures

The concept,
There is a lateral earth pressure behind the wall which depends on the angle of internal friction (phi) and the cohesive strength (c) of the retained material Required a drainage system to release hydrostatic pressure due to groundwater behind the wall.

Use of retaining structure

1) Protect steep slope from erosion. 2) Protect specimen tree stands from fill or cut condition. 3) Facilitate vertical circulation at steps or ramp structure 4) Facilitate vehicular access in steeply, sloping wooded sites, such as parks, camping areas or private residences.

Use of retaining structure

5) Maximize potential for development and/or building area to accommodate an extensive design program for school, play fields, outdoor theater etc. 6) Extend the architecture of a building into site and to express its functioning levels. 7) Achieve an integrate visual appearance of the proposed development in relation to the existing site and surrounding development.

function
Retainning structure at slope area (cut and fill) Reduce risk slope failure For basement area To control settlement and movement

Design requirement
to be able to resist the material held in position without any movement such as falling, sliding and sediment Acting as aesthetic structure to stabilize or strength earth and rock slope Control soils erosion due to surface water or under ground water Aesthetic value for environment

Erection Of RE Wall Panel At Jalan Bukit Kemuning

Erection of RE Panel at abutment B viaduct over Bulatan Jubli Perak

Rock Failure

Rock failure guided by discontinuity

Rock failure guided by discontinuity

Rock failure guided by discontinuity

Rock structures

The stereographic plot of potential instability analysis and types of failure mode (Hoek and Bray, 1981)

Natural slope failure