1) What would be expected if the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of the lungs were to increase

significantly? C) The amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease. 2) Which is a correct statement concerning the insect circulatory system? A) The circulating fluid bathes tissues directly. 3) Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have B) a closed circulatory system. 4) Which of the following blood components would interfere with the functioning of an open circulatory system but not a closed one? C) red blood cells 5) In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? D) frog 6) Three-chambered hearts generally consist of which of the following numbers of atria and ventricles? B) two atria; one ventricle 7) Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart? C) fishes 8) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) E) four-chambered heart. 9) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart? B) two 10) Through how many capillary beds must a human red blood cell travel if it takes the shortest possible route from the right ventricle to the right atrium? B) two 11) Chambers or vessels that carry oxygenated blood include which of the following? E) 3, 5, and 6 12) Blood is carried directly to the lungs from which of the following? C) 4 13) What is the correct sequence of blood flow, beginning at the pulmonary artery? C) 4-5-6-3-systemic circulation-2-1 14) Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal? D) vena cavaright atriumventriclepulmonary circuit 15) In order for an insect to grow as large as an elephant, what changes or modifications would need to be made in the circulatory systems of insects? D) Only A and B are correct. 16) A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min. This person's cardiac output per minute will beD) 2,800 mL. 17) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. 18) If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would be the effect? E) Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time. 19) A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would E) have no significant effect on stroke volume. 20) Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries? E) The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles. Answer: E 21) Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)? E)venaecavae 22) Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80? I. The systolic pressure is 130. II. The diastolic pressure is 80. III. The blood pressure during heart contraction is 80. C) I and II only 23) What can be expected to happen to the blood pressure of a healthy individual during inhalation? C) There will be a transient decrease in blood pressure. 24) What is the reason that fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriole end? C) The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. 25) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

26) If a person were suffering from edema, which of the following conditions would help to reduce the accumulation of interstitial fluid? D) decrease of the systolic blood pressure 27) What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked? C) Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas. 28) Human plasma proteins include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. Hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin C) I and III only 29) Which of the following is not a function of plasma proteins in humans? E) oxygen transport 30) Cyanide acts as a mitochondrial poison by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. What will happen to human red blood cells if they are placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide? E) The cells will probably be unaffected. A. low-density lipoproteins B. Immunoglobulin C. Erythropoietin D. Epinephrine E. platelets 31) speeds up heart rate D 32) part of the cellular elements of the blood E 33) stimulates the production of red blood cells C 34) involved in the early stages of blood clotting E 35) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of which protein? B) fibrin 36) Which of the following is not a normal event in the process of blood clotting? A) production of erythropoietin A. atherosclerosis B. arteriosclerosis C. hypertension D. heart murmur E. cardiovascular thrombus 37) high blood pressure Answer: C 38) defect in one or more of the valves of the heart Answer: D 39) plaque formation by infiltration of lipids into arterial smooth muscles Answer: A 40) Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common? A) The exchange surfaces are moist. 41) Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs? D) Only A and B are correct. 42) Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange? A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills 43) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize C) diffusion. 44) Which one of the following statements about gills operating in water isfalse? D) Water carries more oxygen than air, and therefore gills need to be more efficient than lungs. 45) Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in which organism? C) insect 46) Where do air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange? D) across the membranes of cells 47) An oil-water mixture is used as a spray against mosquitoes. How might this spray also affect gas exchange in other insects? B) The oil might block the openings into the tracheal system. 48) All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the C) tracheae of insects. 49) If a molecule of CO2released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the B) pulmonary vein. 50) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 51) Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? A) The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. 52) Which of the following lung volumes would be different in a person at rest compared with when the person exercises? A) tidal volume 53) Tidal volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology? C) stroke volume

54) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mLwould have a potential total lung capacity of D) 5,000 mL. 55) Air flows in only one direction through the lungs of which animals? B) birds 56) Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system? A) The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air. 57) The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? D) carbon dioxide 58) Breathing is usually regulated by D) CO2a d O 2concentration and pH-level sensors. n 59) At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg, what is the contribution of oxygen? D) 182 mm Hg 60) At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere. What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen? D) 160.0 mm Hg 61) At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude? B) 80 mm Hg 62) Which one of these statements about lungs is false? E) The concentration of CO2 is higher in the air than in the alveolar capillaries. Blood entering a capillary bed of a vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors. 63) For this capillary bed, which of the following statements is cor rect? E) Fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side. 64) The site of this capillary bed could be all of the following except the D) alveoli. 65) Which of the following is false concerning the hemoglobin molecule? E) It is found in humans only. 66) Which of the following is a characteristic of Bo t h hemoglobin and hemocyanin? D) transports oxygen 67) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in E) pH. 68) How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma 69) Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining w it h A) hemoglobin. 70) From the pulmonary veins, blood flow to the B) left atrium. 71) From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the E) posterior vena cava. 72) Blood pressure is highest in the A) aorta. 73) Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs A) as bicarbonate ions. 74) In the blood, most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues B) combined with hemoglobin.

75) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? C) tracheal systems of insects 76) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the B) left atrium. 77) Pulse is a direct measure of D) heart rate. 78) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? C) rising CO2 79) In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from B) contracting the diaphragm. 80) The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin E) is the final step of a clotting process that involves multiple clotting factors. 81) A decrease in the pH of human blood caused by exercise would B) increase heart rate. 82) Compared to the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a A) higher 2OP 83) Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through pulmonary capillaries? (Hb =hemoglobin) A) Hb + 4 O2Hb(O2)4 84) The relationship between blood pressure (bp), cardiac output (co), and peripheral resistance ( pr ) can be expressed as bp = co pr All of the following changes would result in an increase in blood pressure except C) increase in the duration of ventricular diastole.