Java Barb (Tawes) Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus:

Barbonymus Species: B. gonionotus The Java Barb, more commonly known as Silver Barb in aquaculture, (Barbonymus gonionotus), Thai: Pla taphian; Lao Pa keng; Indonesian: Tawes, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Barbonymus. The silver barb it is one of the five most important aquacultured freshwater species in Thailand. The silver barb is a short-cycle species that, like Tilapia, can be farmed with low technology and relatively less effort than other species, being thus popular as a farmed fish in Bangladesh, where it is known as Thai Sharputi In fish farms, Silver Barbs rarely exceed 40 cm in length and 1.50 kg in weight. However, a 2.80 kg specimen was caught in the Teak Tree Lake in Thailand and a record specimen that reached 13 kg with a length of 90 cm was caught in Malaysia. It is an important food fish in Thai, Lao and in Cambodian cuisine. In Laos it is commonly used as an ingredient for Lap Pa. In Thailand it is usually either pickled as Pla som () or boiled in Tom yam.

Silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus Bleeker, 1850) is commonly eaten fish the river in mainland Southeast Asia and the islands. The silver barb classified as consumption of fish is a popular fried fish. Its size is and has been cultivated in the ponds according to the report of the 19th century. According to the FAO, the fish was never introduced to the Philippines (1956) and to India (1972). These fish are still allied with nilem fish. Pieter Bleeker has identified this animal in the 19th century and gave different names to those found in Indochina (Barbus gonionatus, Puntius gonionatus alternatively, Barbonymus gonionatus, and Barbodes gonionatus, 1850), and in Java (Barbus javanicus, with alternative Puntius javanicus , 1855). Garibaldi (1996) revised P. gonionatus as Barbus gonionatus, but Kottelat (1999) revised by combining the two species with two other species as a species, Barbonymus gonionatus. This last name is a name that is considered valid. Ways of Breeding fish Tawes (Puntius javanicus) The provision of quality seed in sufficient quantities and continuous is an important factor in the development of fish farming for consumption. Effort is mostly done in Magelang District, as in the Village District Paremono Mungkid therefore supported the availability of good water during the dry season and rainy. Besides, it felt more favorable hatchery operations because a relatively short time spent approximately three weeks one month, and its marketing was easy. tawes fish hatchery is there some way that hatchery fish in the ponds, hatcheries and hatchery in rice fields in the hapa. Here is a techniqueof seeding: 1. Holding elections To get good quality seeds and the number of lots in the hatchery Tawes need to choose a good parent with the characteristics: a. Location of the anal opening is located relatively close to base of tail.
b. Relatively small head and pointed. c. Large scales and regular.

d. Wide and solid base of tail.

Generally fish tawes males began spawning at age less than one year, and its parent tawes females at approximately age 1.5 years. To know that the parent fish tawes have matured genitals and ready to be cultivated with signs as follows: a. Female parent - His stomach expands towards genetal (release) if dirabalebih soft. - Hole anal somewhat reddish in color. - Close the gills when touched more slippery. - When the abdomen massaged from head to anal direction will come out blackish liquid.

b. Male parent

When the abdomen massaged from head to anal direction will come out whitish colored liquid (sperm). - Close the gills when palpated feels rough. - When the abdomen massaged from head to anal direction will come out whitish colored liquid (sperm). - Close the gills when palpated feels rough.

2. Pond Preparation Tawes spawning fish pond as well as a hatchery pond and the pond. Before used for spawning, pond dried. Improvements constructed and the pond made elongated channel

(caren / kamalir) of expenditure towards water intake of water with a width of 40 cm and depth of 20-30 cm. 3. Parent Waiver The parent fish tawes who have been chosen to be cultivated later diberok, Pemberokan with the placement of the male parent and female separately for 4-5 days. After diberok then inserted into the parent fish breeding ponds have been prepared. Parent Submission to the pool when the water reaches approximately 20 cm. The number of the parent who removed 25 male and female parent male parent 50 tails. In the afternoon about 16:00 o'clock in the water entering the pond is enlarged so that the water flow faster. Usually the parent fish tawes spawned at 19:00 to 22:00 o'clock.

Parent will spawn normally have started at noon romp around the water intake. 4. Hatching Egg After tawes laying parent fish, the water entering the pond is reduced so that the eggs are not washed up, done at the hatchery spawning pond as well. In the morning checked if there are eggs that accumulate around the pool or the shallow part of the land distributed by swinging a broom stick in the bottom of the pond. Tawes fish Eggs usually hatch all after 2-3 days.

From the result of hatchery reared fish in the pond for approximately 21 days. 5. Fish Seed Harvesting Harvest conducted in the morning. dampen / drain the pond. After the seeds were dikamalir / dicaren, seeds are captured by the Waring or seser. The seeds are housed in hapa who have been placed in flowing water channel water flow is not heavy.

 Seed lersebut again later maintained in the pond or sold.

6. Separating

At first pond dried for 2-3 days. Repair embankment, making caren / channel. Basic swimming analyzed using hoe, then fertilized with Urea & SP 36 10 gr/m2 and manure from 1 to 1.5 kg/m2 depending on fertility. After pool fertilized and then watered as high as 2-3 cm and 2-3 days later left the pool water added gradually until a depth of 50 cm. Then spread the seeds of the pond by stocking ekor/m2 10-20. Maintenance performed approximately three weeks - a month. The seeds can be harvested and the results can be sold or stocked in the pond anymore II.

Eel (Belut) Classification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Synbranchiformes Family: Synbranchidae Genus: Monopterus Species: M. albus Monopterus albus (common names: swamp eel, rice eel, white ricefield eel, Asian swamp eel) (Synonym: Fluta alba (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)) is an important air-breathing commercial species of fish in the Synbranchidae family. Originating in the waters of East and Southeast Asia, it has been identified as an invasive species in the North American Everglades. The Asian swamp eel is a freshwater eel-like fish belonging to the family Synbranchidae. This family is native to the fresh, brackish, tropical, and subtropical waters of Asia, but is now present in West Africa and North, Central and South America. Its taxonomy, however, is incorrect. Though Monopterus albus was initially thought to be a single species, four known populations of the species in the southeastern United States may actually be three distinct species or taxa, each originating from a different area in Asia. Monopterus albus comes from the class or subclass Actinopterygii. It arose from the Osteichthyes, the first bony fish, whose fossil record dates back to the Triassic period. In turn, the bony fish came from the Acanthodii class of bony and cartilaginous fish. The common name of M. albus is somewhat of a misnomer, as the Asian swamp eel is not an eel, per se. Eels are of the order Anguilliformes, while M. albus is of the order Synbranchiformes. The Asian swamp eel has a scaleless, anguilliform body that grows to a meter or less, typically 25 to 40 cm as an adult. As a Synbranchidae, it has a tapering tail, blunt snout, and lacks pectoral and pelvic fins. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are rudimentary, with the caudal fin often absent. These fins serve to protect the swamp eel against rolling, and assist in sudden turns and stops (link). Its gill membranes are fused, but one v-shaped gill is located beneath the head. Such a shape prevents reverse flow (link). Its body and head are dark, with dark olive or brown dorsal coloring

and light orange ventral coloring. This coloration camouflages the aquatic predator; however, some are brightly colored with yellow, black and gold spots(link). The bristle-like teeth of the M. albus, which are not easily seen, also indicate its carnivorous behavior Monopterus albus has a scaleless cylindrical snake-like body with tapered tail and small eyes. It grows to a meter or less, usually 25 to 40 cm as an adult. Its body color is brown or green-brown above and white or light-brown below. In adults, paired fins are lacking, and the dorsal, caudal and anal fins are reduced. Through its life, Monopterus albus develops a small top fin near its rear. The gill openings are merged into a single slit underneath the head while the mouth is large and protractile and both upper and lower jaws have tiny teeth for eating fishes, worms, crustaceans, and other small aquatic animals at night. Life History M. albus is an evasive nocturnal animal (Source). Its diet includes other fish, shrimp, crayfish, frogs, turtle eggs, aquatic invertebrates like worms and insects, and occasionally detritus. Unlike the traits of its diurnal counterparts, M. albus life history traits (e.g. absolute density and survival) are difficult to accurately measure and can require decades of data to detect trends, as expressed by the lack of data available on the topic. This results in an increase in the population of the invasive species without adequate time for population control methods. The Asian swamp eel has versatile motility and is even capable of moving over dry land for short distances. This behavior is used for relocation according to resource availability. In the absence of water and food, the Asian swamp eel is able to survive long periods of drought by burrowing in moist earth(link). If its home becomes unsuitable, M. albus simply crawls ashore and makes its way to a more suitable home by slithering over the land in a snake-like fashion. These characteristics enhance the ability of M. albus to disperse widely. The swamp eel is a voracious general predator, making it a threat to native fishes, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. The survivorship of a species or cohort can be found by calculating the number or proportion of individuals surviving at each age. Type I survivorship is characterized by high survival in early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in survivorship in later life because of physiological changes. Type II survivorship exhibits a constant mortality rate regardless of age because of consistent environmental threats. M. albus survivorship falls between Type I, physiological, and Type II, ecological. They exhibit a great deal of parental care, indicative of physiological

survivorship. Large males construct bubble nests at the mouth of burrows and guard the eggs and young. Additionally, eel populations are dependant upon resource abundance, making their survivorship partially ecological. Because of the aforesaid behaviors, removal of the invasive species might be best achieved in the juvenile stage or immediately after spawning, when parental care is at its highest. The Asian swamp eel is hermaphroditic. All young are females. As juvenile fish begin to mature, some take on the masculine phenotype. Males have transgendered capabilities, allowing them to replenish female populations when female densities are low. This change from one sex to another can take up to a year. Spawning can occur throughout the year. Eggs are laid in bubble nests located in shallow waters. These bubble nests float at the waters surface and are not attached to aquatic vegetation. Females produce up to 1,000 eggs, each, per spawning event. This characteristic is important when considering control of the invasive species. The greater the proportion of females in the population, the greater the amount of reproduction. Thus, it would be best to implement removal of the species at the juvenile stage of life cycle to obtain the largest number of the reproductive population. M. albus is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of northern India and Burma to China, Asiatic Russia, Japan, and Indo-Malayan Archipelago. It is one of the common fish found mainly in Asia, from India, Southern China to Malaysia and Indonesia. The fish is an important protein source for people in the northeastern part of Thailand. In Asia, the swamp eel is wide-ranging, occurring in both tropical and temperate climates. Endemic to southern and eastern Asia, swamp eels live in ditches, ponds, streams, and rice paddies. The preferred environment for the Asian swamp eel includes a wide variety of freshwater-like shallow wetlands, stagnant waters, marshes, streams, rivers, ditches, canals, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. While they prefer freshwater, they are also able to tolerate brackish and saline conditions, as seen in their colonization of American marshlands. Depths of less than 3 m are optimal. M. albus also easily tolerates cold temperatureswell below 0 degrees C-- and a wide range of oxygen levels. This fish can obtain up to 25% oxygen from air cutaneously if not using gills underwater. This means that factors that typically limit dispersaltemperature, oxygen, and salinitydo not limit the Asian swamp eel.

The Asian swamp eels were first introduced to the Hawaiian islands around 1900. Locations in the southeastern United States were not colonized until the end of the 20th century. As early as 1990, Asian swamp eels were introduced to several ponds at a nature center near Atlanta, Georgia, within the Chattahoochee River drainage basin; individuals have since migrated to an adjacent marsh of the Chattahoochee River. As a general predator, the Asian swamp eel has disrupted the ecological balance of the Everglades. In 1994, eel specimen were collected in ponds at the Chattahoochee Nature Center north of Atlanta, Georgia. Subsequently, eels were collected from Florida waters in 1997 at two widely separated areas: one in southeast and the other in west-central Florida. Tens of thousands of swamp eels are estimated to inhabit nearly 55 miles of two water canal systems in southern Florida, one in the North Miami area and another on the eastern side of Everglades National Park. Two other populations of the eel have been discovered since 1993: one outside of Tampa, Florida, and one in southern Georgia near the Chattahoochee River. One or more of the populations are believed to be the result of an intentional or accidental release of the creature from a home aquarium or fish farm. Some populations may have been the result of an attempt by a few local residents to establish the eels as a food source. Asian swamp eels pose a threat to the homeostasis of Everglades National Park by disrupting the natural interactions between native species and their environment. The species has an incredible ability to survive in adverse conditions, and the Everglade food web presents no known natural predators. Swamp eels survive even in the dry season when other nonnative species normally die. To combat Asian swamp eel resilience, the American Fisheries Society is investigating methods for control, containment, and possible eradication. Swamp eels are an important host for Gnathostoma spinigerum. Eating raw or undercooked swamp eel can cause gnathostomiasis, an important disease in Thailand, Laos, Burma and Vietnam. Neurognathostomiasis has been reported in the US, but a link to imported swamp eels has not been proven. Gnathostoma binucleatum (which is native to the Americas) has not been previous been reported to cause neurognathostomiasis, suggesting that G. spinigerum has been introduced to the Americas, but a survey of Gnathostoma isolates has not confirmed this.

Marbled eel (Pelus) Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Anguilliformes Family: Anguillidae Genus: Anguilla Species: A. marmorata

The marbled eel, also known as the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata, is a species of tropical anguillid eel that is found in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent freshwater habitats

This anguillid species can be found from East Africa to French Polynesia and as far north as southern Japan. In Africa, it may be found within Mozambique and the lower Zambezi River. The marbled eel has the widest distribution of all the Anguilla eels. It is usually found in tropical climates between 24N to 33S. It has also been found in other more distant regions such as the Galapagos possibly due to abnormal larval transport associated with El Nio-Southern Oscillation events. It is not on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but in Taiwan, it is endangered. In 2002, a single eel was captured from a pond close to Kaupo, Maui, Hawaii, though it is not indigenous to the area. Similar to other anguillids, the marbled eel is cylindrical with small, well-developed pectoral fins and a protruding lower jaw. The eel has thick, fleshy lips. The eel has dorsal and anal fins that are continuous around the tail, with the origin of the dorsal-fin origin between the pectoral fins and anus. It has small, oval-shaped scales that are embedded in the skin. Unlike some other anguillid species, the marbled eel has a mottled color. The adult eels are yellow with a greenish-brown to black marbling on their back and a white belly. The young elvers have less visible marbling and are grayish to yellow. The dorsal fin of the marbled eel is closer to the gill opening than to the anus, more anterior than other species of Anguilla. Like all anguillid eels, it does not have pelvic fins. The head is rounded and the snout is depressed. Its teeth are small and in bands. It has a total of 100 to 110 vertebrae. It can grow up to 2 meters (6.6 ft) for females and 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) for males and can weigh up to 20.5 kilograms (45 lb), which is larger than most other species of anguillid eels. The marbled eel can live up to about 40 years. The adults of this species are demersal, living on the bottom of fresh to brackish waters, in rivers, lakes, and tributaries. This species and all anguillid eels are catadromous, migrating sometimes long distances out into the open ocean to spawning over deep water. A spawning area of this species is known to be west of the Mariana Islands in an area of the North Equatorial Current in the western North Pacific, but other spawning areas are thought to exist in the western South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

Marbled eels spend their adult lives in freshwater or estuarine habitats, and migrate to the ocean to reproduce. When the eggs hatch, the leptocephali drift in ocean currents for months until they reach estuaries as glass eels where they migrate upstream into freshwater as elvers. Then, after about 8 to 20 years in brackish or freshwater, the yellow eels grow up into silver eels (mature eels), and they return back to the ocean for reproduction. The marbled eel is carnivorous, but harmless, with a wide ranging diet, eating shrimp, crabs, bony fish, and frogs. It is nocturnal, so it is active at night. Like other anguillid eels, this species is used as a source of food in some regions. Some restaurants buy live eels. In 1992, for example, a typical 12 kilogram (26.5 lb) marbled eel retailed for one thousand US dollars in China. An eel habitat, Cheonjiyeon Waterfalls' pond, is a natural monument in South Korea. Large individuals of this species are also highly regarded and are not harmed by native people in some island groups of the western Pacific.

Mackarel Tuna (Tongkol) According Saanin (1968), the classification is as follows: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Pisces Sub Class: Teleostei Order: Percomorphi Family: Scombridae Genus: Euthynnus Species: Euthynnus affinis Cob is a type of fish pelagic fish which is one of Indonesia's main export commodity. However, due to poor management in some of the waters of Indonesia, mainly due to lack of information on fishing seasons, fishing areas, in addition to technological constraints tangkapnya itself, utilizing the resources of fish to be very low. Morphology Cob (Euthynnus affinis) Classified in the order of tuna Goboioida, Scombridae family, genus Euthynnus, species Euthynnus affinis. Tuna fish is still considered the Scombridae, the shape of the body such as betuto, with smooth skin. Pectoral fin curved, straight edges and a very small base. Tuna is the fastest swimmer among marine fish bone framed. Fin-fin spine, rectum, stomach, and chest at the base has a notch on the body, so that these fins can be folded into these grooves, so as to minimize the friction of the water

at the time the fish are swimming fast. And behind the dorsal fin and anal fins are fins that little extra called finlet. . According Soesanto (1979), Fish Cob is one of the pelagic fish species from the point of living on a layer of water. Badanya form elongated tapered at both ends, having two dorsal fins and 7-8 finlet. From the shape of the two dorsal fins of fish and many finlet is addressed, including tuna fish fast swimmers. Tuna are almost all aquatic inhabitants of Asia. In Indonesia, many of these fish form a major gangs, especially in eastern Indonesia and the ocean waters of Indonesia. Pelagic fish, including fast swimmers so as to catch the tools used must be operated with sufficient speed

Tuna Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae Tribe: Thunnini Genus: Thunnus Species: T. tonggol Thunnus tonggol is a species of tuna of tropical Indo-West Pacific waters. It is commonly known as the longtail tuna or northern bluefin tuna. The usage of the latter name, mainly in Australia to distinguish it from the southern bluefin tuna, leads to easy confusion with Thunnus thynnus of the Atlantic and Thunnus orientalis of the North Pacific. Compared to these "true" bluefins, Thunnus tonggol is more slender and has shorter pectoral fins. Thunnus tonggol reaches 145 centimetres (57 in) in length and 35.9 kilograms (79 lb) in weight. Compared to similar-sized tunas, its growth is slower and it lives longer, which may make it vulnerable to overfishing. Other names

northern bluefin tuna.

Frequent misidentifications

other tuna species.

Description

dark blue or black back lower sides of belly silvery white, colourless elongated oval spots arranged in horizontally oriented rows dorsal fins are blackish

second dorsal fin has tip washed with yellow pectoral and pelvic fins are blackish anal fin is silvery, with tip washed with yellow anal finlets are yellow with greyish margins caudal fin is blackish, with streaks of yellowish-green.

Description

largely coastal but avoids low-salinity areas near mouths of large rivers Moreton Bay and further north.

Size

70 cm common length, 130 cm maximum fork length.

Size and bag limits

no size or bag limits.

How to distinguish from other tunas

elongated caudal peduncle length (long tail wrist).