RS-232 Serial Communications

32-E specification. This standard, which was developed by the Electronic Industry Association and the Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA), is more popularly called simply RS-232, where RS stands for "recommended standard." Although this RS prefix has been replaced in recent years with EIA/TIA to help identify the source of the standard, this paper uses the common RS-232 notation. Due to its relative simplicity and low hardware overhead (when compared to parallel interfacing),serial communications is used extensively within the electronics industry. Today, the most popular serial communications standard is certainly the EIA/TIA-2

RS-232 Specifications
RS-232 is a complete standard. This means that the standard sets out to ensure compatibility between the host and peripheral systems by specifying: 1. Common voltage and signal levels 2. Common pin-wiring configurations 3. A minimal amount of control information between the host and peripheral systems. Unlike many standards which simply specify the electrical characteristics of a given interface, RS-232 specifies electrical, functional, and mechanical characteristics to meet the above three criteria. Each of these aspects of RS-232 standard is discussed below.

Electrical Characteristics
The electrical characteristics section of the RS-232 standard specifies voltage levels, rate of change for signal levels, and line impedance. As the original RS-232 standard was defined in 1962 and before the days of TTL logic, it is no surprise that the standard does not use 5V and ground logic levels. Instead, a high level for the driver output is defined as between +5V to +15V, and a low level for the driver output is defined as between -5V and -15V. The receiver logic levels were defined to provide a 2V noise margin. As such, a high level for the receiver is defined asbetween +3V to +15V, and a low level is between -3V to -15V. Figure 1 illustrates the logic levels defined by the RS-232 standard. It is necessary to note that, for RS-232 communication, a low level (-3V to -15V) is defined as a logic 1 and is historically referred to as "marking." Similarly, a high level (+3V to +15V) is defined as a logic 0 and is referred to as "spacing."

Figure 1. RS-232 logic-level specifications.

The RS-232 standard also limits the maximum slew rate at the driver output. This limitation was included to help reduce the likelihood of crosstalk between adjacent signals. The slower the rise and fall time, the less chance of crosstalk. With this in mind, the maximum slew rate allowed is 30V/ms. Additionally, standard defines a maximum data rate of 20kbps , again to reduce the chance of crosstalk. The impedance of the interface between the driver and receiver has also been defined. The load -232 standard the cable length between the driver and receiver was specified to be 15 meters maximum. Revision "D" (EIA/TIA-232-D) changed this part of the standard . Instead of specifying the maximum length of cable, the standard specified a maximum capacitive load of 2500pF, clearly a more adequate specification. The maximum cable length is determined by the capacitance per unit length of the cable, which is provided in the cable specifications.

Table 1 summarizes the electrical specifications in the current standard.

Table 1. RS-232 Specifications

RS232
RS-232 (Recommended standard-232) is a standard interface approved by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) for connecting serial devices. In other words, RS-232 is a longestablished standard that describes the physical interface and protocol for relatively lowspeed serial data communication between computers and related devices.An industry trade group, the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), defined it originally for teletypewriter devices. In 1987, the EIA released a new version of the standard and changed the name to EIA232-D. Many people, however, still refer to the standard as RS-232C, or just RS-232.

RS-232 is the interface that your computer uses to talk to and exchange data with your modem and other serial devices. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard.

2.4. Signal Description TxD: - This pin carries data from the computer to the serial device RXD: - This pin carries data from the serial device to the computer

DTR signals: - DTR is used by the computer to signal that it is ready to communicate with the serial device like modem. In other words, DTR indicates to the Dataset (i.e., the modem or DSU/CSU) that the DTE (computer) is ON. DSR: - Similarly to DTR, Data set ready (DSR) is an indication from the Dataset that it is ON. DCD: - Data Carrier Detect (DCD) indicates that carrier for the transmit data is ON. RTS: - This pin is used to request clearance to send data to a modem CTS: - This pin is used by the serial device to acknowledge the computer's RTS Signal. In most situations, RTS and CTS are constantly on throughout the communication session. Clock signals (TC, RC, and XTC): - The clock signals are only used for synchronous communications. The modem or DSU extracts the clock from the data stream and provides a steady clock signal to the DTE. Note that the transmit and receive clock signals do not have to be the same, or even at the same baud rate. CD: - CD stands for Carrier Detect. Carrier Detect is used by a modem to signal that it has a made a connection with another modem, or has detected a carrier tone. In other words, this is used by the modem to signal that a carrier signal has been received from a remote modem. RI: - RI stands for Ring Indicator. A modem toggles(keystroke) the state of this line when an incoming call rings your phone. In other words, this is used by an auto answer modem to signal the receipt of a telephone ring signal The Carrier Detect (CD) and the Ring Indicator (RI) lines are only available in connections to a modem. Because most modems transmit status information to a PC when either a carrier signal is detected (i.e. when a connection is made to another modem) or when the line is ringing, these two lines are rarely used.

2.5. Limitations of RS-232

RS-232 has some serious shortcomings as an electrical interface. Firstly, the interface presupposes a common ground between the DTE and DCE. This is a reasonable assumption where a short cable connects a DTE and DCE in the same room, but with longer lines and connections between devices that may be on different electrical busses, this may not be true. We have seen some spectacular electrical events causes by "uncommon grounds". Secondly, a signal on a single line is impossible to screen effectively for noise. By screening the entire cable one can reduce the influence of outside noise, but internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase, the effect of capacitance between the cables introduces serious crosstalk until a point is reached where the data itself is unreadable. Using low capacitance cable can reduce crosstalk. Also, as it is the higher frequencies that are the problem, control of slew rate in the signal (i.e., making the signal more rounded, rather than square) also decreases the crosstalk. The original specifications for RS-232 had no specification for maximum slew rate. Voltage levels with respect to ground represent the RS 232 signals. There is a wire for each signal, together with the ground signal (reference for voltage levels). This interface is useful for point-to-point communication at slow speeds. For example, port COM1 in a PC can be used for a mouse, port COM2 for a modem, etc. This is an example of point-to-point communication: one port, one device. Due to the way the signals are connected, a common ground is required. This implies limited cable length - about 30 to 60 meters maximum. (Main problems are interference and resistance of the cable.) Shortly, RS 232 was designed for communication of local devices, and supports one transmitter and one receiver.

RS-232 in Modem Applications

Modem applications are one of the most popular uses for the RS-232 standard. Figure 4 illustrates a typical modem application. As can be seen in the diagram, the PC is the DTE and the modem is the DCE.Communication between each PC and its associated modem is accomplished using the RS-232 standard.Communication between the two modems is accomplished through

telecommunication.It should be noted that,although a microcontroller is usually the DTE in RS232 applications, this is not mandated by a strict interpretation of the standard.

Figure. Modem communication between two PC. Although some designers choose to use a 25-pin connector for this application, it is not necessary as there are only nine interface signals (including ground) between the DTE and DCE. With this in mind, many designers use 9- or 15-pin connectors. (Figure 2 above shows a 9-pin connector design.)

2.1. RS232 on DB9 (9-pin D-type connector) There is a standardized pinout for RS-232 on a DB9 connector, as shown below

25-pin D-type connector Pin assignment

The "basic nine" signals used in modem communication are illustrated below.The functionality of these signals is described below. Note that for the following signal descriptions, ON refers to a high RS-232 voltage level (+5V to +15V), and OFF refers to a low RS-232 voltage level (-5V to -15V). Keep in mind that a high RS-232 voltage level actually represents a logic 0, and that a low RS-232 voltage level refers to a logic 1. Transmitted Data (TD): One of two separate data signals, this signal is generated by the DTE and received by the DCE. Received Data (RD): The second of two separate data signals, this signals is generated by the DCE and received by the DTE. Request to Send (RTS): When the host system (DTE) is ready to transmit data to the peripheral system (DCE), RTS is turned ON. In simplex and duplex systems, this condition maintains the

DCE in receive mode. In half-duplex systems, this condition maintains the DCE in receive mode and disables transmit mode. The OFF condition maintains the DCE in transmit mode. After RTS is asserted, the DCE must assert CTS before communication can commence. Clear to Send (CTS): CTS is used along with RTS to provide handshaking between the DTE and the DCE. After the DCE sees an asserted RTS, it turns CTS ON when it is ready to begin communication. Data Set Ready (DSR): This signal is turned on by the DCE to indicate that it is connected to the telecommunications line. Data Carrier Detect (DCD): This signal is turned ON when the DCE is receiving a signal from a remote DCE, which meets its suitable signal criteria. This signal remains ON as long as a suitable carrier signal can be detected. Data Terminal Ready (DTR): DTR indicates the readiness of the DTE. This signal is turned ON by the DTE when it is ready to transmit or receive data from the DCE. DTR must be ON before the DCE can assert DSR. Ring Indicator (RI): RI, when asserted, indicates that a ringing signal is being received on the communications channel. The signals described above form the basis for modem communication. Perhaps the best way to understand how these signals interact is to examine a step-by-step example of a modem interfacing with a PC. The following steps describe a transaction in which a remote modem calls a local modem. 1. The local Pc uses software to monitor the RI (Ring Indicate) signal. 2. When the remote modem wants to communicate with the local modem, it generates an RI signal. This signal is transferred by the local modem to the local PC. 3. The local PC responds to the RI signal by asserting the DTR (Data Terminal Ready) signal when it is ready to communicate. 4. After recognizing the asserted DTR signal, the modem responds by asserting DSR (Data Set Ready) after it is connected to the communications line. DSR indicates to the PC that the modem is ready to exchange further control signals with the DTE to commence communication. When DSR is asserted, the PC begins monitoring DCD for an indication that data is being sent over the communication line.

5. The modem asserts DCD (Data Carrier Detect) after it has received a carrier signal from the remote modem that meets the suitable signal criteria. 6. At this point data transfer can began. If the local modem has full-duplex capability, the CTS (Clear to Send) and RTS (Request to Send) signals are held in the asserted state. If the modem has only halfduplex capability, CTS and RTS provide the handshaking necessary for controlling the direction of the data flow. Data is transferred over the RD and TD signals. 7. When the transfer of data has been completed, the PC disables the DTR signal. The modem follows by inhibiting the DSR and DCD signals. At this point the PC and modem are in the original state described in step number 1.

MAX232 The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5V.

Voltage levels: It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter, see the table below. For more information see RS-232 Voltage Levels.

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level

RS232 Voltage

TTL Voltage to/from MAX232

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0

+3V to +15V

0V

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1

-3V to -15V

5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0

-3V to -15V

5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1

+3V to +15V

0V

Serial Communication General Description: There are 2 ways to transfer the data in computer world one is serial and another one is parallel communication. In parallel communication transfer the data with 2 or more lines. Parallel communication is used to data transfer to the devices few feet away and it is fast. In Serial communication the data is sent one bit at a time. Data can be transfer to longer distances with minimum number of wires efficiently. It is economical and error free compare to parallel communication. To establish serial communication we need a RS232 Serial connector, MAX232 (to match voltage levels of 2 devices) and a serial cable

Hardware Explanation:

RS-232C:

RS-232 (ANSI/EIA-232 Standard) is a standard serial protocol used to establish a communication between the two same or different processors. RS232 is developed to support different voltage levels of devices in the range of

+3V to +25V for logic 0 -3V to -25V for logic 1

RS-232 hardware can be used for serial communication up to distances of 12 feet. RS232 or DB-9 pin connector:

12345 6789

Pin Functions: Data: Handshake: TX on pin 3, RX on pin 2 RTS on pin 7, CTS on pin 8, DSR on pin 6, CD on pin 1, DTR on pin 4 Common: Other: Common pin 5(ground) RI on pin 9

The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines: TX, RX, and Ground. The three essential signals for 2 way RS-232 Communications are these: TXD: carries data from DTE to the DCE. RXD: carries data from DCE to the DTE MAX232: Max232 is used to convert the TTL voltage levels of microcontroller (logic0-0v, logic1 5v) into voltage levels of RS232 standards (logic0 - +3 to +25v, logic1 - 3 to -25v). MAX232 is a dc-to-dc converter, which takes TTL levels as input and produces RS232 levels, which are required for DTE to DTE communication. RS-232 communication is asynchronous. That is a clock signal is not sent with the data. Each word is synchronized using it's start bit, and an internal clock on each side, keeps tabs on the timing.

The RS232 levels are generated internally using switching latches and capacitors of 10uf each.

Serial Communication to a PC or Mac The RS-232 serial ports on Windows-based PCs looks like this: PC serial cable (facing the soldering lugs of a female connector)

The connections for this are the same as the connector used to program the BX-

24, and to

debug from both the PIC and the BX-24, so you can use the same connector, or make a second one just like it. From there, you will need a 9-pin serial cable. Use any serial port you want, but be sure that all other programs that might be trying to use the serial port are turned off. RS-232C RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full RS-232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are equipped with male D type connectors having only 9pins.

DCE and DTE Devices Two terms you should be familiar with are DTE and DCE. DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment, and DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. These terms are used to indicate the pin-out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the signals on the pins.

Your computer is a DTE device, while most other devices are usually DCE devices.

If you have trouble keeping the two straight then replace the term "DTE device" with "your PC" and the term "DCE device" with "remote device" in the following discussion. The RS-232 standard states that DTE devices use a 25-pin male connector, and DCE devices use a 25-pin female connector. You can therefore connect a DTE device to a DCE using a straight pin-for-pin connection. However, to connect two like devices, you must instead use a null modem cable. Null modem cables cross the transmit and receive lines in the cable, and are discussed later in this chapter. The listing below shows the connections and signal directions for both 25 and 9-pin connectors. 9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection) Male DB9 Pin Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Direction of signal: Carrier Detect (CD) (from DCE) Incoming signal from a modem Received Data (RD) Incoming Data from a DCE Transmitted Data (TD) Outgoing Data to a DCE Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Outgoing handshaking signal Signal Ground Common reference voltage Data Set Ready (DSR) Incoming handshaking signal Request to send (RTS) outgoing flow control signal Clear to send (CTS) incoming flow control signal Ring indicator (RI) incoming signal from a modem RS232

The TD (transmit data) wire is the one through which data from a DTE device is transmitted to a DCE device. This name can be deceiving, because this wire is used by a DCE device to receive its data. The TD line is kept in a mark condition by the DTE device when it is idle. The RD (receive data) wire is the one on which data is received by a DTE device, and the DCE device

keeps this line in a mark condition when idle.

RTS stands for Request To Send. This line and the CTS line are used when "hardware flow control" is enabled in both the DTE and DCE devices. The DTE device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the remote device that it is ready and able to receive data. If the DTE device is not able to receive data (typically because its receive buffer is almost full), it will put this line in the space condition as a signal to the DCE to stop sending data. When the DTE device is ready to receive more data (i.e. after data has been removed from its receive buffer), it will place this line back in the mark condition. The complement of the RTS wire is CTS, which stands for Clear To Send. The DCE device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the DTE device that it is ready to receive the data. Likewise, if the DCE device is unable to receive data, it will place this line in the space condition. Together, these two lines make up what is called RTS/CTS or "hardware" flow control. The Software Wedge supports this type of flow control, as well as Xon/XOff or "software" flow control. Software flow control uses special control characters transmitted from one device to another to tell the other device to stop or start sending data. With software flow control the RTS and CTS lines are not used.

DTR stands for Data Terminal Ready. Its intended function is very similar to the RTS line. DSR (Data Set Ready) is the companion to DTR in the same way that CTS is to RTS. Some serial devices use DTR and DSR as signals to simply confirm that a device is connected and is turned on. The Software Wedge sets DTR to the mark state when the serial port is opened and leaves it in that state until the port is closed. The DTR and DSR lines were originally designed to provide an alternate method of hardware handshaking. It would be pointless to use both RTS/CTS and DTR/DSR for flow control signals at the same time. Because of this, DTR and DSR are rarely used for flow control.

CD stands for Carrier Detect. Carrier Detect is used by a modem to signal that it has a made a connection with another modem, or has detected a carrier tone.

The last remaining line is RI or Ring Indicator. A modem toggles the state of this line when an

incoming call rings your phone.

The Carrier Detect (CD) and the Ring Indicator (RI) lines are only available in connections to a modem. Because most modems transmit status information to a PC when either a carrier signal is detected (i.e. when a connection is made to another modem) or when the line is ringing, these two lines are rarely used. Cables Lengths The RS-232C standard imposes a cable length limit of 50 feet. You can usually ignore this "standard", since a cable can be as long as 10000 feet at baud rates up to 19200 if you use a high quality, well shielded cable. The external environment has a large effect on lengths for unshielded cables. In electrically noisy environments, even very short cables can pick up stray signals. The following chart offers some reasonable guidelines for 24 gauge wire under typical conditions. You can greatly extend the cable length by using additional devices like optical isolators and signal boosters. Optical isolators use LEDs and Photo Diodes to isolate each line in a serial cable including the signal ground. Any electrical noise affects all lines in the optically isolated cable equally - including the signal ground line. This causes the voltages on the signal lines relative to the signal ground line to reflect the true voltage of the signal and thus canceling out the effect of any noise signals. Baud Rate 110 300 1200 2400 4800 9600 ShieldedCable Length 5000 4000 3000 2000 500 250 UnshieldedCable Length 1000 1000 500 500 250 100

Synchronous and Asynchronous Communications

There are two basic types of serial communications, synchronous and asynchronous. With synchronous communications, the two devices initially synchronize themselves to each other, and then continually send characters to stay in sync. Even when data is not really being sent, a constant flow of bits allows each device to know where the other is at any given time. That is, each character that is sent is either actual data or an idle character. Synchronous communications allows faster data transfer rates than asynchronous methods, because additional bits to mark the beginning and end of each data byte are not required. The serial ports on IBM-style PCs are asynchronous devices and therefore only support asynchronous serial communications.

Asynchronous means "no synchronization", and thus does not require sending and receiving idle characters. However, the beginning and end of each byte of data must be identified by start and stop bits. The start bit indicates when the data byte is about to begin and the stop bit signals when it ends. The requirement to send these additional two bits causes asynchronous communication to be slightly slower than synchronous however it has the advantage that the processor does not have to deal with the additional idle characters.

An asynchronous line that is idle is identified with a value of 1 (also called a mark state). By using this value to indicate that no data is currently being sent, the devices are able to distinguish between an idle state and a disconnected line. When a character is about to be transmitted, a start bit is sent. A start bit has a value of 0 (also called a space state). Thus, when the line switches from a value of 1 to a value of 0, the receiver is alerted that a data character is about to be sent.

HD12D (DECODER) FEATURES

18 PIN DIP Operating voltage 2.4V ~ 12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binarry address setting Receviied codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination is 8 address bits and 4 data bits Built in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components Pair with 212 series of encoders Applications: Burglar alarm, smoke alarm, fire alarm, car alarm, security system Garage door and car door controllers Cordless telephone General Description: The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with 212 series of encoder. For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of address and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial address and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.

The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and 12-N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits. Block Diagram:

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description: A0 - A7: These are the input pins for address A0-A7 setting. These pins can be externally set to Vss or left open. D8 D11: these are the output data pins, power on state is low. Din: it is a serial data input pin. VT: Valid transmission, active high pin. OSC1: oscillator input pin Osc2: oscillator output pin Vss: Groung pin Vdd: Power supply

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Supply voltage.. -0.3V to 13V Input voltage. Vss -0.3V to Vdd +0.3V Storage Temperature. -500C to 1250C Functional Description: Operation: The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 212 series of encoders. The decoders recevie data that are transmitted by an encoder and inerpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12-N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin actives the oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the recevied address three times continuously. If the recevied address codes all match the contents of the decoders local address, the 12-N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is recevied. The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low.

Output type: Of the 212 series of decoders, the HT12F has no data output pin but its VT pin can be used as a momentary data output. The HT12D, on the other hand, provides 4 latch type data pins whose dat remain unchanged until new data are recevied.

Part No.

Data pins

Address pins

Output

Operating

Type HT12D HT12F 4 0 8 12 Latch ---

Voltage 2.4V~12V 2.4V~12V

Flowchart: The oscillator is disabled in the standby state and activated when a logic high signal applies to the DIN pin. That is to say, the DIN should be kept low if there is no signal input.

Decoder Timing:

HD12E (ENCODER) Features: 18 pin DIP Operating voltage is 2.4V ~ 12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current: 0.1A (typ.) at VDD = 5V Minimum transmission four words for the HT12E Built in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components Applications: Burglar alarm, smoke alarm, fire alarm, car alarm, security system Garage door and car door controllers Cordless telephone General Description: The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control syatem applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12-N data bits. Each address / data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38kHz carrier for infrared systems.

Block Diagram:

Pin Diagram:

HT12E

Pin Description: A0-A7: These are the input pins for address A0 A7. These pins can be externally set to Vss or left open. Dout: This pin is encoder data serial trasmission out pin. TE: Its a transmission enable pin and its a active low pin. OSC1: Oscillator input pin. OSC2: Oscillator output pin. Vss: Ground pin. Vdd: Power supply pin.

Absolute Maximum Ratings: Supply voltage-0.3V to 13V InputvoltageVss -0.3V t Vdd +03V Storage aTemperature.. -500C to 1250C Operating Temperature.. -200C to 750C

Functional Description: Operation: The 212 series of encoders begin a 4 word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle will repeatitself as long as the transmission enble is held low. Once the transmission enable returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

4 Address/Data waveform: Each programmable address/data pin can be externally set to one the following two logic states as shown below.

Address/data programming (preset): The status of each address/data pin can be individually pre-set to logic high or low. If a transmssion enable signal is applied, the encoder scans and transmits the status of the 12 bits of address/data serially in the order A0 to AD11 for the HT12E encoder. During information transmission these bits are transmitted with a preceding synchronization bit. If the trigger signal is not applied, the chip enters the standby mode and consumes a reduced current of less than 1A for a supply voltage of 5V. Usual information preset the address pins with individual security codes using DIP switches or PCB wiring, while the data is selected by push buttons or electronic switches. Address/Data sequence: The following provides the address/data sequence table for various models of the 212 series of encoders. The correct device should be selewcted according to the individual address and data requirements.

Address/Data Bits HT12E 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11

Transmission Enable: For the HT12E encoders, transmission is enabled by aplying a low signal to the TE pin.

Flowchart:

KEIL SOFTWARE TOOL (STEPS)

1. 2.

Click on the Keil uVision Icon on DeskTop The following fig will appear

3. 4.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

5.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

6. 7. 8.

Then Click on Save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

9.

Select AT89C52 as shown below

10. 11.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

12.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO

13. 14.

Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

15.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

16.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

17.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM

18.

For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C

19.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

20.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

21. 22. 23.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

24. 25.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

26. 27.

Then Click OK

Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

28.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. 30.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully

Keypad connector

In this product we have to design the 8 keys keypad directly connecting the 8 keys into 8 pins of Micro Controller. In this board we have to adding the extra feature like Matrix Keypad. In this 8 pins of AT89C51 are connected to the Keypad Connector. Matrix keypads such 4 by 4 can be connected directly to the connector. 5 Volt and Ground power lines are also available on the connector. These two types of features are only working with any one external interrupt because of every key pressing its generating the interrupt.

Block diagram:

DATA

Embedded Controller (U12)

Interrupt VCC GND

KEYPAD

Hardware Connections:

CONTROLER PINS P0.7 TO P0.2 & P0.1,P0.0

KEYPAD

PIN NAME

FEATURE

SW1 TO SW6 & 8,9 interrupt

DATA

DATA

P3.3(INT1) 20 40

CLK GND VCC

Interrupt

MAX 232 ---- DUAL DRIVER/RECIEVER FEATURES: Operates from a single 5V Power Supply with 1.0uF Charge-Pump Capacitors Operates up to 120 k bit/s Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30 V Input Levels Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical

Upgrade with Improved ESD (15kV HBM) and 0.1uF Charge-Pump Capacitors is With the MAX202.

available

Applications-- TIA/EIA-232-F, Battery-Powered Systems, Terminals, Modems, and Computers

DESCRIPTION: The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA232-F inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept up to 30V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

PIN DIAGRAM OF MAX232

FUNCTION TABLE

LOGIC DIAGRAM

(POSITIVE LOGIC)

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS

PARAMETER

MIN MAX

NOR UNIT

VCC

Supply voltage

4.5

5.5

VIH voltage

High-level input

(T1IN,T2IN)

VIL

Low-level input voltage (T1IN, T2IN)

0.8

R1IN, R2IN Receiver input voltage

TA Operating free-air temperature

0 70

POWER SUPPLY:

In this project we have power supplies with +5V & -5V option normally +5V is enough for total circuit. Another (-5V) supply is used in case of OP amp circuit .Transformer primary side has 230/50HZ AC voltage whereas at the secondary winding the voltage is step downed to 12/50hz and this voltage is rectified using two full wave rectifiers .the rectified output is given to a filter circuit to fiter the unwanted ac in the signal After that the output is again applied to a regulator LM7805(to provide +5v) regulator. Whereas LM7905 is for providing 5V regulation. (+12V circuit is used for stepper motors, Fan and Relay by using LM7812 regulator same process like above supplies.) HEAT SINK: More often transistors gets heated when the circuit is ON for long time. In order to avoid heating up of transistors we use heat sinks.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY DFD is the power supply pin for the circuit. A step down transformer is used to convert 230V 50HZ line voltage 12-0-12V ac input to the supply pin of the circuit. The ac voltage is converted to pulsated dc using a center tapped full wave rectifier. Any ripples if present are eliminated using a capacitive filter at the output of the full wave rectifier. The capacitive filter output is input to 7805-voltage regulator, which produces a dc equivalent of ac 5V. This 5V dc acts as VCC to the micro controller. The excess voltage is dissipated as heat via an Aluminum heat sink attached to the voltage regulator.

TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: The circuit employs two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure below. A center tapped secondary winding AB is used with two diodes connected so that each uses one- half cycle of the input ac voltage. In other words, D1 utilizes the ac voltage appearing across the upper half (OA) of secondary winding for rectification while D2 uses the lower half winding OB.

D1
1 5 6 4 8

AC Supply

RL

D2

Centertap full wave rectifier

OPERATION: During the positive half cycle of secondary voltage, the end A of the secondary winding becomes positive and end B negative. This makes the diode D1 forward biased and D2 reverse biased. Therefore D1 conducts while D2 does not. The conventional current flow is through diode D1, load resistor RL and upper half of secondary winding as shown by the dotted arrows. During the negative half cycle, end A of the secondary winding becomes negative and end B positive. Therefore D2 conducts while D1 does not. The conventional current flow is through D2, load RL and lower half winding as shown by solid arrows in the figure above .It is seen that current in the load RL is in the same direction for both half cycles of input ac voltage. Therefore dc is obtained across the load RL. Also the polarities of the output across the load should be noted

PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE:

Suppose Vm is the maximum voltage across the half secondary winding at the instant secondary voltage reaches its maximum value in the positive direction. At this instant D1 is conducting while D2 is not conducting. Therefore whole of the secondary voltage appears across the non-conducting diode. Consequently the peak inverse voltage is twice the maximum voltage across the half secondary winding.

FILTER CIRCUIT:

A filter circuit is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output but allows the dc component to the load. The most commonly used filter circuits are capacitor filter, choke input filter and capacitor input filter or pi-filter. We used capacitor filter here.

CAPACITOR FILTER: This consists of a capacitor C placed across the rectifier output in parallel with the load RL. The pulsating direct voltage of the rectifier is applied across the capacitor. As the rectifier voltage increases, it charges the capacitor and also supplies current to the load. At the end of quarter cycle the capacitor is charged to the peak value

Vm of the rectifier voltage. Now the rectifier voltage starts to decrease. As this occurs the capacitor discharges through the load and the voltage across it decrease. The voltage across load will decrease only slightly because immediately the next voltage peak comes and recharges the capacitor. This process is repeated again and again. At the output very little ripple is left. moreover output voltage is higher as it remains substantially near the peak value of rectifier output voltage. The capacitor filter circuit is extremely popular because of its low cost, small size,little weight and good characteristics. For small load currents this type of filter is preferred. it is commonly used in transistor radio battery eliminators.

Rectifier O/P

RL

Capacitor Filter

POWER SUPPLY:

Description: A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply.

While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC is shown below.

Fig: 5.2.1

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin. Block Diagram:

Circuit Features:

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot

Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of many electronics projects

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply

Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA

Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer cost.

RF COMMUNICATION: RF communication stands for Radio Frequency communication in which communication is purely based on radio frequency(3khz to 300ghz).we can send and receive data using Radio frequency. RF section consists of two units i.e., TRANSMITTER UNIT RECEIVER UNIT

TRANSMITTER UNIT: In this unit we have RF transmitter with antenna connected to encoder inorder to encode the digital data which is to be transmitted in the form of radio waves. RECEIVER UNIT : In this unit we have RF receiver with antenna connected to decoder inorder to decode the digital data which is transmitted by the transmitter unit is received by this unit using radio waves Every system is automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated systems have less manual operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance. Any automated system will work effectively if it access wirelessly. Here in this project we are going to use RF communication for remote accessing of automated system. Probably the most useful thing to know about the RF communication is that it is an international standard communication. RF communication works by creating electromagnetic waves at a source and being able to pick up those electromagnetic waves at a particular destination. These electromagnetic waves travel through the air at near the speed of light. The wavelength of an electromagnetic signal is inversely proportional to the frequency; the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

RF TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER: RF Link Transmitter - 434MHz sku: WRL-08946 RF transmitter performs modulation, up conversion, and power amplification with the first two functions combined in same cases. Transmitter design required a solid understanding of modulation schemes because of their influence on the choice of such building blocks as upconversion mixers oscillators and power amplifiers (PAs).

Description: This is only the 434MHz transmitter. This will work with the RF Links at 434MHz at either baud rate. Only one 434MHz transmitter will work within the same location. This wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever seen! Use these components to transmit position data, temperature data, even current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These modules have up to 500 ft range in open space. The transmitter operates from 212V. The higher the Voltage, the greater the range - see range test data in the documents section. We have used these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple. What the transmitter 'sees' on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its data pin. If you can configure the UART module on a PIC, you have an instant wireless data connection. The typical range is 500ft for open area. This is an ASK transmitter module with an output of up to 8mW depending on power supply voltage. The transmitter is based on SAW resonator and accepts digital inputs, can operate from 2 to 12 Volts-DC, and makes building RF enabled products very easy.

Figure: 11: RF Transmitter

RF Link 4800bps Receiver - 434MHz sku: WRL-08950 Description: Sold as a receiver only. This receiver type is good for data rates up to 4800bps and will only work with the 434MHz transmitter. Multiple 434MHz receivers can listen to one 434MHz transmitter. This wireless data is the easiest to use, lowest cost RF link we have ever seen! Use these components to transmit position data, temperature data, even current program register values wirelessly to the receiver. These modules have up to 500 ft range in open space. The receiver is operated at 5V. We have used these modules extensively and have been very impressed with their ease of use and direct interface to an MCU. The theory of operation is very simple. What the transmitter 'sees' on its data pin is what the receiver outputs on its data pin. If you can configure the UART

module on a PIC, you have an instant wireless data connection. Data rates are limited to 4800bps. The typical range is 500ft for open area. This receiver has a sensitivity of 3uV. It operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC and has digital output. The typical sensitivity is -103dbm and the typical current consumption is 3.5mA for 5V operation voltage. Features:

434 MHz Operation 500 Ft. Range - Dependent on Transmitter Power Supply 4800 bps transfer rate Low cost Extremely small and light weight