Quick Reference Sheets, STD X

Linear Equations in Two Variables

e general form of a linear equation in two variables x and y is ax + by + c = 0, here
a ,= 0, b ,= 0
Solution of such equations by Determinants method
ax + by = e
cx + dy = f
(i) x =
D
x
D
, (ii) y =
D
y
D
where
. D =

a b
c d

= a d b c
. D
x
=

e b
f d

= e d b f
. D
y
=

a e
c f

= a f e c
HCF and LCM of Polynomials
An algebraic expression of the type a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
n1
x
n1
+ a
n
x
n
is called a
polynomial if
(i) a
0
, a
1
, a
2
a
n1
, a
n
are real numbers.
(ii) n is an integer which 0.
Test for divisibility
. Test for (x 1):
(x 1) is a factor of polynomial in x if sum (addition) of all the coecient of the
polynomial is zero
. Test for (x + 1):
(x + 1) is a factor of polynomial in x if sum (addition) of all the coecient in even
power of x is equal to sum (addition) of all the coecient in odd power of x
Relationship between HCF & LCM
If there are two polynomial say p(x) and q(x) then
LCM of p(x) and q(x) HCF of p(x) and q(x) = p(x) q(x)
Rational Algebraic Expressions
We know that a number of the form
m
n
where n ,= 0 is called a rational number.
An expression of the form
p(x)
qx
where p(x), q(x) are polynomials and q(x) ,= 0, is called
rational expression or rational algebraic expression
Suppose p(x), q(x) and r(x) are the polynomials and q(x) ,= 0, r(x) ,= 0 then
Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
(i)
p(x) r(x)
q(x) r(x)
=
p(x)
q(x)
(ii)

p(x)
q(x)

=
p(x)
q(x)
=
p(x)
q(x)
=
p(x)
q(x)
Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions
(When denominators are equal)
Let
p(x)
q(x)
&
r(x)
q(x)
be any two rational expressions then:
.
p(x)
q(x)
+
r(x)
q(x)
=
p(x) + r(x)
q(x)
.
p(x)
q(x)
-
r(x)
q(x)
=
p(x) r(x)
q(x)
Addition & subtraction of two rational expressions
(When denominators are unequal)
Let
p(x)
q(x)
&
r(x)
s(x)
be any two rational expressions then:
.
p(x)
q(x)
+
r(x)
s(x)
=
p(x) s(x) + r(x) q(x)
q(x) s(x)
.
p(x)
q(x)

r(x)
s(x)
=
p(x) s(x) r(x) q(x)
q(x) s(x)
Multiplication of Rational Expressions
If
a
b
and
c
d
are two rational numbers, then we we know that their product is given by
a
b

c
d
=
ac
bd
similarly, if
p(x)
q(x)
and
r(x)
s(x)
are the two rational expression there product is given by
p(x)
q(x)

r(x)
s(x)
=
p(x) r(x)
q(x) s(x)
Division of Rational Expression
Let
p(x)
q(x)
,
r(x)
s(x)
be the two rational expressions such that r(x) ,= is non-zero rational expression
then we have
p(x)
q(x)

r(x)
s(x)
=
p(x)
q(x)

s(x)
r(x)
=
p(x) s(x)
q(x) r(x)
Quadratic Equations
e general form of a quadratic equation is ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, where a , b , c are real number and
a ,= 0
Solution by perfect square method
. Make sure the coecient of variable with index 2 is 1 (eg. 5x
2
4x 2 = 0, here the
coecient is 5 for x
2
hence rst we shall divide both side by 5)
. Find the 3
rd
term with formula ird term=

1
2
coecient of x

2
. Add third term on both the side
Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
Solution by formula method
Let ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation, where where a , b , c are real numbers and a ,= 0
then solution by formula method is given by
x =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
Case: b
2
4ac = 0 i.e b
2
= 4ac
x =
b
2a
, x =
b
2a
, both the roots are equal
Case: b
2
4ac > 0 i.e b
2
> 4ac then the equation has two distinct roots
x =
b +

b
2
4ac
2a
, x =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
Case: b
2
4ac < 0 then

b
2
4ac is not a real number and hence quadratic equation cannot
have any real roots
Imp. Result
. x
2
+
1
x
2
=

x +
1
x

2
2
. x
2
+
1
x
2
=

x
1
x

2
+ 2
Arithmetic Progressions(AP)
General form of the AP
t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . .
(i) t is the rst term (ii) d is common dierence
n
th
term of an AP t, t + d, t + 2d, t + 3d, . . . is given by
t
n
= t + (n 1)d
) t
n
is n
th
term
) t is the rst term
) n is the number of terms in an AP
) d is the common dierence between the successive terms of an AP
Sum of the rst n terms of an AP
Let a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . be an AP with n number of terms
a denote rst term.
t
n
denote last term of AP.
d denotes the common dierence.
Let us denote sum up to n terms by S
n
, we have
. S
n
=
n
2
(a + t
n
)
. t
n
= a + (n 1)d
S
n
=
n
2

2a + (n 1)d

Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
Probability
Probability of an event
probability of an event A, written as P(A), is dened as
P(A) =
Number of outcomes favorable to A
Total number of possible outcomes
probability of an impossible event is 0
probability of a sure event is 1.
Probability of any event will lie between and .
In general for any event A, we have
. P(A) = 1 P(A
/
)
. P(A) + P(A
/
) = 1
. P(A) = 1 P(A)
Note: P(A
/
) denotes probability of not happening of an event A
Statistics
Mean of Raw Data
Mean of the values x
1
, x
2
, x
3
. . . , x
n
is denoted by x and is given by
x =
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
n
n
=
1
n
n

i=1
x
i
Assumed Mean Method for Calculating the Mean
A is an arbitrary constant(usually A is chosen some where in the middle part of the given value)
A is also called assumed mean. d
i
=e reduced value, d
i
= x
i
A and is called deviation of x
i
from A

d =
n

i=1
f
i
d
i
n

i=1
f
i
& Mean = x = A +

d
Mean of Grouped Data
. Direct method x =
n

i=1
f
i
x
i
n

i=1
f
i
. Assumed mean method x = A +

d
. Step-deviation method x = A + h.

d
(h is the width of the class intervals)
Median
Formula for computing Median from grouped data
Median = L +
N
2
c. f .
f
h
) L is lower boundary of a median class
) N is total frequency
Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
) c. f is cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
) f is frequency of the median class
) h is width of the median class
Mode
Formula for computing Mode from grouped data
Mode = L +

f
m
f
1
2f
m
f
1
f
2

h
) L is lower boundary of a modal class
) f
m
is frequency of the modal class
) f
1
is frequency of the class coming before the modal class
) f
2
is frequency of the class coming aer the modal class
) h is width of the modal class
Similarity
Ratio of the areas of two triangles
Let A
1
and A
2
be the areas, b
1
, b
2
be the bases and h
1
, h
2
be the heights of any two
/
s en the
ratio of there area is given as
.
A
1
A
2
=
b
1
h
1
b
2
h
2
.
A
1
A
2
=
b
1
b
2
, if heights of two
/
s are equal
.
A
1
A
2
=
h
1
h
2
, if bases of two
/
s are equal
Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle
sin
opposite side of the angle
hypotenuse
cosec
hypotenuse
opposite side of the angle
cos
adjacent side of the angle
hypotenuse
sec
hypotenuse
adjacent side of the angle
tan
opposite side of the angle
adjacent side of the angle
cot
adjacent side of the angle
opposite side of the angle
M. of
,
s
0

30

45

60

90

Ratios of
,
s
sin 0
1
2
1

3
2
1
cos 1

3
2
1

2
1
2
0
tan 0
1

3


3 ND
cosec ND 2

2
2

3
1
sec 1
2

2 2 ND
cot ND

3 1
1

3
0
Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
Trigonometric Identities
. sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
. 1 + tan
2
= sec
2

. 1 + cot
2
= cosec
2

Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles

. sin(90

) = cos
. cos(90

) = sin
. tan(90

) = cot
. cot(90

) = tan
. cosec(90

) = sec
. sec(90

) = cosec
Surface Areas & Volumes
. Cuboid l is the length, b is the breadth, h is the height
(a) Curved Surface Area = 2h(l + b)
(b) Total Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(c) Volume = lbh
. Cube a is measure the side of the cube
(a) Curved Surface Area = 4a
2
(b) Total Surface Area = 6a
2
(c) Volume = a
3
. Right circular cylinder r is radius of the base, h is the height
(a) Curved Surface Area = 2rh
(b) Total Surface Area = 2r(h + r)
(c) Volume = r
2
h
. Cone r is radius of the base, h is the height, l is the slant height
(a) Curved Surface Area = rl
(b) Total Surface Area = 2r(l + r)
(c) Volume =
1
3
r
2
h
(d) By Pythagoras theorem l
2
= h
2
+ r
2
. Sphere r is the radius
(a) Surface Area = 4r
2
(b) Volume =
4
3
r
3
. Hemisphere r is the radius
(a) Surface Area = 2r
2
(b) Volume =
2
3
r
3
Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.
Quick Reference Sheets, STD X
Coordinate Geometry
. Distance between any two points P(x
1
, y
1
) and Q(x
2
, y
2
)
PQ =

(x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
. Distance between a point P(x, y) and origin O(0, 0)
PO =

(x 0)
2
+ (y 0)
2
=

x
2
+ y
2
. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
)
internally in the ratio m: n are given by section formula
P

mx
2
+ nx
1
m + n
,
my
2
+ ny
1
m + n

()
Special Case
(a) e mid-point of the line-segment joining the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) divides
the line-segment in the ratio 1: 1. Hence, putting m = 1 and n = 1 in equation (??)
P

x
1
+ x
2
m + n
,
y
1
+ y
2
m + n

()
. Coordinates of point P, dividing the line-segment joining the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
)
externally in the ratio m: n are given by
P

mx
2
+ nx
1
m + n
,
my
2
+ ny
1
m + n

. A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) and C(x
3
, y
3
) are the coordinates of the vertices of a ABCand G(x, y)
is the centroid of the triangle
G

x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3
,
y
1
+ y
2
+ y
3
3

Request for XI & XII Std. Quick Reference Sheets can be sent at thinkprime@gmail.com, well
email you the copies once they are ready.