M. Didiek Rahadian D.HI.3.Ing, 105120403121004 1.

. The Evolution of Authoritarian Regimes The first personal dictatorship by the leader of an organization was implemented with military personal dictatorship. Napoleon Bonaparte had already succeeds controlling France in 1799 with military coup and makes referendum to legitimize it. In 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected to be the president of France and started unconstitutional power control or the Autogolpe (self-coup). It is also implemented in LatinAmerica in nineteenth century by president Vargas of Brazil with using well-established military institution as a dictatorship ruler. One-Party Rule came up in twentieth century with monopolized permanent power control into one party dictatorship. In 1917, after Tsarist monarchy collapsed, Lenin Bolshevik and his revolutionary Marxist party (later known as Communist party) use this chance seized the power into one-party ruler. In 1924, Lenin is dead and his General Secretary Stalin started to dominate Communist party as the head of partys administrative apparatus. Stalin started to transform communist party with Stalins party personal rule and replaced Lenins collective leadership. This party personal rule can be seen as the model of communist regime and also known as a Stalinism. At early 1930s, Fascism is one of new dictatorship led by Adolf Hitler from Germany and Benito Mussolini from Italia and World War II is the result of fascism order in the Europe. Right after world war II, there were many authoritarian regimes came up, mostly from British and France colonial that created dozens of new states in the 50s-60s era which often happened on Africa, Asia with one-party states and also Latin-America with military regime that threatening democracies. In the middle of 70s, authoritarian regime seemed to be not only numerically but also politically dominating the world. After the cold war era, democracy seemed to be more spread and gave a result of the extinction of authoritarian regimes.

2. Who Rules? Personal Rule Dictatorial monarchies It is an old example of authoritarian regime in a kingdom that led by a king or a queen that had total control of power of monarch with a constitutional as primary head of state. Mostly the ruling monarchies came from Arab world like Egypt, Iraq, and Iran ended with military coup or a revolution.

Monarchical Dictator Monarchical dictator posses a personal power control of a state, usually came from military or party and can described as personal or personalist dictator. The dictator usually made himself as personal rather than organizational dictatorship instead of acting as representative of the organization that put him into power and he is using states as an instrument of his personal rule.

Military Rule Open military rule Trying to seizure the power resulted in military officers and trying to take over the governing of the country. They established a junta military as the countrys de facto supreme government by military regime.

Disguised military rule (civilianized or indirect rule) The civilianization of a military dictatorship usually involves the retiring military officers to hold the government as a civilian. And the military indirect rule more often as controlling civilian government from behind the scenes as the puppet master.

One party-rule Communist Communist regime was a great historically regime in the world. It has produced one of twentieth century super power. Led by Lenin and Stalin, communist had its own glorious time after World War II. Until now there are still communist regime like in the china, Vietnam, and Laos.

The Third World Mostly came from British and France colonization in African countries in 60s and 70s. Each dictatorship came from a party that won the election during the decolonization time and after became a president, his seizure the power into one-party rule. And after a decade, it has change mostly with a military coup.

3. Why do They Rule? Religious and Ideological legitimacy Religion Posses the power with religious reason and legitimate authority with monarchies for more than a thousand years just like Islam empire or ancient European empire.

Ideology The ideology will have to be given a similar social influence by its regime with using the mass media, the education system, and mass- mobilizing organizations. Ideological thought also can be seen in the policy-making of the leader or dictator.

Democratic Legitimacy The dictators came with constitutional democratic ways as power legitimacy of its own power. Holding the election can be a sign of shrewd dictatorship rather than real democracy, it all depends on the type of elections.

4. How do They Rule? Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism Totalitarianism is the most extreme way of dictatorship seeks total control, in practice that everything in the state, nothing outside the state, and nothing against the state. And authoritarianism is the limited political pluralism with the absence of ideology that guide the regime and intensive or extensive political mobilization by a group or individual.

Exercising Control Exercising Control is using propaganda and democratic institution as a mechanism to control enforcing political loyalty and the obedient implementation of the regimes policies.

Policies and Policy-making Authoritarian regimes have distinctive policies in the sense of social, economic, or foreign policies that have been implement to take total control of the state. And the policy-making in the authoritarian regimes can afford to be more ideological or corrupt in their policy-making, even the two classic case of totalitarian personal rule differed in style and scope policymaking.

References: Broker, Paul. 2008. Authoritarian regime (in Daniel Caramanis journal.2008)