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Fundamental concepts: Unity - reiterations of a music idea and Variety 1 movement = 2 main musical ideas. A and B.

Musical idea : a phrase or segment that obtains complete meaning by coming to a natural resting point or cadential point (cadence) Dynamics: Different levels of Volume Timbre: Different sound sources Form: How sound is organized in time. Three part music structure aka Ternary or ABA form. Most common forms across all styles of music Etude means Study Utility music - music used for utilitarian purposes ie. to celebrate, inspire, soothe. Musical connotation - when a piece of music becomes associated with certain events or

experiences. Middle ages- harp not organ that had religious connotations. Absolutists - believe that to understand a piece of music, one must focus solely on the relationships between the sounds of which the piece is comprised The gramophone was invented in 1897, the electric phonograph in 1925, the personal stereo tape player in 1979, and digital players in 1998 Casual Listener - music becomes a mood enhancer or a part of the environment Program Music - music that follows a explicit story or program

Absolute Music -Music not associated with a story, image, object, event, etc. Referential Listeners - Those whose music connection is through memories. Ide fixe - Obsession Critical Listener - Job is to identify what is wrong with a performance. Tempo - Steady Speed. Perceptive Listener - combines characteristics of all three previous listeners. Folk music - not notated, associated with extramusical activities (celebrations, work, lullabies, etc), passed on from generation to generation by listening, remembering and imitating. Spontaneously created, associated with rural

or peasant cultures. Rapidly declining due to urbanization and industrialization. Popular (Pop) Music - Notated, less complex than art music and not as bound by sets of composition or performance rules. Art (Cultivated Classical) Music - Western religious and secular music produced from the 11th century to present day. Traditionally created by trained professional musicians. Jazz Music - Uses improvisation as a primary structural component, not notated, incorporates elements of folk music. Originated with black Americans of the early 20th century in urban areas of New Orleans, Chicago and New York. Relies heavily on syncopated

rhythms and improvisation and riffs. Uses blue notes. Notes and the staff convey two basic sound parameters: Duration and Pitch. Duration: Graphic representation of the symbol, its shape. Pitch: The placement of the symbol on the music staff conveys pitch, the higher the symbol the higher the pitch. Duration - refers to the length of the sound. The longest value in notated music is a whole note. 1 whole note = 2 half notes, or 4 quarter notes, or 8 eighth notes, or 16 sixteenth notes. Pitch - a person's relative perception of how high or low that sound is.

Frequency - number of sound waves. The faster the frequency the higher the pitch, vice versa. Basic unit of frequency is Hertz. Hz. Audible frequency spectrum - highest sound humans can hear vibrates at about 20,000 Hz. The lowest sound that can be perceived is 16 to 20 hz. Animals can hear up to 40,000 Hz. Middle pitch range - 130 - 525 Hz. Tablature - combo of letters, numbers and staffs was used for particular string instruments.

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