1

INTRODUCTION:
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)) is an Indian stateowned oil and gas company headquartered in New Delhi, India. It is one of the largest Asia-based oil and gas exploration and production companies, and produces around 77% of India's total crude oil production. It is one of the largest public sector company producing oil and natural gas with a turnover of Rs.65000 crores. It is also one of the Navaratna companies of India. O.N.G.C LTD is perceived to be the leader in oil production industry. It has a very efficient and professional management team. O.N.G.C being an international company has sufficient resources and capital to invest.

INFOCOM SERVICES
The INFOCOM section in ONGC deals with all Electronic equipment and Telecommunications systems. This group plays an important role in facilitating day to day operations of the Rajahmundry asset. The major systems under the purview of Infocom services are as follows:

Line Communication Computer centre Field communication Satellite Communication SCADA

1) Line communication
1.1)TELEPHONE SYSTEM:
The word Telephone is derived from the Greek word Tele meaning Far and Phone meaning Sound. The operation of a telephone involves the conversion of the sound signals into an audio frequency electrical which can be transmitted over an electrical transmission system and then reconverted to sound pressure signal at the receiver end. The electrical signals may be transmitted by radio or by wire. The wire telephone systems were the earlier of such systems and still form the backbone of modern communications. A telephone is a duplex device i.e. it uses one frequency to transmit and another frequency for receiving. A Simple Telephone A telephone is one of the simplest devices you have in our house. ! It only contains three parts and they are all simple A switch to connect and disconnect the phone from the network - This switch is generally called the hook switch. It connects when you lift the handset. A speaker - This is generally a little 50-cent, 8-ohm speaker of some sort. A microphone - In the past, telephone microphones have been as simple as carbon granules compressed between two thin metal plates. Sound waves from your voice compress and decompress the granules, changing the resistance of the granules and modulating the current flowing through the microphone. We can dial this simple phone by rapidly tapping the hook called "pulse dialing." If we pick the phone up and rapidly tap the switch hook four times, the phone company's switch will understand that we have dialed a "4."

Fig: 1.1 A Simple Telephone A Real Telephone The only problem with the phone shown above is that when we talk, we would hear our voice through the speaker. Most people find that annoying, so any "real" phone contains a device called a duplex coil or something functionally equivalent to block the

3 sound of our own voice from reaching our ear. A modern telephone also includes a bell so it can ring and a touch-tone keypad and frequency generator.

Figure 1.2: A Real Telephone Still, it's pretty simple. In a modern phone there is an electronic microphone, amplifier and circuit to replace the carbon granules and loading coil. The mechanical bell is often replaced by a speaker and a circuit to generate a pleasant ringing tone.

1.2 EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange):

A Private Branch eXchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public.

Figure 1.3: An Avaya G3R PBX with front cover removed (view from the top). 1.2.1 Overview PBXs make connections among the internal telephones of ONGC and also connect them to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via trunk lines. Because they incorporate telephones, fax machines, modems, and more, the general term "extension" is used to refer to any end point on the branch. PBXs are differentiated from "key systems" in that users of key systems manually select their own outgoing lines, while PBXs select the outgoing line automatically. The term PBX was first applied when switchboard operators ran company switchboards by hand. As automated electromechanical and then electronic switching systems gradually began to replace the manual systems, the terms PABX (Private Automatic Branch eXchange) and PMBX (Private Manual Branch eXchange) were used to differentiate them. Solid state digital systems were sometimes referred to as EPABXs (Electronic Private Automatic Branch eXchange). Now, the term PBX is by far the most widely recognized. The acronym is now applied to all types of complex, inhouse telephony switching systems, even if they are not Private, Branches, or exchanging anything. System Components A PBX will often include: The PBXs internal switching network. Microcontroller or microcomputer for arbitrary data processing, control and logic. Logic cards, switching and control cards, power cards and related devices that facilitate PBX operation. Stations or telephone sets, sometimes called lines. Outside Telco trunks that deliver signals to (and carry them from) the PBX. Console or switchboard allows the operator to control incoming calls. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) consisting of sensors, power switches and batteries. Interconnecting wiring. Cabinets, closets, vaults and other housings 1.2.2 PBX Functions The PBX performs four main call processing duties: Establishing connections (circuits) between the telephone sets of two users. (e.g. mapping a dialled number to a physical phone, ensuring the phone isn't already busy) Maintaining such connections as long as the users require them (i.e. channelling voice signals between the users) Disconnecting those connections as per the users requirement Providing information for accounting purposes (e.g. metering calls) 1.2.3 EPABX at Base Complex

5 48 VDC power supply is applied to the EPABX system. There is a backup battery bank that comes in to use at times of power failure or any other hindrance. There are four systems at the following places. 1. Rajahmundry 3. Narsapur 2. Dhowlaiswaram 4. Tatipaka The input to the system is the 40 BSNL junction lines which are divided as intercom lines, local lines, STD lines. The 400 extension lines (per extension two lines) run out of the EPABX system to the IDF i.e., Internal Distribution Frame. Out of these 400 lines some 32 lines are kept ideal to take care of any sort of repair or problem. At the MDF (Main Distribution Frame), are arranged to send to different Wings in the office and to the colony. Extra lines are diverted to each room in case of 4 employees in a room or 2 or more phones on one desk. Usually 1:10 ratio is maintained between junction lines and extension lines. Depending upon the number of Wings and the requirement in those Wings, users in the colony and requirements at the field, pair of wires from MDF runs to their sub MDFs called Pillars. In the office each Wing has its respective Pillar from which wires run into sub pillars at each room. In the colony, Pillars are installed at each block from which the wires run into each house. The EPABX system in ONGC has four private and four public networks. There are four wings in ONGC. For each wing there is a separate MDF. It contains modules each having two lines. One line is for giving input from main EPABX and the other for giving output to the MDF in the particular wing. Usually there are two types of connections a) Armed Connection: These are the connections provided outside the ONGC and have extra protection in the form of cables b) Unarmed Connection: These connections inside the office. There are number of chords with each chord having 24 ports and each port in turn has 48 wires. ONGC provides 1150 cell connections restricting the facilities as per the designation of the employees.

RJY

TPK

NSP

D W LM

A C M a in s S u p p ly

P R IV A T E N E T W O R K
M a in t. & C a ll M e terin g C o n so le

P o w er P la n ts

B a s e C o m p le x E PA B X , IC N E T ID F O F C T E R M IN A L O p er a to r C o n so le P U B L IC N E T W O R K
IC N E T E&M DOT L in es 2/4 L in e s & W IR E IP tr u n k E-1 D ID DOD

MDF

B a tte ry B an k

M o re th a n 450 PABX, -E 8 0-I C N E T 1 3 4 IR E C T -D S u b s c rib e rs

Figure 1.4: Base Complex EPABX System Layout Rajahmundry

1.2.4 KEY TELEPHONES

A special class of very small exchange is that of key telephones which handle more than one line at a telephone location without the use of a switchboard, yet some form of simple switching is necessary. The most widely used key telephone system today is the six-button telephone commonly referred to as key equipment. To switch a call from one phone to another, the system must be equipped with hold relays, one for each line, which are activated by the red hold button, usually the first button on the left. The user answering the phone and wishing to hold that call pushes the hold button which activates the hold relay on that line. Key telephones are also made as one-button sets. They have a single rotary button, which allows the phone to be connected to either of two lines, often with a semiautomatic hold feature on the first line. Call directors are merely large key phones. They are furnished in 2- through 30-button sizes, arranged in columns or modules of 6 or 10 each. Hence the 18-button type has three modules for each type. The button associated with each exchange line is called a pickup button. Key phones are used in conjunction with PBX systems when it so necessary to have several lines terminating on one phone in an office.

1.3 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network

ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service network, integrating voice, data, and video and image services in a digital format over a common, global network. ISDN is a telephone line that provides two primary channels for communication to connect more than one device to the line, such as, a PC, a phone and a fax. We can then perform two tasks simultaneously, such as placing a call and sending a fax, or transmitting a data file and receiving a call. We can also combine the two (64-speed) channels into a single (128K-speed) channel and achieve ISDNs top speed for sharing data files and Internet access. ISDN has been designed to allow endto-end compatibility for voice services. Voice calls can be made to or from an ISDN line from a POTS line anywhere in the world. Equally important is the fact that ISDN service can be carried over the existing telephone network infrastructure which presents a massive global investment over the past century in the central office switches. It can route calls and handle billing: in transmission systems which carry the large volume of calls to remote destinations, largely over optical fiber cable today; and millions of miles of twisted-pair copper cabling to carry services to our homes and offices. In the event of a power failure, ISDN will not operate unless it has a power back-up such as an UPS. Terminologies 1. Channel: A channel is a communication path that can carry a voice or data conversation. ISDN has multiple channels (a maximum of 2 Bs and 1 D). B Channel: This is an ISDN communication channel that bears or carries voice circuit switched data or packet switched data conversations. D Channel: This is an ISDN communication channel used for sending information behind-the-scenes between the ISDN equipment and the ISDN central office switch. This channel can also carry user packet data at rates up to 9.6 kilobits. 2. Circuit Switched Data: This is a conversion between two devices (usually computers) where the devices have total use of the channel connecting them. 3. Packet Switched Data: In this type of conversation between two devices, each devices dialogue is broken into smaller chunks called packets before being sent to the receiver. Unlike voice and circuit switched data calls, one communication channel can carry multiple packet conversations at the same time. 4. SPID: The ISDN central office needs to have a unique identification number for each ISDN set to which it sends calls and signals. This identification is called a Service profile identifier or SPID. 5. NTI: The Network Transmission 1 is a user owned device that provides an interface between our line from the telephone company and the ISDN wiring inside our home. This device can be a stand-alone device or can be integrated with other ISDN equipment. Our ISDN service will not work if the NTIs plug is not connected to a working electrical source.

8 6. Signaling: Our central office knows that we wish to make, take, or interrupt a call when it receives special signals from picking up a handset, dialing, depressing buttons on our set, etc. Before ISDN we frequently had to interrupt or terminate our conversation to signal the central office. ISDN enables us to talk and signal at the same time. Features of ISDN 1. High Speed: ISDN allows us to send and receive data four times faster than traditional phone lines and modems. 2. High Capacity: Higher capacity ISDN has two channels or paths for communication. These channels can be combined to send extremely large or data intensive files, such as pictures, graphs, audio or even video. By combining both channels, high speed Internet access can also be achieved. 3. High Productivity: due to two communications paths we can perform two communication tasks simultaneously i.e., we can send a data file and receive a phone call at the same time without the phone call disrupting the data transmission. This capability makes us more productive, which could save our more time and money. Internet access is also accelerated, making our sessions more productive and enjoyable. 4. More cost effective: For many BellSouth customers, ISDN is the most cost effective and efficient telecommunications service available.

1.4CELL PHONES:
The area covered by the tower is in the form of cells and hence the mobile phones are also called cellular phones. When a person, having in a particular area , gets the signal from the tower I which he is there. When the person switches from one tower covering a particular cell, then the tower handle over the signal to the other tower so that the customer should not get disturbance. There are different technologies used in cell phones. The three types of mobile technologies are: Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Section (BSC) Master Section (MSC)

1.5 FIELD TELEPHONES:

9 A special class of very small exchange is that of field telephones which handle more than one line at a telephone location without the use of a switchboard, yet some form of simple switching is necessary. The most widely used key telephone system today is the six-button telephone commonly referred to as key equipment. To switch a call from one phone to another, the system must be equipped with hold relays, one for each line, which are activated by the red hold button. Field telephones are also made as onebutton sets. They have a single rotary button, which allows the phone to be connected to either of two lines, often with a semiautomatic hold feature on the first line. Call directors are merely large key phones. They are furnished in 2- through 30button sizes, arranged in columns or modules of 6 or 10 each. Hence the 18-button type has three modules for each type. The button associated with each exchange line is called a pickup button. Key phones are used in conjunction with PBX systems when it so necessary to have several lines terminating on one phone in an office.

1.6 FASCIMILE (FAX):

Facsimile means an exact reproduction, and facsimile transmission and exact reproduction of a document or picture is provided at receiving end. The small bandwidth required for facsimile makes it suitable for transmission over normal telephone lines. Two methods of scanning are: Optical Scanning, in which a light spot traverses the message. Resistance Scanning, in which the characters of the message offer varying resistances, and these are brought into circuit by meanings of a stylus touching and moving over them. FACSIMILE RECEIVER The mechanical aspect of scanning the receiver is similar those in the sender, and very often-identical equipment is used at both the ends. Scanning input signal, the reverse of what happens in the transmitter. In order for the received signal to have the correct relationship with the transmitted signal, it is necessary for the signals to be synchronized, to be phased correctly and to have the same height/breadth ratio.

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2)Computer Centre
Computer Section plays an important role in facilitating the day-to-day operations of the asset. Computer section in Rajahmundry Asset is located at the Base Complex Godavari Bhavan.

Services Offered:
PCs procurement / Installation / Maintenance PC Accessories Printer, Scanner, Cartridges, refills Network (LAN) Setup and Maintenance WAN Connectivity Internet Services e-mail ICNET providing connectivity to other projects IPIMS hardware and software infrastructure Maintaining fiber link to Staff Training Institute, core house and Well Logging section.

NETWORKING CONCEPTS:
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
A local area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or a group of buildings e.g. a school. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide-area networks (WANs), include their much higher datatransfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.

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LAN at base complex:

Before the up gradation of the existing network, the LAN connectivity was given in a Centralized fashion. All the users of different departments were connected to the server and the other internetworking devices via the Centralized switch located in the computer section. All the switches are kept in the server room and the user cables are terminated in this room. The switches were connected in a cascaded manner. Stacking units are used to stack no. of switches together so that all of them can use the single uplink connectivity from the server. This connectivity was possible when there were fewer no. of users. With the increase in the no. of users in the base complex beyond 300 no., the LAN configuration also needed to be modified. Now we are changing from the centralized configuration connectivity to the decentralized connectivity. For implementation of this configuration, a new L3 switch (Catalyst 4506-Cisco Systems) with several L2 switches (Cisco catalyst 2950 desktop switch) was purchased. The L3 switch is kept at the server room and the L2 switches (each with 24 ports) are kept in different wings (A, B and C wings) catering to ground to fourth floor users. The no. of switches in each wing is dependant on the number of users in that wing. Core house and the Logging section are connected to the base complex with optical fiber cable link. Single mode fiber is used for connecting the base complex to the core house and multimode optical fiber is used in connecting the core house to the Well Logging Section.

LAN Topologies
LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Four common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, and tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. a. A bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. All nodes on the LAN are connected by one linear cable, which is called the shared medium. Every node on this cable segment sees transmissions from every other station on the same segment. At each end of the bus is a terminator, which absorbs any signal, removing it from the bus. This medium cable apparently is the single point of failure. Of the three most widely used LAN implementations, Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networksincluding 100BaseTimplement a bus topology.

Figure 2.3 Some Networks Implement a Local Bus Topology b. A ring topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. All nodes on the LAN are connected in a loop and their Network Interface Cards (NIC)

12 are working as repeaters. There is no starting or ending point. Each node will repeat any signal that is on the network regardless its destination. The destination station recognizes its address and copies the frame into a local buffer as it goes by. The frame continues to circulate until it returns to the source station, where it is removed. Both Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI networks implement a ring topology.

Figure 2.4: Some Networks Implement a Logical Ring Topology c. A star topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a network are connected to a common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often implemented physically in a star topology, which is illustrated in Figure 2.4. : All stations are connected by cable (or wireless) to a central point, such as hub or a switch. If the central node is operating in a broadcast fashion such as a Hub, transmission of a frame from one station to the node is retransmitted on all of the outgoing links. In this case, although the arrangement is physically a star, it is logically a bus. In the case of the central node acting as switch, an incoming frame is processed in the node and then retransmitted on an outgoing link to the destination station. Ethernet protocols (IEEE 802.3) are often used in the Star topology LAN. d. A tree topology is a LAN architecture that is identical to the bus topology, except that branches with multiple nodes are possible in this case.

Figure 2.5: A Logical Tree Topology Can Contain Multiple Nodes

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2. WAN (Wide Area Network):

A wide area network is a telecommunications network, usually used for connecting computers, that spans a wide geographical area. WANs are often used by larger corporations or organizations to facilitate the exchange of data and in a wide variety of industries, corporations with facilities at multiple locations have embraced WANs. WANs were originally developed for digital leased-line services carrying only voice, rather than data. As such, they connected the private branch exchanges (PBXs) of remote offices of the same company. WANs are still used for voice services, but today they are used more frequently for data and image transmission.

Servers in Base Complex:

The different servers that are present at the computer section in ONGC are: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) Domain Naming System(DNS) Novell Database Server Intranet Server Active Directory Server (ADS)

14 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) International Petroleum Industry Multimedia Services Server (IPIMS) Hospital Information System (HIS)

DHCP Server:
DHCP Server is based on the Client-Server Model. The server is based on NT machine and DHCP client runs on a network client such as WIN 95/98/NT workstation. During the startup of a client machine the following handshaking takes place between a client and a DHCP server: The DHCP server broadcasts the DHCP discover message to all the DHCP servers available in the network. DHCP servers send the Offer message which contains the IP address and configuration information for the DHCP client. Client selects any one of the offers and then it sends request message to that particular server. DHCP server sends the ACK and sends a valid TCP/IP address with TCP/IP configuration.

Active Directory Server

This is a windows based directory service. It stores the information about the resources on a network and makes it available to the users and network administrators. This ensures that the users can access to the permitted network resources anywhere in the network by using a single logon process. This helps to have a single point of administration for all the network resources. For Rajahmundry Asset Base complex users a domain ongclsouth is created for this asset and all the users are configured into this domain. Once the user logs into this domain, it is able to see and/or use the resources of south.ongcl.com, which has the users of other office in the southern region. So a Rajahmundry asset user can see and access a shared resource at the Chennai office.

Domain Naming System:

This server is used to translate the names into IP address.

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Novell Server:
This server contains the Oracle data base in which it contains the details of employees, production data, pay related data etc.

Intranet Server:
This contains the following services. Daily progress report Personnel policy BDP Holiday list Production data Geology data

WINS Server:
This WINS server maps the computer names to the IP addresses. WINS is the best choice for the NetBIOS name resolution in routed network that uses NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

IPIMS Server:
It is developed by international Human Resource Development Corporation (IHRDC), Boston, USA. The server setup was made the help of DTS (Direct Technical Support) from IHRDC, Boston. The system is designed to provide desktop training to the employees of oil, gas and Power sector. This desktop based training is Low cost and easy to access. This intranet website will help to impart knowledge relating to petroleum industry to both core as well as the non-core personnel. Experienced persons of the organization can neither afford enough time to provide all the information to his peers nor can he deliver his experiences without a detailed preparation.

Leased Line network:

A 64 Kbps leased line connection is taken from BSNL for internet connectivity. The service provider is myguru.com. The leased line network is kept separate from the existing general users network. However this network uses the same IP addressing scheme, but the IPs are in 10.205.100.X series. The connections are given from the computer section to ED and Departmental Heads. This setup uses a leased line modem

16 for connection from BSNL end.V.35 interface is used from modem to router. A separate router and a switch have been configured for this network. The layout if the leased line connectivity is given in the diagram to follow. Since the number of users was less in the old network static IP addressing scheme was implemented. However, with the installation of DHCP server, the addressing scheme has been changed to dynamic IP configuration. The addressing scheme for different locations is reserved. In each of the locations 10.205.X15 to 10.205.X250 is used for user computers and the rest address are reserved for major network equipments installed at respective locations.

Virtual LAN Concepts

A VLAN is a group of PCs, server and other network resources that behave as if they were connected to a single, network segment even though they may not be .i.e.; physically connected users are organized into groups to minimize the collisions further (broad domain is cut-off). For example, all finance personnel may be spread throughout a building. Yet if they are all assigned to a single VLAN, they can share resources and bandwidth as if they were connected to the same segment. The resources of other departments can be visible to finance VLAN members, accessible to all, or accessible only to specified individuals, at the network administrators discretion. L3 switch performs inter VLAN routing. The VLAN configuration can be done on any one of the following criteria: 1. PORT Based VLAN (Used presently at the site) The administrator assigns each port of a switch to VLAN. For example, ports 1 to3 might be assigned to the Finance VLAN, ports 4 to 6 to the P&A VLAN and ports 7 to 9 to the Production VLAN. The switch determines the VLAN membership of each packet by noting the port on which it arrives. When a user is moved to a different port on the switch, the administrator can simply reassign the new port to the users old VLAN. The network change is then completely transparent to the user, and the administrator saves a trip to wiring closet. 2. MAC Address based VLAN The VLAN membership of a packet in this case is determined by its source or destination MAC address. Each switch maintains a table of MAC address and their corresponding VLAN membership. A key advantage of this method is that switch does not need to be reconfigured when a user moves to a different port. 3. Protocol based VLAN or Layer 3 VLAN The VLAN membership of a packet is based on protocols (IP, IPX, NetBIOS, etc) and Layer 3 addresses. This is the most flexible method and provides the most logical grouping of users. An IP subnet or an IPX network, for example, can be

17 assigned their own VLAN. Additionally, protocol-based memberships allow the administrator to assign non-routable protocols, such as NetBIOS or DECnet, to larger VLANs than routable protocols like IPX or IP. This maximizes the efficiency gains that are possible with VLANs.

VLAN 101

L3 Switch

VLAN 98

VLAN 103

Router for WAN connectivity

VLAN 100

VLAN (Virtual Area Network) IMPLEMENTATION AT BASE COMPLEX

Different departments are located in separate wings. The idea behind implementation of the VLAN is to minimize the traffic in the entire network. The traffic related to a particular department will be constrained in that VLAN only. Different departments will be kept in separate VLANs. As of now the VLAN is implementing on the basis of wings. Different wings are kept in separate VLANs. The present implementation is as below. VLANS at Rajahmundry Asset Base complex A wing Base complex B wing Base complex C wing Core House Well Logging STI Old Existing connections Dowlaiswaram Workshops Naraspur Temple land VLAN 10 VALN 101 VLAN 98 VLAN 98 VLAN 98 VLAN 98 VLAN 100 VLAN 99 VLAN 102

There are more users connected with the Old Existing Network than the new network. So when the VLAN is implemented all of them are provided with the IP addresses in the range of 100 series. The maximum number of users that can be allocated by the DHCP server in his series is 235 users. If the old users are more than that then there will be IP clashes. To avoid this situation some switches of the old setup are configured for 101 series VLAN. This is done by configuring one port of L3 switch in the VLAN 101 and connecting that old switch to this port. Here port based VLAN is

18 implemented i.e., the users will be allocated the IP address in the range depending upon the VLAN group of the assigned port.

BSNL

64 Kbps leased line

CISCO Router

Super Stack 3com switch

D-link DSL-128 leased line modem

16 Users, GMs & sectional heads Figure 2.12: Leased Line Connectivity

ICNET
Integrated Communication Network
Integrated Communication Network endeavors to provide a communication highway which will cater for voice, data and video conferencing requirements across the entire organization. This network uses satellite communication link as a media for interconnecting regional head quarters, projects with corporate head quarters, Delhi and Dehradun. The ICNET at Rajahmundry is connected to other 21 stations. The C-Band used is 4-6 GHz. Here the lower limit,4 is called the down link and the upper limit, 6 is

19 called the uplink. As we go up the directivity increases. The C-Band now being operated is INSAT 3E which is called as Transponder for which the band width is higher. ICNET is connected with the local intranet LAN of Rajahmundry through router interface. Three serial interfaces of the router are connected to radyne modems. Rajahmundry uses three DAMA and three PAMA channels. DAMA channels are used for voice connectivity and the PAMA channels are used for data connectivity.

VOICE NETWORK:
Voice network uses bandwidth efficient DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access) SCPC technology for voice, with NMS (Network Management System) at URAN. The voice network can be accessed by dialing 82 from a hand set. The numbers assigned to each of the 21 stations is given. DAMA allows a satellite to be used on a demand basis i.e. the system band width is used only when it is required. DAMA takes the advantage of random, occasional nature of telephone traffic. Full mesh connectivity is ensured i.e. any point in the system can communicate to any other point in the system. Presently DAMA technology digital satellite modems (SkyLinx System series 8000 from Scientific Atlanta), which works on mesh topology. In this system, there are no hardware settings. All settings are programmable with software.

DATA NETWORK:
Data network uses PAMA (Permanent Assigned Multiple access) technology for data channels, which have flexibility to operate at programmable data rates from 9600 Bps to 2 Mbps. The bit error rate achieved on the data channels is of the order 1 in 10^9 bits and the links are very stable.

ICNET connectivity at Rajahmundry:

Rajahmundry asset is connected to the other 21 sites by ICNET link. INSAT 3E is now being used for ICNET connectivity. From Rajahmundry three Data links are in place. These links are from Rajahmundry to Chennai, Narsapur and Dehradun. The capacity of each link is as below: a) Rajahmundry Chennai link -- 128 Kbps (384)

20 b) Rajahmundry Narsapur link -- 64 Kbps c) Rajahmundry Dehradun link -- 64 Kbps (256) ICNET is connected with the local intranet LAN of Rajahmundry through router interface. A router is placed in the ICNET room for the above purpose. The three serial interfaces of the router are connected to radyne modems for connectivity to the above three locations. Serial Interface 0 connected to Chennai for IINS/IMMS Serial Interface 1 connected to Narsapur for IMMS Serial Interface 2 connected to Dehradun for UFSO (Up gradation Financial System of ONGC) Rajahmundry uses three DAMA and three PAMA channels. DAMA channels are used for voice connectivity and the PAMA channels are used for data connectivity. Similarly Narsapur is also having three DAMA channels and one PAMA channels. Rajahmundry has a 4.5 meters antenna and Narsapur uses a 3.8m antenna. All the 22 ICNET stations allotted a specific station code for communication. To seize a channel in the ICNET link dial 82 followed by the destination station code, which is again followed by either an EPABX extension number or a hotline number as the case may be depending on the each site configuration. Station codes are as given below:

Station Dehradun Uran Agartala Narsapur Baroda Mehsana

Code 10 20 32 42 50 53

Station Delhi Mumbai Kolkatta Karaikal Ankleswar Cambay

Code 11 22 33 43 51 54

Station Panvel Hazira Rajahmundry Chennai Ahmedabad Jodhpur

Code 21 23 41 44 52 55

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Nazira

60

Jorhat

61

Silchar

62

3)Field Communication
Introduction
Radio waves are basically electro-magnetic radiation. Whenever electric power is applied to a circuit, a system of voltage and current are set within it and whole circuit becomes active. In some cases, voltage may be higher and current may be low or vice versa. In a similar manner we can say that when power is radiated in free space then it starts propagation in space in the shape, having electric and magnetic components, is known as EM wave. As we cannot see an EM wave, so our description will be based on mathematical theory. The theory of EM wave was first given by Maxwell in 1857.

Frequency
When we speak, we generate physical vibrations in the air. These cause change in the air pressure up and down in all the directions. The degree of this change above and below is known as amplitude. The sound radiated by normal speech is quite small, i.e. of the order of 10 - 15 microwatt and that is why our speech cannot travel for long distances. The velocity of sound in air is around 330 m/sec and in water is around 1500 m/sec.

Long Distance Communication

Our voice whether small or loud can travel up to a certain distance only. So in order to have communication up to long distances, we see the following alternatives. The below figure consists of two antennas which radiates the respective signals. The signals coincide at a particular point which as shown. In this case, at one end there is a transmitter and at the other end is a receiver. When we connect power supply, the circuit becomes active and whatever we transmit through wire is received at another end and the same is converted to sound waves which we are able to listen. This is a simple case where both the ends are directly connected with wire. Suppose it is not possible to lay a wire, then the concept of wireless comes in. Wireless simply means no wire. Wireless communication plays very important role in our life. Now days whatever way of communication we use, it has got wireless connectivity in one or other way. For the simplicity and effective utilization of frequency spectrum, the frequency range is divided into different groups as follows: 30 HZ 30 KHZ 300KHZ 3 MHZ 30 MHZ to to to to to 30 KHZ 300 KHZ 3 MHZ 30 MHZ 300 MHZ VLF LF MF HF VHF

22 300 MHZ 3 GHZ to to 3 GHZ 30 GHZ UHF SHF

Figure 3.1: Long Distance Communication For transmitting speeches over long distance, we need some carrier known as Radio Carriers. When carrier frequency is higher than 12 KHZ then the carrier side band frequency is radiated as EM wave. The formula for frequency can be given as: C = f ; Where, C = velocity of the wave f = frequency = wavelength LF: This is Very Low and Long range frequency, which can travel a long distance around the earths surface. They are known as ground waves also. They can travel several thousands of miles. They were extensively used by the British Navy during the Second World War. MF: Their range is 180 to 400 Kms. Their range is more during the night time. Generally, these frequencies are useful for the coastal stations to keep a watch on ships. HF: In HF range, radio wave propagation takes place through earths atmosphere. In 1925, Appleton found out that in propagation of HF waves, earths atmosphere plays an important role. He had done several experiments that there are different layers of ionization exists above earth at different heights. These layers send back the HF waves to the earth which otherwise would have escaped into the space. HF is sky wave propagation and can travel long distances. VHF: In this frequency range, radio waves follow the line of sight. So their coverage distance is short. These are used extensively in modern day communication.

23 As we now know that our speech or voice can hardly travel up to 100 Mts. So in order to transmit over a long distance we use either HF or VHF. Basic instrument to transmit / receiver the signal is known as transceiver. Any signal to be transmitted, should be in the form of electrical signal. Sound waves are first converted to electrical signal through microphone. A carrier wave is modulated by this signal or we can say it is impressed on a high frequency sine wave.

3.1 PAGING
Introduction:
The need for an efficient and optimally engineered communication network cannot be over emphasized in the medium and large industrial plants which now deploy increasingly more automated processes and complexities in day to day operations. The pre-requisites for an effective plant communication system assume stringency due to the normal and special hazards in a modern plant environment. In the view of the above, an efficient Industrial Communication System shall be characterized by: Loud speaking facility to locate people on the move and to combat industrial noise Elegantly styled rugged indoor / outdoor construction with pilfer protection Suitability for use in both Hazardous and non-hazardous areas Easy operation and quick connectivity Expandable architecture Flexibility to cope with changing configuration, needs and industrial dynamics

The offered system provides paging and communication in industrial environments and in hazardous locations where reliability and ease of operation are of utmost importance. Its a Central Switching Controlled centralized Amplifier based system, which provides following different options to the users, for the inter plant communication.

3.1.1 System Introduction

The offered system provides paging and communication in industrial environments and in hazardous locations where reliability and ease of operation are of utmost importance. Its a Central Switching Controlled centralized Amplifier based system, which provides following different options to the users, for the inter plant

24 communication. This system comprises of the following channels for communication purpose. It provides quality paging and communication function through these channels. a. Page Channel: This channel provides loud speaking facility and is used to broadcast messages or instructions or to locate field operators in the plant. The speakers can be arranged in different zones and the announcement can be accordingly made. b. Party Channel: This channel is used for carrying prolonged conversations in private mode, which is not heard over the loud speakers. The system posses multiple party channels i.e., one dedicated channel for each field handset station. The each field handset station operator can carry his independent conversation.

1. Communication between control room and field operator.

2. Communication between various field operators.

3. Integration of plant communication system with EPABX system.

2a. Direct communication between the field operators (i.e. without routing the call through control room)

2b. Field-to field contact, always through control rooms assistance

Figure 3.4 System Introduction

3.1.2 System Configuration

The plant communication system comprises of: 1. Central Equipment Central Switching System (CSS) Master Control Station (MCS) Central Paging Control (CPC) 2. Field Equipment Field Handset Stations (FHS) Paging Loudspeakers (LS) 3. Other Hardware

25 Junction Boxes (JB) Cables for the Field Equipments

Central Switching System (CSS) The central switching system is microprocessor controlled, 100% non-blocking and it incorporates digital technology for command processing and voice switching, utilizing a pulse code modulation/time division multiplexing. The software related to the operation of the system and features of the system are programmed in the Central Switching System. The system has a universal port type configuration that can be programmed as per the need. The system architecture has been designed to allow a high level of software control over the systems hardware. It is a wall mounted cabinet that houses the back plane (i.e. the mother board) and contain card slots for the system power supply, Main Processor Board, Digital Interface Board, Analogue Station Interface Board, Paging Interface Board, CO Interface Board and other essential PCBs. There is no limitation to the number of stations that can be deployed in the system. The configurations are given below: 1. Communication link type : PCM, Non blocking switch 2. Processor : 32 bits 3. System : Modular (based on plug in cards) 4. Power Supply (built in) : 110 / 230 V AC 5. Housing : Self supporting cabinet 6. Distribution Frame : External 7. Mounting : Wall mounting / Rack mounting Master Control Station (MCS) The master control station will have the following specifications Dynamic gooseneck microphone Individual zone selection switches for 12 zones All zone selection Digital display for identification of calling station number Handset Fixed function keys The control room operator can announce in either of the following modes from MCS. Individual zone wise announcement Multiple zone wise announcements All zone announcements All announcements made from the above MCS have higher priority over any announcements made either from field handset stations or made from the EPABX intercoms. After the announcement is heard over the loudspeakers, the field operator contacts the control room using the nearest field handset stations. The incoming call on to the MCS is identified by ringing tone, flashing LED indication and calling station number/area name display over the digital display of MCS. The distance between MCS

26 and the location of central rack can be up to 300 meters. More than one MCS can be installed in the same system. Central Paging Control & Amplifier Rack (CPC) The page rack is in 19 sub rack construction and is designed for free floor standing. The system uses high reliability amplifiers with built in overload protection. The CPC is modular in architecture i.e. based on the total load; number of amplifier modules is used in the system with each Amplifier module of 200 watts (RMS). The total load = Number of loudspeakers x Wattage of each loudspeaker. The system operates on 100-volt line matching concept to facilitate the use of loudspeaker at distant locations. The centralized amplifier eliminates the need for local amplifier at multiple locations in the field and also the power cabling at each location. Whenever required, cascading of amplifier is done to meet the expansion. If required the system could also be provided with stand by amplifier with changeover circuitry to ensure continuous operations at all times. The system is designed for zone wise announcements, which is more effective in locating a person in the field rather than individual loudspeaker paging. The zoning is flexible and can be altered at site to meet the geographical layout. The CPC is equipped with: Preamplifier module Buffer amplifier (optional) Power amplifier, each of 200 watts (RMS) Control panel, Power supply unit: 24volt DC Individual zone selection, all zone selection circuitry Chime module, siren access Monitor speaker Priority matrix Stand by amplifier with manually operated change over circuitry (optional) Field Handset Stations (FHS) The field handsets are located /installed at multiple locations in the outdoor field and are suitable for wall/column/structure mounting. The field stations are available in variety of constructions to meet indoor/outdoor environment. As the handset of the unit is equipped with noise canceling microphone, the acoustic feedback during paging doesnt occur. Features of field stations are The access of all features like calling master control desk, paging access, paging answer, calling EPABX extension, calling other handset stations etc. are by way of dialing the corresponding code from the push button keypad of the Unit. The field call station doesnt house any line amplifier. Hence, the location, quantity and functionality of field call stations and loudspeakers are not interlinked. Failure of any field handset doesnt affect or lead to the failure of loudspeaker.

27 Cable required for the station is 2 pair telephone type cable. 1 pair is used for the functionality and the other pair remains spare. The stations operate on the DC voltage and are line powered from CSS. No AC supply is required for functionality of the handset stations in the field

Junction Box (JC) Depending on the area of operations, the junction Boxes would be either flameproof type or weatherproof type. 1. Junction box for field handset stations (FSJB): There is wall mountable type JB in LM6 and are used in the system for distributing the cables meant for field handset stations. The multiplier telephone cable from central equipment gets terminated in this FSJB for cable termination. 2. Junction box for loudspeakers (LSJB): These are wall mountable type JB in LM6 or ABS and are used for termination of loudspeaker cables. The junction boxes are of 4-way type with 1 opening on each side. The JB is provided with clip-on type connector for cable termination. Paging Loudspeakers (LS) The paging loudspeakers of the system are available in variety of constructions and types. The loudspeakers are with inbuilt line matching transformer and have local tapings to vary the loudspeaker output. The loudspeakers are connected in looped fashion and there is no co-relation between the number of field stations and the number of loudspeakers to be deployed in the system. Loudspeakers can further be added in the system simply by looping from the nearest junction box to meet the expansion in future. The complete assembly of horn speakers includes the loudspeaker mounting brackets and cable gland. The brackets are specially designed to mount the speaker in a manner to obtain uniform sound distribution in the desired operating areas. SYSTEM FEATURES Direct communication between the field operators and control room operator All zone paging from field handset stations Monitoring the healthiness of all the associated equipment of the PA system An attention / alert sound to all speakers prior to all announcements Facility of connecting emergency siren over the paging channel (Highest priority) Digital display at MCS for identification of field handset numbers Call holding facility at MCS No use of AC power source in the field for operating the field equipment

28 Provisions to have multiple MCS in the same system Highest priority for MCS paging Feature restriction for field handset stations by software programming Individual LED indication at MCS for each field handset

4)Satellite Communication
Terrestrial communication face long distance communications constraints because they use co-axial cables or optical fiber cables and they require a physical path between terminals or wireless transmissions such as Microwave Radio Relays which due propagation problems must be in the line of sight. Modern Satellite Communication originates from Clarkes idea to install radio relays on geostationary satellites, thus allowing for transmission of radio microwave signals over large distances. Satellite Communication refers to transmitting a signal from the Earth up to a satellite and then receiving a signal back to the Earth. The satellite does not need to be a

29 huge expensive array of electronics and solar panels. In early years of satellite communication research, the moon was used to bounce off the signals. Time to go and bounce back is two seconds. This time is called satellite delay. The ability to transmit our signal up to such a high relay point and then receive it again back on the Earth allow us to receive it whenever we are in the world as long as we can see the relay point. Taking the moon as example, as long as we can see the moon, we can point a dish at it and receive the signal back. This wide range broadcasting ability has given rise to a multitude of different satellites carrying all kinds of information such as telephone calls, television channels, internet traffic, military communications, weather data, global position signals and even radio relay stations.

5)SCADA
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The supervisory control system is a system that sends commands to a real-time control system to control a process that is external to the SCADA system (i.e. a computer, by itself, is not a SCADA system even though it controls its own power consumption and cooling). This implies that the system coordinates, but does not control processes in real time, as there is a separate or integrated real-time automated control system that can respond quickly enough to compensate for process changes within the time constants of the process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility based as described below: Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, and large communication systems. Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption. SCADA systems are also used in some experimental facilities such as nuclear fusion. The size of such plants range from a few 1000 to several 10 thousands input / output channels. As the name indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level i.e., it is a software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules. SCADA systems used to run on DOS, VMS and UNIX; in recent years all SCADA vendors have moved to NT and some also to Linux.

5.1 System components:

The three components of a SCADA system are: Multiple Remote Terminal Units (also known as RTUs or Outstations) Master Station and Human Machine Interface (HMI) Computers

30 Communication Infrastructure

5.1.1 Remote Terminal Units

The RTU connects to physical equipment, and reads status data such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve reads measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By sending signals to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve , or setting the speed of a pump. The RTU can read digital status data or analog measurement data, and send out digital commands or analog set points. Most site control is performed automatically by RTU.

5.1.2 Master Station

The term "Master Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere.

Human Machine Interface

A Human-machine interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process. The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is processed and presented to be viewed and monitored by a human operator. This interface usually includes controls where the individual can interface with the SCADA system.

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5.1.3 Communication infrastructure

SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP over SONET is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power stations. The remote management or monitoring function of a SCADA system is often referred to as telemetry. An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms. An alarm is a digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM.

CONCLUSION
The training at ONGC has helped me to learn about the different state-of-art technologies being used for various operational activities of ONGC. I got some hands on experience on various communication systems & its application with regard to their ways of propagation and the connectivity between the end users I once again whole heartedly thank ONGC for providing me with the golden opportunity to undertake this training and to complete it successfully.

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