2009 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System

A Novel Control Strategy of Power Converter

Used To Direct Driven Permanent Magnet
Wind Power Generation System
Yang Liyong, Yuan Peie, Chang Zhenguo, Chen Zhigang, Li Zhengxi
College of Mechanical Electronical and Engineering
North China University of Technology
Shijingshan, Beijing, China
yly@ncut.edu.cn
Fig. I Controlstructure of converter deviceusedto directdriven
permanent magnetwindpowergeneration system
Where p is the air density, A is the area swept out by the
turbine blades, V
w
is the wind velocity, and cp is the power
II. WIND TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS
According to Betz[3],the mechanical power captured by
wind turbine is expressed as:
(1)
Gr i d- s i d",
ccnvcrt cr
G('n (,l"a t o l'- s i de
co nvcrt er
become the research focus.
The paper focuses on the control strategy of back-to-back
PWM power converter used to direct-drive permanent magnet
wind power system. The power converter control comprises
the generator side converter control and the grid side
converter control. The voltage space vector PWM in
field-oriented control adopted in the control of the generator
side converter. Through the field-oriented control, the highest
efficiency of wind generator can be reached, the wind turbine
is controlled to work at optimal tip speed ratio and to capture
maximum wind energy. The control principle of grid-side
converter, by which the DC-link voltage is kept constant, unit
power factor gird connected inverter is realized, and current of
grid-side is controlled to sine value, was designed on the basis
of the grid voltage oriented vector control. The entire strategy
of the direct drive wind turbine power generator illustrated in
Fig. I.
The simulation and experiments are carried out for the
proposed control strategy. The simulation model of the system
is developed in MATLAB/SlMULATION environment to
analyze the performances of the novel control strategy. The
simulation and experiments results verify that the proposed
control strategy can not only extract maximum power under
varying wind and regulate the voltage and frequency, but also
shows very good dynamic and steady state performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of wind power technology in the
world-wide, converter device used to wind power generation
system has become one issue of global concerned problems.
Because the power generated by wind generator is three-phase
alternating current of variable voltage variable frequency, it
must be transformed to that of fixed voltage and fixed
frequency of 50Hz which is the same as that of grid voltage.
Thus wind power which generated by the wind generator can
parallel in the power grid.
At present, there are mainly three kinds of generators are
used in wind power system: induction generator, doubly fed
induction generator(DFIG) and permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG)[I].while a multipole
synchronous generator connected to a power converter does
not a gear, so it can operate at low speeds. Moreover, due to
the permanent magnet excitation of the generator the DC
excitation system can be eliminated reducing again weight,
losses, costs and maintenance requirements [2]. So PMSG has
Index Terms- Permanent magnet synchronous generator,
wind power, maximum power extraction, field-oriented control,
unit power factor.
Abstract-This paper presents a novel control strategy of power
converter used to direct-drive permanent magnet wind power
system. The system consists of permanent magnet synchronous
generator (PMSG), the generator side converter and the grid side
converter. The voltage space vector PWM in field-oriented
control is adopted in the control of the generator side converter.
Both outer speed loop and inner current loop is implemented by
a novel antiwindup PI controller. By means of the field-oriented
control, the highest efficiency of wind turbine can be reached.
The wind turbine is controlled to work at optimal tip speed ratio
and to capture maximum wind energy. The control principle of
grid-side converter was designed on the basis of the grid-side
voltage oriented vector control. The outer voltage loop which is
adopted fuzzy logic control method is used to keep DC-link
voltage constant. And unit power factor gird connected inverter
is realized, and current of grid-side is controlled to sine value by
the control of inner current loop. Simulation and experiment
results show that the controllers can regulate the voltage and
frequency, extract maximum power under varying wind, and the
novel control strategy has very good dynamic and steady-state
performances.
978-1-4244-4543-1/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE PElTS 2009
456
(4)
OJ
coefficient. For a certain wind turbine, ifp, A and. Vware
constant the mechanical power will be a function of power
coefficient of the turbine Cp ' Cp is a function of the
pitch angle r and of tip-speed ratio 1., which can be
expressed as :
A = (2)
V
w
where R, is the turbine radius, and OJ
m
is rotating angular
velocity of the turbine. Fig 2 shows a typical Cp tr. 1)
curve for a wind turbine.
Cpmax ----- - -
yl <y2<y3<y4
).. pl
Fig.2 Curve of power coefficient
As can be seen from Fig.2, under the condition of
maintaining the pitch angle is constant, with the change of
wind speed and the change of turbine speed, it must be have
an optimum value of tip speed ratio AOpt make the maximun
power coefficient Cp max can be reached.
From (l) and (2) we can get the equation:
0.5PJiRtcpmax 3
P
max
= 3 OJ (3)
1 opt
This equation shows the relationship between turbine
power and turbine speed at maximum power, P
max
- (j) curve
is shown in Fig.3.
F:" =f( v . w )
Fig. 3 Curve of P- - "'in different wind speeds
Fig.3 tells us that we can get the maximum power P max
by regulating the turbine speed in different wind speed under
rated power ofthe wind power system. Therefore, an optimum
value of tip speed ratio AOpt can be maintained and maximum
wind power can be captured.
III. CONTROL OF GENERATOR SIDE CONVERTER
WITH MAXIMUM POWER EXTRACTION
The paper adopts the control strategy of voltage space
vector PWM in field-oriented in generator side converter, and
the d-axis current is controlled to be zero. The control aim is
that the highest efficiency of wind generator can be reached,
the wind turbine is controlled to work at optimal tip speed
457
ratio and to capture maximum wind energy.
The dynamic model of the permanent magnet
synchronous generator in synchronous rotating reference
frame can be expressed as:
R
L disd L '
usd = slsd + sd dt - OJe sisq
. di
Sq

u
sq
=R sl
sq
+L
sq
--+OJeLsdlsd +E,
dt
Where E, ={j)elff and Iff denotes rotor flux, ai, is the
electrical angular velocity, Usd ' Usq are d-axis and q-axis
voltage components respectively, i
sd
' i
sq
are d-axis and
q-axis current components respectively, R, is the generator
resistance, Lsd ' L
Sq
are d-axis and q-axis inductance
respectively. If i
sd
=0 , the electromagnetic torque is
expressed as:
t; =1.5PIffi
sq
(5)
Where p is the pole pair number. Equation (5) tells us that
r: can be controlled only by the q-axis current component
i
sq
.so we only need to control i
sq
' we can control r: .
FigA shows the control schematic diagram of
generator-side converter, in which a outer speed loop and a
inner current loop is adopted. Both outer speed loop and inner
current loop is implemented by a novel antiwindup PI
controller[4] ,as is show in fig.5. When the windup
phenomenon appears, A Back-calculation gain is used to
reduce the integrator windup effect. This novel PI controller
can reduce overshoot, shorten the settling time, and improve
the robustness to load disturbances . The error of (j) and (j) *
is delivered to speed controller. where ASR is a speed
controller implemented by the novel antiwindup PI
controller[4]. The output of ASR is used as the command
. *
value of q-axis current component lq , because the zero
d-axis current control (ZDAC) is adopted, The d-axis current
component i
d
* is set to 0, therefore, the unit power factor in
generator-side can be reached. In current loop current
decoupled control has been realized.
FigA Schematic of control strategy for generator-side converter
(6)
12
1.1 1.2
1. 1
0.3 0.4 0.5 06 0.7 0.8 0.9
(b) phase current of PMSG
I : : : I : I
18.3 04 0.5 0.6 07 0.8 0.9
(a) wind speed
Fig.7 Simulationmodel of power converterusedto direct driver permanent
magnet wind power generationsystem
Fig.8 shows main waveforms of wind generation system
when wind speed change from l Sm/s to 25m/s at 0.5s and
change from 25m/s to 18m/s at 1s. It can be seen that , with the
change of wind speed, d-axis current is maintained to zero,
q-axis current is adjusted, phase current and torque of PMSG
increases or degreases, but DC-bus voltage remain a constant
value.
V. SIMULAnON AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS
( '"
Fig.6 Schematicof control strategyfor grid-sideconverter
In this section, the simulations and experiments
investigations, which are designed to verify the control
strategy proposed and to analyze the static and dynamic
performance of system operation, are carried out.
A. simulationresult and analysis
The simulations are performed by Matlab/Simulink.
Fig.7 shows the simulation model of overall control system.
R
L' L
did
u
d
=e
d
- ld+OJ lq - dt
R L' L
did
U =- 1 -OJ 1 - -
q q d dt
Where ed and eq are the inverter d-axis and q-axis voltage
components respectively. R and L are the resistance and
inductance respectively, m is the electrical angular velocity,
u
d
' u
q
are d-axis and q-axis voltage components respectively,
i
d
, i
q
are d-axis and q-axis current components respectively.
Both mLi
q
and u, is the decoupled components. From
(6), we can know that active power P and reactive power Q
can be controlled by i
d
and i
q
respectively.
Fig.6 gives the control schematic diagram of grid-side
converter. The outer voltage loop adopts a novel fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) [6], which can not only enhance the
robustness of the system, but also improve the steady-state
precision and dynamic performances. The inner current loop
use antiwindup PI controller as similar to generator-side. The
error of command value Ude*and Ude as the input of outer
voltage loop. The output of voltage loop as the d-axis current
command value i
d
* . q-axis current is set to zero, thus power
factor can be controlled to reach I. In current controller
compensation term is also added to realize current decoupled
control. thus, active power P and reactive power Qcan be
controlled by i
d
and i
q
, respectively.
Fig.Sthe diagramof novel antiwindup controller
The reference value of rotor speed ra* is optimum value
that is getted according to maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) strategy.[5]
IV. CONTROL OF GIDE-SIDE CONVERTER
The control aim of grid-side inverter is that DC-link
voltage is kept constant, unit power factor gird connected
inverter is realized, and current of grid-side is controlled to
sine value . In this paper, we proposed grid-side voltage
oriented control. And a outer DC-bus voltage loop and a inner
grid-side current loop are adopted, too.
If the grid voltage space vector E is oriented on d-axis
we can get: e
d
=lEI , e
q
=O. SOthe dynamic model ofthe
grid-side inverter in synchronous rotating reference frame can
be written as:
458
;! ' r ;' Si Eti ,it ' ( , l
8,3 0 .4 0 .5 0 ,6 0 .7 0 ,8 0 ,9 1 1. 1 1,2
,,) _,"fPMAG I
-6.3 0 .4 0 ,5 0 .6 07 0 .8 0 .9 1 1.1 1.2
(d) d-axis current component ofPMSG
l \ i
0 .4 0 .5 0 . 6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 1 1 . 1 1 . 2
: j
B.3 0.4 0 .5 0 . 6 0.7 0 .8 0 . 9 1 1 .1
(1) DC-bus voltage
Fig.8 Main waveforms of wind generation system
Through the field-oriented control, the highest
efficiency of wind generator can be reached, the wind turbine
is controlled to work at optimal tip speed ratio and to capture
maximum wind energy. Dynamic and steady state
performance is verified.
B. experiment result and analysis
The proposed control strategy is experimental
implemented using TMS320F2812 with a clock frequency of
150 MHz. The DSP chip has been supplemented by a set of
on-board peripherals used in digital control systems, such as
AID converters, PWM circuit , and incremental encoder
interfaces. A DC motor is used as prime motor, the permanent
synchronous generator used was 18.5KW, 380V, and
1000r/min(6 poles) . Both rectifier in generator-side and
inverter in grid-side have six IGBT(l200V,50A). The
switching frequency was 2KHz.
Fig. 9 shows the experiment result of the generator-side
converter. As we can see, the angle of phase voltage and
phase current is zero nearly. therefore, the unity power factor
can be reached. This means that the electromagnetic torque is
produced totally by i
sq

'18 k '"
u
A c h .. .r 2 . 0 0 A
C hJj200 "'\I
Fig. 9 experiment waveforms of generator-side converter
The grid-side phase voltage and phase current in stable
operation is shown in Fig.lO.The phase angle of voltage and
current are almost opposite, which means the power factor of
459
inverter can reach close to 1. DC-link voltage is kept constant
at about 500V at that period.
Fig. 10 experiment waveforms of grid-side converter
Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the
proposed method. By means of the field-oriented control, the
highest efficiency of wind turbine can be reached
generator-side. The wind turbine is controlled to work at
optimal tip speed ratio and to capture maximum wind energy.
Both this novel antiwindup PI controller and fuzzy logic
control method has more superior characteristic comparing
with the traditional PI controller.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a novel control strategy of power
converter used to direct-drive permanent magnet wind power
system. Through the field-oriented control, the highest
efficiency of wind generator can be reached, the system is
able to track maximum wind energy using generated power as
input, and the grid-side power factor is controlled to reach I,
the DC-link voltage is kept constant by using voltage oriented
vector control on grid-side. The proposed system not only has
been performed by Matlab/Simulink but also has been
implemented in a real-time application. The real-time process
is running in a DSP system board that includes a TMSf2812
fixing-point DSP. Simulation and experiment results show
that the controllers have very good dynamic and steady state
performance.
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