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Solid Model

Made by Arrif Asavaviriyakul Nattapat Sutapakorn Jiras Soonthornsaratool Piyathorn Chuagaroon Jirayu Amornsatitpan Chaturaphat Ngamaharat

Present to Assoc.Prof.Dr.Somsak Woramongconchai

This report is part of Chemistry subject. Term 2 year of education 2011

Preface
This production has prepared a report on Solid Model for use for learning material. For those who are interested in Solid Model. Solid Model can be a simulated many kind of solid thus it will made you easy to learn this Solid Model. The production hopes the report is useful for learning.

Table of contents
Tables Preface Table of Contens Simple Cubic Unit Cell Body Centered Cubic Structure Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) Material for the experiment Equipment for the experiment Method to do the experiment Pages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Simple Cubic Unit Cell


The simple cubic unit cell is a cube (all sides of the same length and all face perpendicular to each other) with an atom at each corner of the unit cell. The unit cell completely describes the structure of the solid, which can be regarded as an almost endless repetition of the unit cell. The volume of the unit cell is readily calculated from its shape and dimensions. This calculation is particularly easy for a unit cell that is cubic. In this example, the atoms are in contact with each other along the edges of the unit cell. Thus the side of the unit cell has a length of 2 r, where r is the radius of an atom. Atoms, of course, do not have well-defined bounds, and the radius of an atom is somewhat ambiguous. In the context of crystal structures, the diameter (2 r) of an atom can be defined as the center-to-center distance between two atoms packed as tightly together as possible. This provides an effective radius for the atom and is sometime called the atomic radius. A more challenging task is to determine the number of atoms that lie in the unit cell. As described above, an atom is centered on each corner. In this case, however, none of these atoms lies completely within the cell. Part of each atom lies within the unit cell and the remainder lies outside the unit cell. In determining the number of atoms inside the unit cell, one must count only that portion of an atom that actually lies within the unit cell. The density of a solid is the mass of all the atoms in the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell.

Body Centered Cubic Structure


The body-centered cubic unit cell is a cube (all sides of the same length and all face perpendicular to each other) with an atom at each corner of the unit cell and an atom in the center of the unit cell. The unit cell completely describes the structure of the solid, which can be regarded as an almost endless repetition of the unit cell. The volume of the unit cell is readily calculated from its shape and dimensions. This calculation is particularly easy for a unit cell that is cubic. In the case of the body-centered cubic unit cell, the atoms lying along the main diagonal of the cube are in contact with each other. Thus the diagonal of the unit cell has a length of 4 r, where r is the radius of an atom. Atoms, of course, do not have welldefined bounds, and the radius of an atom is somewhat ambiguous. In the context of crystal structures, the diameter (2 r) of an atom can be defined as the center-to-center distance between two atoms packed as tightly together as possible. This provides an effective radius for the atom and is sometime called the atomic radius. A more challenging task is to determine the number of atoms that lie in the unit cell. As described above, an atom is centered on each corner and in the middle of the unit cell. The atom at the center of the unit cell lies completely within the unit cell. The atoms located on the corners, however, exist partially inside the unit cell and partially outside the unit cell. In determining the number of atoms inside the unit cell, one must count only that portion of an atom that actually lies within the unit cell. The density of a solid is the mass of all the atoms in the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell.

Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell


The face-centered cubic unit cell is a cube (all sides of the same length and all face perpendicular to each other) with an atom at each corner of the unit cell and an atom situated in the middle of each face of the unit cell. The unit cell completely describes the structure of the solid, which can be regarded as an almost endless repetition of the unit cell. The volume of the unit cell is readily calculated from its shape and dimensions. This calculation is particularly easy for a unit cell that is cubic. In the case of the face-centered cubic unit cell, the atoms lying along the diagonal of each face are in contact with each other. Thus the diagonal of each face has a length of 4 r, where r is the radius of an atom. Atoms, of course, do not have well-defined bounds, and the radius of an atom is somewhat ambiguous. In the context of crystal structures, the diameter (2 r) of an atom can be defined as the center-tocenter distance between two atoms packed as tightly together as possible. This provides an effective radius for the atom and is sometime called the atomic radius. A more challenging task is to determine the number of atoms that lie in the unit cell. As described above, an atom is centered on each corner and in the middle of each face of the unit cell. None of these atoms lies completely within the unit cell. Each atom exists partially inside the unit cell and partially outside the unit cell. In determining the number of atoms inside the unit cell, one must count only that portion of an atom that actually lies within the unit cell. The density of a solid is the mass of all the atoms in the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell.

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)


The hexagonal closest-packed structure is described by a hexagonal unit cell, which has a diamond shaped or hexagonal base with sides of equal length (a = b). The base is perpendicular to the longest side (length c)) of the unit cell. An atom is centered on each corner of the unit cell. An atom is also centered inside the unit cell, and two atoms whose center lie outside the unit cell extended into the unit cell. The unit cell completely describes the structure of the solid, which can be regarded as an almost endless repetition of the unit cell. The volume of the unit cell is readily calculated from its shape and dimensions. The volume of the hexagonal unit cell is the product of the area of the base and the height of the cell. For a closest-packed structure, the atoms at the corners of base of the unit cell are in contact, thus a = b = 2 r. The height (c) of the unit cell, which is more challenging to calculate, is c = 2 a (2/3)1/2 = 4 r (2/3)1/2. Atoms, of course, do not have well-defined bounds, and the radius of an atom is somewhat ambiguous. In the context of crystal structures, the diameter (2 r) of an atom can be defined as the center-to-center distance between two atoms packed as tightly together as possible. This provides an effective radius for the atom and is sometime called the atomic radius. A more challenging task is to determine the number of atoms that lie in the unit cell. As described above, an atom is centered on each corner, there is an atom centered inside the unit cell (but extends outside the unit cell), and there are two atoms centered outside the unit cell that extend into the unit cell. Part of each atom lies within the unit cell and the remainder lies outside the unit cell. In determining the number of atoms inside the unit cell, one must count only that portion of an atom that actually lies within the unit cell. The density of a solid is the mass of all the atoms in the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell.

Material for the experiment

1.ruler 2.sissors 3.glue gun 4. measuring tape 5.pens

Equipment for the experiment

1.table tennis ball 2. tube

Method to do the experiment 1. SCC model 1.1Cut equal tube in to 12 pieces (use constant length of pen to measure each tube is equal). 1.2Stick tube and table tennis ball together by glue 1.3Then complete into a square shape 1.4Measure the level of tube are the same or not by use pen measure. 2. BCC model 2.1Cut equal tube in to 12 pieces (use constant length of pen to measure each tube is equal). 2.2Stick tube and table tennis ball together by glue 2.3Then complete into a square shape 2.4Measure the level of tube are the same or not by use pen measure. 2.5Calculate the length of centered atom by use measuring tape to measure the length of diagonal then make four tube with a diagonal length minus with diameter of table tennis ball and divided by four. 2.6Stick the tube and table tennis ball into BCC shape 3

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