1.

diameter of vessel lumen

smaller diameter=more resistance, regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation stimulated by decreased blood flow to kidneys, angiotensin II, aldosterone, increases BP
stimulated by dehydration, vasoconstriction, kidneys retain water (less urine) - increases blood volume, increases BP

1. RAA system

2. ADH

2. blood viscosity

thicker blood=more resistance, depends mainly on ratio of blood cells to plasma

3. blood vessel length

longer blood vessel=more resistance

stimulated by hypoxia (low O2) or <BP, increases formation of RBCs = increases blood volume, increases BP

3. erythropoietin

4 types of shock

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vascular, obstructive sympathetic response, increases CO and vascular constriction excess returned to blood by lymphatic system kidneys retain sodium and water, increased blood volume

4. adrenal medulla

85% of filtered fluid is reabsorbed

aldosterone

anaphylactic shock

allergy vasodilators
connections between arteries/arterioles supplying adjacent regions (also occur in veins and venules)

anastamoses

anatomy of blood vessels

3 layers (tunics): tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

angiotensin II

vasoconstriction (thirst, >CO)

muscular, elastic vessels, carry blood away from the heart, thick-walled vessels with thick tunica media(muscle)

Arteries

Arterioles

smaller branches of arteries

arterioles

tiny branches within tissues, deliver blood to capillaries, walls get thinner as they get smaller, resistance vessels

autoregulation of capillary beds

based on needs of tissues, local factors cause dilation or constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters, vasodilators (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, lactic acid, inflammatory chemicals) vasoconstrictors- various clotting factors

baroreceptors

in aorta and carotid arteries, detect blood pressure (and volume)

blood pressure

greater pressure=greater force

blood pressure depends on?

cardiac output: heart rate and stroke volume, vascular resistance

hydrostatic pressure of blood on the walls of an artery, pressure delivering blood to tissue capillaries, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse, sphygmomanometer pressure driven movement of fluid across a membrane (water and solutes small enough to fit through pores in membrane) filtration, reabsorption tiny, thin-walled vessels, site of exchange of substances between blood and tissues, reduce to endothelial layer + basement membrane, exchange vessels

Blood pressure in depth

bulk flow

capillaries

capillary bed

10-100 capillaries supplying a tissue region, precapillary sphincters

exchange of solutes between blood and tissues, diffusion, bulk flow, net filtration pressure

capillary exchange

capillary permeability

continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids

poor heart function, heart disease or damage, valve problems, arrhythmias
medulla oblongata inputs, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, vasomotor center

cardiogenic shock

cardiovascular center

chemoreceptors

in aorta and carotid arteries, detect blood O2, CO2, and pH

collateral circulation

alternate pathway for blood flow in a region if one vessel becomes blocked, anastamoses, end artery

continuous capillaries

found in most tissues, water, small solutes, lipid-soluble materials can cross through
lowest arterial pressure, during ventricular diastole; maintained by elastic rebound in arteries and resistance in arterioles
solutes exchanged from high concentration to low concentration, from blood into cells-oxygen, nutrients, hormones. from cells into blood- carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones (plasma proteins and blood cells only diffuse through sinusoid capillaries)

diastolic pressure

diffusion

edema

excess fluid accumulation in tissues

largest diameter, closet to heart. (aorta and it main branches, pulmonary trunk and arteries) have higher proportion of elastic fivers and less muscle stretch to accommodate surge of blood from heart, the recoil to pump blood along vessels

elastic arteries

end artery

artery that doesn't anastamoses, infarction

site of diffusion of materials between blood and tissues found in most tissues; number depends on metabolic needs of tissue, capillary bed

exchange vessels

fenestrated capillaries

found at sites of filtration, absorption, and secretion (kidneys, ventricles of brain, ciliary body of eye,small intestine, endocrine glands)

filtration

bulk flow from blood -> interstitial fluid, driven by capillary blood pressure (CBP)

hemodynamics

forces involved in circulating blood

hormonal regulation

RAA system, ADH, erythropoietin, adrenal medulla

low blood volume, hemorrhage, dehydration- diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, diabetes - excessive urine production

hypovolemic shock

infarction

death of tissue due to blockage of an end artery

smaller diameter branches off aorta and pulmonary arteries, higher proportion of muscle, diameter controlled by ANS-regulate blood flow to different body regions

muscular arteries

negative NFP

reabsorption occurs (at end of capillaries)

indicates net fluid movement, NFP= CBPBOP, positive NFP, negative NFP

net filtration pressure (NFP)

neural regulation

cardiovascular center

neurogenic shock

CV center dysfunction (head trauma) blockage of blood flow, pulmonary thromboembolism

obstructive shock

positive NFP

filtration occurs (at beginning of capillaries)

regulate blood flow into capillaries alternately open and close based on needs of tissue arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart, veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart

precapillary sphincters

pulmonary circuit

pulse

palpable change in artery diameter during systole and diastole, pulse pressure

pulse pressure

=systolic BP - diastolic BP
bulk flow from interstitial fluid -> blood, driven by blood osmotic pressure (BOP) due mainly to plasma proteins in blood tissue perfusion, blood pressure depends on, autoregulation of capillary beds, neural regulation, hormonal regulation, shock
control resistance (opposition to blood flow) by changing diameter (smaller vessel=greater resistance), vasoconstriction and vasodilation

reabsorption

regulation of blood pressure and blood flow

resistance vessels

respiratory pump

pressure changes in the thoracic cavity during breathing help return blood to the heart

septic shock

bacterial toxins

shock

cardiovascular system fails to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular needs throughout body
low BP, rapid HR, weak, rapid pulse, cool, pale skin and nausea(sympathetic effects) impaired mental state, reduced urination and increased thirst, acidosis (low plasma pH) found at sites of protein and cellular exchange (red bone marrow, spleen, liver) very permeable- allow blood cells and plasma proteins to cross

signs and symptoms of shock

sinusoids

skeletal muscle pump

contraction of limb muscles compresses veins, helps return blood to heart

sphygmomanometer

used to measure systemic blood pressure

cause vascular constriction, vasoconstriction in arteries (> blood pressure) and cause venoconstriction - increases venous return to heart > preload = > CO = > BP

sympathetic vasomotor neurons

systemic circuit

arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

systolic pressure

highest arterial pressure, produced by left ventricular systole

amount of blood being supplied to tissues; must supply needs of tissues for oxygen and nutrients, and removal of wastes

tissue perfusion

total blood flow=cardiac output(CO)

factors affecting blood flow: blood pressure, vascular resistance

tunic media

middle layer

tunic media is made up of?

circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers

tunica externa

(adventitia) outer layer

tunica externa is made up of?

fibrous connective tissue

tunica interna

(intima) inner layer

tunica interna is made up of?

endothelium- simple squamous epithelium elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

one-way cusps that prevent backflow of blood, pressure in veins is too low to keep blood flowing against gravity

types of arteries

valves in the veins

vasa vasorum

vasculature of large vessels

vascular resistance

greater resistance=less flow

vascular resistance depends on?

diameter of vessel lumen, blood viscosity, blood vessel length opposition to flow due to friction between blood and vessel wall
decreased vascular resistance, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock

vascular resistance(R)

vascular shock

vasoconstriction

decreased diameter

vasodilation

increased diameter, diameter regulated by ANS (maintains blood pressure)

vasomotor center

regulates vascular resistance, sympathetic vasomotor neurons large, relatively thin-walled vessels, carry blood to the heart
large thin-walled vessels (collapse when empty) tunica media(muscle) much reduced, stretch readily; may be damaged by high pressure venoconstrict or venodilate to regulate blood volume returning to the heart valves, skeletal muscle, respiratory pump

veins

veins in depth

venules

small branches which merge to form veins, carry blood from capillaries to veins, very thin-walled near capillariessite of some exchange, muscle and connective tissue in walls increases as they get farther from capillaries