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ACIDS
The word acid comes from the Latin word acidus which means sour Properties of Acids Acids have a sour taste Vinegar: 5% acetic acid (CH3COOH) Sour milk: lactic acid
Acids cause color changes in plant dyes Basis: Litmus paper test
Acids usually react with metals to produce hydrogen gas 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) ZnCl2 (Aq) + H2 (g)
Acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates producing carbon dioxide gas HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Acids in aqueous solution conduct electricity: Electrolytes Strong acids: strongly conduct electricity Weak acids: weakly conduct electricity
Bases
Properties of Bases Bases have bitter taste
Strong bases usually react with metals to produce hydrogen gas 2KOH (aq) + Zn (s) K2ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Bases conduct electricity Strong bases: strong electrolytes Weak bases: weak electrolytes Bases neutralize acids
THEORIES on ACIDS and BASES Arrhenius Theory Bronsted-Lowry Trhoery Lewis Theory
CH3COOH CH3COOH (l) + H2O (l) CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) NaOH NaOH + H2O Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H2O (l)
HX
Why do acids and bases conduct electricity? They conduct electricity because they form IONS when in aqueous conditions
HOWEVER:
The Arrhenius concept is only limited to solutions in water It fails to account acid-base reactions in the gaseous phase or in other solvents
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1974) Thomas Lowry (1874-1936) Acid any substance that can donate a proton (or H+) Base any substance that can accept a proton (H+) Acids: proton donors Acids and bases: can be molecules or ions Bases: proton acceptors
Consider the reverse reaction CH3COO- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) + NH3 (aq)
CONJUGATE ACID/BASE PAIR -an acid and a base related with proton transfer
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) Consider the reverse reaction CH3COOH
acid1
H2O
base1
CH3
COO-
H3O+
acid2
base2
Conjugate acid base pair Acid-conjugate base HCl/ ClCH3COOH/ CH3COOHBr/ BrBase-conjugate acid NH3/ NH4+ HCO3- / H2CO3 H2O as an acid
H2O as a base
What is the conjugate base pair of: H2CO3 HCO3HI HSO4HNO3 HPO42-
Monoprotic acids
HCl HNO3 CH3COOH H+ + ClH+ + NO3H+ + CH3COO-
Diprotic acids
H2SO4 HSO4H+ + HSO4H+ + SO42-
Triprotic acids
H3PO4 H2PO4HPO42H+ + H2PO4H+ + HPO42H+ + PO43-
Amphiprotic substances
Substances that can act either as an acid or a base CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) NH3 + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O
HCO3-
Lewis Theory
Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946)
Based on electron sharing rather than proton transfer Lewis Acid a substance that accepts a pair of electrons Lewis Base a substance that donates electrons Accounts for acidic and basic substances that may behaves as acids and bases but do not involve H+
F F B F
H N H H
N H
H base
Acids Yields H+ or H3O+ in aqueous solutions Bronsted-Lowry Proton (H+) donors Lewis Electron-pair acceptors
Theory Arrhenius
HOW ARE THE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES MEASURED? pH gives us an idea on how basic or acidic a substances is pH scale pH = - log [H+] pH = 7 neutral pH < 7 acid pH >7 base
Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-] The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature. Solution Is neutral acidic basic
[H+] = [OH-] At 250C Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 [H+] > [OH-] [H+] < [OH-]
pH A Measure of Acidity
pH = -log [H+]
pH = 7 pH < 7 pH > 7
pH
[H+]
pOH = -log [OH-] [H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 -log [H+] log [OH-] = 14.00 pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH?
pOH?
pOH?