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THE LIVING LANGUAGE COURSES
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'";'/AAZtwriafe CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE

A COMPLETE COURSE IN EVERYDAY PORTUGUESE
by Oscar Fernandez
DIRECTOR PORTUGUESE PROGRAM, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY BASED ON THE METHOD DEVISED BY RALPH WEIMAN, FORMERLY CHIEF OF LANGUAGE SECTION. U.S. WAR DEPARTMENT SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR USE WITFI THE CONTINENTAL OR SOUTH AMERICAN EDITION OF LIVING PORTUGUESE: THE COMPLETE LIVING LANGUAGE COURSE
Additional Living LanguageTM conversation manuals and 'dictionaries may be purchased separately.
Crown Publishers, In New York
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION INSTRUCTIONS
BASIC PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

'e 4 -1
4 4:
4--
LESSON 1 1. THE LETTERS AND SOUNDS LESSON 2 (The Letters and Sounds Cont.) 2. THE PORTUGUESE ALPHABET 3. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PRONUNCIATION LESSON 3 4. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
1
I
4 7 7 8
g
12 14 17 17 21 21 24 25 26 27 30 30 33 34
This work was previously published under the title Conversational Manual Portuguese. Copyright 0 1986, 1965 by Crown Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No pan of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by Living Language, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.. 225 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003. LIVING LANGUAGE is a trademark and THE LIVING LANGUAGE COURSE is a Registered Trademark of Crown Publishers, Inc.
LESSON 4 (Pronunciation Practice Cont.) 5. BUILDING UP A VOCABULARY LESSON 5 6. USEFUL WORD GROUPS LESSON 6 7- GOOD MORNING! . WHERE IS . .? LESSON 7 (Where Is ...? Cont.) 9. DO YOU HAVE ... ? 10. WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO EAT? LESSON $ 11. SOME COMMON VERB FORMS 12. "THE" AND "As' 13. CONTRACTIONS
Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-22296 ISBN 0-517-56163-8 1986 Updated Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
14. PLURAL 15. ADJECTIVES 16. POSSESSION 17. ASKING A QUESTION 18. NO AND '*NOT" 19. INTRODUCTIONS 20. A GOOD TIME LESSON 9 21. WHAT'S NEW? 22. TO BE OR NOT TO BE 23. /T IS LESSON 10 24. TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT 25. 1 KNOW ONLY A LITTLE PORTUGUESE LESSON 11 26. DO YOU SPEAK PORTUGUESE? 27. EXCUSE ME
35 36 36 37 37 39 40 41 41 43 46 47 47 48 50 50 53 54 54 55 58 59 59
LESSON 17 35. NUMBERS

LESSON 18 (Numbers Cont.) 36. HOW MUCH? 37. IT COSTS ... 38. MY ADDRESS IS 39, MY TELEPHONE NUMBER IS... 40. THE NUMBER IS... LESSON 19 41. WHAT'S TODAY? 42, SOME DATES 43. WHAT TIME IS IT?
81 Si 84
86 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 .94 94
LESSON- 20 (What Time Is It? Cont.) 44. IT'S TIME 45. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 46. MORNING, NOON AND NIGHT LESSON 21 (Morning, Noon and Night Cont.) LESSON 22 47. NO LESSON 23 (No Cont.) 48. USEFUL WORD GROUPS II
LESSON 24 (Useful Word Groups Cont.} 49. HAVE YOU TWO MET? 50. SMALL TALK LESSON 25 (Small Talk Cont.) 51, TAKING LEAVE
LESSON 12 28. THIS AND THAT 29. MORE OR LESS 30. - AND" AND "BUT" LESSON 13 31. WHERE? LESSON 14 (Where? Corn.) 32. I, YOU, HE
100 100
102 103
61
64 66
106
108 109 110 110
LESSON 15 (I. You. He, Cont.)

LESSON 16 33. A FEW SHORT PHRASES 34. MAY I ASK?
79 79
so
LESSON 26 52. CALLING ON SOMEONE 53. LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS LESSON 27 54. GETTING AROUND 55. PLEASE 56. SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS LESSON 28 (Some Useful Expressions Cont.) 57. WHO? WHAT? WHEN? LESSON 29 (Who? What? When? Cont.) 58. LIKING AND DISLIKING LESSON 30 (Liking and Disliking Cont.) 59. IN, TO, FROM LESSON 31 (In. To From Cont.) LESSON 32 60. ASKING YOUR WAY LESSON33 . (Asking Your Way Cont.) 61. WRITING, PHONING. TELEGRAPHING LESSON 34 62. FAMILY AFFAIRS LESSON 35 63. COMPRAS (SHOPPING) 64. 0 CAFE DA MANH;ei (tli (0 PEQUENO ALMOCO I") (BREAKFAST) 65. CARDAPIO (EMENTA 47)) A SAMPLE MENU
113 113 114 116 116 118 120 124 124 126 131 133 136 137
LESSON 36 66. PROCURANDO APARTAMENTO (APARTMENT HUNTING) 67. SOME COMMON VERBS LESSON 37 68, NA O SOU DAQUI (FM A STRANGER HERE) LESSON 38 69. CUMPRIMENTANDO UM VELHO AMIGO (GREETING AN OLD FRIEND) 70. THE MOST COMMON VERBS AND THEIR FORMS LESSON 39 71. WHAT'S IN A NAME? LESSON 40 72. PORTUGUESE IN A LIGHTER VEIN 73. IMPORTANT SIGNS
/66 166 174 181 181 188 188 197 - 208 208 211 211 216
SUMMARY OF PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR

1. THE ALPHABET 2. PRONUNCIATION 3. STRES S 4, PUNCTUATION 5. SOME ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS 6. SYLLABLE DIVISION 7. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 8. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 9. CONTRACTIONS 10. DAYS OF THE WEEK 11. THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS 12. THE NAMES OF THE SEASONS 13. MASCULINE AND FEMININE 14. THE PLURAL 15. THE POSSESSIVE 16. ADJECTIVES 17. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES . 223 223 228 228 229 231 232 234 235 236 237 237 238 240 241 242 244
143 - 143 146 147 150 .. 150 155 155 161 166
18. COMPARISON 19. PRONOUNS 20. POSITIONS OF PRONOUNS 21. SOME CONJUNCTIONS 22. QuESTioN WORDS 23. ADVERBS 24. DIMINUTIVES AND AUGMENTATIvEs 25. DEmoNsTRATivES 26. INDEFINITE ADJECTIvES AND PRONOUNS 27. NEGATION 28. WORD ORDER 29. THE INFINITIVE 30. THE TENSES OF THE VERB 31. THE SUBJUNCTivE 32. SEQUENCE OF TENSES 31. THE CONDITIONAL 34. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 35. COMMANDS AND REQUESTS 36. THE PARTICIPLE 37. PROGRESSIVE TENSES 38. THE PASSIVE VOICE 39. TO BE 40. THE FORMS OF THE REGULAR VERB 41. RADICAL-CHANGING VERBS 42. SPELLING CHANGES IN VERBS 41 IRREGULAR VERBS
246 248 252 256 257 258

261 263 265 266 266 267 268 273 278 279 281 282 286 288 288 289 293 299 302 307
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPLETE
LIVING LANGUAGE COLRSE

The Living Language Course' uses the natural method of language-learning. You learn Portuguese the way you learned Englishby hearing the language and repeating what you heard. You didn't begin by studying grammar; you first learned how to say things, how words are arranged, and only when you knew the language pretty well did you begin to study grammar. This course teaches you Portuguese in the same way. Hear it, say it, absorb it through use and repetition. The only difference is that in this course the basic elements of the language have been carefully selected and condensed into 40 short lessons. When you have finished these lessons, you will have a good working knowledge of the language. If you apply yourself, you can master this course and learn to speak basic Portuguese in a few weeks. While Living Language Conversational Portuguese is designed for use with the South American or Continental editions of Living Portuguese: The Complete Living Language Course, this book may be used without the cassettes. The first 4 lessons cover Portuguese pronunciation, laying the foundation for learning the vocabulary, phrases, and grammar that are explained in the later chapters. All the material is presented in order of importance. When you reach page 150, you will have already learned 300 of the most frequently used sentences and will be able to make yourself understood on many important topics. By the time you have finished this course, you will have a sufficient command of Portuguese to get along in all ordinary situations. The brief but complete summary of Portuguese grammar is included in the back of this book to enable you to perfect your knowledge of the language. There are also
LETTER WRITING
1. FORMAL INVITATIONS AND REPLIES 2. THANK-YOU NOTE 3. BUSINESS LETTERS 4. INFORMAL LETTERS USEFUL PHRASES FOR CORRESPONDENCE 6. FORM OF THE ENVELOPE 319 322 323 326 328 332
many other helpful features, such as vocabulary-building exercises and verb conjugations. The special section on letter-writing will show you how to answer an invitation, make a business inquiry, and address an envelope properly. Just as important is the Living Language' common Usage Dictionary. This is included in the course primarily for use as a reference, but it doubles as a phrasebook. It contains the most common Portuguese words with their meanings illustrated by everyday sentences and idiomatic expressions. The basic wordsthose you should learn from the startare capitalized to make them easy to find. Keep practicing your Portuguese as much as possible. Once you are well along in the course, try reading Portuguese magazines, newspapers, and books. Use your Portuguese whenever you get a chance with Portuguese-speaking friends, with other students. This course tries to make learning Portuguese as easy and enjoyable as possible, but a certain amount of application is necessary. The cassettes and books that make up this course provide you with all the material you need; the instructions tell you what to do. The rest is up to you.
SOUTH AMERICAN (Brazilian) vs. CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESE
Although the language spoken in Portugal and Brazil is the same language, there are certain differences, just as there are differences between British and American English. The structure of the language is much the same, but there are significant variations in word order, in pronunciation, and in intonation (see sections 3 and 4 of Lessons 2 and 3), and this makes alternate sets of recordings necessary, one in Brazilian Portuguese and one in Continental Portuguese. To make it possible for Conversational Portuguese and the Common Usage Dictionary to be used with either edition, an effort has been made to use vocabulary and phrases common to both patterns. Otherwise, the basic pattern followed is the Brazilian, with significant variations in Continental Portuguese being indicated.
SPELLING
1. Following Brazilian usage, the text will have many accent marks which are no longer used in Portugal. This is particularly true of accent marks which appear on syllables which do not need them according to the rules for stress (see Lesson I), but which Brazilians keep to distinguish words spelled alike but with different meanings (almoco lunch, and ahnoco I eat lunch), or for other reasons.
BRAZIL PORTUGAL MEANING
altnoco
ere
aquek
almoco ele aquele
lunch he that one
The first time such a form appears in the text, the variation used in Portugal will be given in parentheses or in a footnote, and will be marked t
2. Differences in pronunciation, which require different spellings, and variants of the same word, although pronounced the same way in both countries, will also be given:
BRAZIL PORTUGAL MEANING

Course Material
The material of the complete Living Language Course' consists of the following: 1. 2 hour-long cassettes or 4 long-playing records. The label on each face indicates clearly which lessons are contained on that side. Living Portu. guese is available in both Continental and South American (Brazilian) editions. 2. Conversational Portuguese manual. This book is designed for use with the recorded lessons, or it may be used alone. It contains the following sections: Basic Portuguese Vocabulary and Grammar Summary of Portuguese Grammar Letter Writing 3. Portuguese-EnglishlEnglish-Portuguese Common Usage Dictionary. A special kind of dictionary that gives you the literal translations of more than 18,000 Portuguese words, plus idiomatic phrases and sentences illustrating the everyday use of the more important vocabulary and 1,000 essential - words capitalized for quick reference.
acid Antonio diretor otimista
accao Antonio director optimista
action Anthony director optimist
1 !
These variants will also be given in parentheses, 6r in a footnote, and will be marked 0. 3. Other differences, as in vocabulary and word order, will be indicated in the same manner: abacaxi (ananas ) pineapple; Eu me diverti (Eu divenime it) I had a good time. At times will be used to indicate a particularly Brazilian form: marrom * brown; suety * sweater. 4. In some cases the use of certain words or forms is optional, and they may or may not be used: subject pronouns, the definite article (especially with possessives, and used more in Portugal than in Brazilsee Lesson 15), etc. These optional forms will sometimes be given in parentheses, and Conversational Portuguese will indicate differences between the two sets of recordings: (Ela) chama-se Maria. E (a) minha irma. Her name is Mary. She is my sister. 5. In the Living Language' Common Usage Dictionary, the Continental Portuguese variation will be given in parentheses. The designators and will be used only when they seem necessary for clarity.
How to Use Conversational Portuguese with the Living LanguageTM Cassettes

TO BEGIN
There are 2 cassettes with 10 lessons per side. The beginning of each lesson is announced on the tape and each lesson takes approximately 3 minutes. If your cassette player has a digit indicator, you can locate any desired point precisely.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE
LEARNING THE LESSONS
1. Look at page 1. Note the words in boldface type. These are the words you will hear on the cassette. Them are pauses to enable you to repeat each word and phrase right after you hear it. 2. Now read Lesson 1. (The MB Ilk symbols indicate the beginning of the recorded material. In some advanced lessons, information and instructions precede the recording.) Note the points to listen for when you play the cassette, Look at the first word: Alberto, and be prepared to follow the voice you will hear. 3. Play the cassette, listen carefully, and watch for the points mentioned. Then rewind, play the lesson again, and this time say the words aloud. Keep repeating until you are sure you know the lesson. The more times you listen and repeat, the longer you will remember the material.
LESSON I
THE LETTERS AND SOUNDS

(Letters and Sounds I)
A. Some Portuguese sounds are fairly similar to English sounds. Listen to and repeat the following Portuguese names and notice which sounds are fairly similar and which are different:
4. Now go on to the next lesson. It's always good to quickly review the previous lesson before starting a new one.
5. There are 2 kinds of quizzes at the end of each section. One is the matching type, in which you must select the English translation of the Portuguese sentence. In the other, you fill in the blanks with the correct Portuguese word chosen from the 3 given directly below the sentence. Do these quizzes faithfully and, if you make any mistakes, reread the secticin. 6. When you get 100 percent on the Final Quiz, you may consider that you have mastered the course.
Alberto Alfredo Ana Antonio' Carlos Cecilia Eduardo Fernando Francisco Gloria Guilherme Henrique Isabel Joao Jorge
NOTICE:
Julius Mdio Albert Lucia Lucy Alfred Louis Anna, Anne Luis Manuel Manuel Anthony Maria Mary Charles Mario Mario Cecilia Maurice Mauricio Edward Michael Miguel Ferdinand Paul Paulo Francis Peter Pedro Gloria Raimundo Raymond William Richard Ricardo Henry Robert Roberto Elizabeth Rose Rosa John Thomas Tont& George
I. Each vowel is pronounced clearly and crisply. 2. A single consonant is pronounced with the following vowel.
AntOnio
3. The accent mark ( 1 or A) indicates the syllable that is stressed: Tomas. (a) The acute accent mark ( 1 ) over a, e, o indicates an open pronunciation in forming the sound there is a large opening between the roof of the mouth and the tongue): Gloria. (b) The circumflex accent mark (A) over a, e, o indicates a closed pronunciation (a smaller opening between the roof of the mouth and the tongue): Porto (Porto (7)). 4. The tilde (ill) (1 over a vowel indicates a nasal sound: Joao. B. Now listen to the names of some cities: Barcelona Belem Belo Horizonte Brasilia Coimbra Lisboa Londres Madrid Alemanha (Germany) Angola Argentina Brasil China
Porto I. Porto Alegre
Mocambique Inglaterra (England) Portugal Mina Uruguai Mexico Notice the following points (more detailed distinctions will be made later in the course):
VOWELS
a approximates a in ah, father. e open, as explained above: eh, best; closed, approximates modified a as in case; compare fez. i as in machine. o open, as in of closed, as in rose. u approximates u in rule.
CONSONANTS AND CONSONANT GROUPS
Nova torque Paris Porto' Porto Alegre' Rio de Janeiro Roma Santos Sao Paulo Colombia Cuba Espanha (Spain) Estados [dos S. Franca
ch as eh in machine. h is never pronounced, lh as Ili in million. and n tend to nasalize the vowel before them; do not close your lips in pronouncing a final m. rah as ni in onion. s between vowels as z, or as s in rose; initial s, or ss, as ss in lesson.
STRESS NOTICE:
C. Now the names of some countries:
1. Words ending in a, e, or o or in one of these vowels and s, rn, or ns) are stressed on the syllable before last: casa pobre americano mesas house poor American tables
e.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE homem homens man men
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE centro cheque certo celebrar diferente dificil importante interessante necessario possivel qualidade center check certain to celebrate different difficult important interesting necessary possible quality raga restaurants silencio surpresa' teatro exempio garanfir geral telefone tipo visita
2. Words ending in any other letter, including nasal vowels and diphthongs (two vowels pronounced in union) are stressed on the last syllable: aqui here peru turkey manhA morning papel paper !r: falar to speak F descaniei I rested
.
race restaurant silence surprise theatre example to guarantee general telephone type visit
*.
3. Words not following the above rules have a written accent mark which indicates the stressed syllable: caf coffee dificil difficult portugues Portuguese passaro bird jitri jury
.;
CONSONANTS
Notice the following points: 1. c before a, , and u, and before any other consonant is like c in cat: letter carta secret (adj.) secret()
2. c before e and i is like the c in center:
it
cena sincero
LESSON 2
scene sincere
D..Now listen to and repeat the following words which are similar in English and Portuguese. Notice how Portuguese spelling and pronunciation differ from English:
(Lepers and Sounds II)
3. ci (used only before a, 0, or u) is like the c in face:
moco mica()
young man nation
I -.I.
4.T .
4. g before e and i is like the s in measure: people gente slang giria

surpresa
acompanhar to accompany agente agent
atencao caso
attention case
1
(p).
5. otherwise g is like g in go: gato cat
6. j is similar to g before e and i:
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE prOximo ice x in wax: taxi next 20.3
jantar 7.
to dine 2. THE PORTUGUESE ALPHABET

Letter Name Letter Name Letter Name
in Portuguese is formed with the tongue forward, the tip near the upper teeth: livro book z palet6 jacket (man's) 8. final I is quite soft: Brasil mal
Brazil evil
9. qu before a or o is like qu in quota:
a b c 4 e f g h
a be et de efe 11# aga
i i I n:t n o p q
i Nei tie toe cue 6 PS qua
r s t u v x z
erre ease te u ye xis
quadro cone? barquinha
picture What? small boat 3. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PRONUNCIATION A. language will vary somewhat in different countries where it is spoken, indeed, even in different parts of the same country. This is true of Portuguese. Brazil, fifth largest country in size in the world, has been attaining increased importance. It comprises about one-half of the continent of South America and accounts for about one-half of its total population. Its language is Portuguese, but with certain features which distinguish it from the language as spoken in Portugal. There are also some minor regional differences in Brazil itself. The carioca pattern of Rio de Janeiro (whose inhabitants are called
10. qu before e or i is usually like k:
x has the following sounds: like z: exame examination exit success like sh: caixa box mexer to mix xlcara up like s in see: maximum
cariocas) is quite distinctive. Farther south, as in Sao Paulo, and in the northern part of the country one notices further minor differences, but basically the language is the same in all these cases. The Portuguese language as spoken in Portugal is fundamentally the same language as is spoken in Brazil, but there are minor differences in syntax and significantly marked variations in pronunciation, intonation and rhythm. Syllables are cut shorter and at times slurred over, with final vowels clipped sharply or practically dropped.
2. r is pronounced with the tongue forward, along the top of the mouth with the tip near the base of the upper teeth as in Spanish), with initial r and rr being more forceful, with the tongue vibrating in this position. This pronunciation can be heard in Sao Paulo and in Portugal. The carioca r is pronounced back in the mouth, the upper back part of the tongue against the roof of the mouth (similar to a French back r and somewhat like ch in German). Portugal Sao Paulo Rio caro carp expensive caro carro carro car, cart carro Rio Rio Rio Rio
LESSON 3
4. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
(Pronunciation Practice I)
The following groups of words will give you an idea of some of the regional differences in pronunci ation and will also provide additional practice in Portuguese pronunciation and spelling. The first pronunciation is as in Sao Paulo, the second as in Rio de Janeiro, and the third as in Portugal.
CONSONANTS
F
3. s between vowels is as z in zeal, or as s in rose: fase phase fase fase S before a voiced consonant (produced with a vibration of the vocal cords, as b, d, ge, A j, 1, m, n, r, v, z) tends to be as z in azure, as Portuguesep same mesmo mesmo mesmo Lisbon Lisboa Lisboa Lisboa Final s and s (and x) before a voiceless consonant (produced without a vibration of the vocal cords, as hard c and hard g, j", p, qu t) are pronounced as s in see in Sao Paulo and by some cariocas, and as sh in shine in Portugal and by some cariocas: coasts costas costas costas prosperidade prosperidade prosperidade prosperity moscas 0 flies moscas moscas
1. d is pronounced more forcefully in Rio de Janeiro and with some speakers approximates the j in just; this is especially true with d before e or 1: Sao Paulo Rio Portugal i . ,. cidade cidade cidade city Born dia. Born dia. Born dia. Good morning.
10
11
4. Initial s, s after a consonant, and ss, as s in see, as ss in passage: sempre sempre sempre always falso falso falso false passar passar passar to pass 5. t before e or i is pronounced very forcefully by some cariocas, approximating the eh in church: tinteiro tinteiro tinteiro inkwell
VOWELS
e in an unstressed position is sometimes pronounced as e in be, in parts of Brazil, as mute e in Port u gal, or as i in did in both: exercise exereicio exercido exerciclo slowly devagar devagar devagar to ask p edir pedir pedir respect respeito respeito respeito
1. a in a stressed position is "open" like the a in father,+ in unstressed positions and with the article a ("the") it tends to be more "closed" like the final a in America, - this is particularly true in Portugal and in general with unstressed final a; matar matar molar to kill a data a data a data the date
2. e, in addition to the pronunciation indicated in Lesson 1, in a final unstressed position varies between the i in did and the i in machine in Brazil; it is clipped sharply in Portugal, being like a mute e, or is dropped: breve breve breve brief verdade verdade verdade truth Stressed e before), ch, 114, nh in Portugal can have the sound of final a in America, or of closed e:
3. in addition to the pronunciation already indicated in Lesson I ("open" as o in of and "closed" as a in oh), is also pronounced like oo boot in an unstressed position, quite regularly in Portugal, and less consistently in Brazil (for example, less so in Sao Paulo than in Rio de Janeiro); this applies also to the pronunciation of the definite article o ("the"), and to o in a final unstressed position: all todos todos todos o movimento o movimento o movimento the movement Os portugueses Os portugu6ses os portugueses (p) the Portuguese
eereja igreja fecha venho
cereja igreja fecha venho
cerj ea igreja fecha venho
cherry church he closes I come
12
LESSON 4
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 2. au: aula class CRUM cause 3. el.- fales I spoke sei I know hotels hotels papeis papers 4. etc nieu my, 'nine escreveu he wrote eu: cu sky chapeu hat 5. la: dialog dialogue 6. ie: side series is dicta diet . 49: pr prix proper, (one's) own 8. tu: partlu he left 9. oi: mite night coisa thing e6i.- hero' hero [env% sheets (of bed) 10. ou: outro another, other comprou he bought 11. ua: gua water quando when 12. tie: sinter sweater 13. ui: euidar to take care (of) 14. uo: quota quota
WORD GROUPS
13
e8
(Pronunciation Practice LT)
NASAL SOUNDS 1. rn,
n, and rah, nasal sounds, tend to nasalize the vowel preceding them; this nasal quality is especially strong in Brazil; in Continental Portuguese it may be slight or even absent: nome name me nos less pomade pomade senhorita miss, young lady
eampo field tentar to try cams bed linha line
n followed by a consonant are not pronounced, nor in final position (do not close your bps in pronouncing final m, Merely nasalize the preceding vowel):
star
tambem sempre bombs
to sing also always bomb manhi licoes Ike much
they speak he has good a, one morning lessons he puts
2. d, 6 are nasalized: 111 wool
3. nasal vowel combinations: Inge mother mAo hand 4. a special case: muito
Keep in mind that the information given about pronunciation applies to word groups as well as to individual words: 1. s between vowels is like z in zeal: todososamigos all the friends (todos os amigos) 2. voiced s before a voiced consonant is like z in azure: osdemais the rest (Os demais) 3. and so in other cases.
SOME OTHER VOWEL COMBINATIONS
1. ai: pai
father
14
RHYTHM AND INTONATION
PORTUGUESE ENGLISH PORTUGUESE ENGLISH
15 hospital hotel motor original regular total
To speak Portuguese well you should not only pronounce individual words and word groups correctly, but you should try to use the proper rhythm and intonation. Pay attention to these and try to imitate them in the following examples. 1. In a declarattive statement the tone level is normal, with a slight drop at the end: A escola esti aberta. The school is open. A escola esti aberta.
2. In a question there is a slight rise at the end: A escola esti aberta? Is the school open? A escola esti aberta?
animal capital central chocolate envelope favor
animal capital central chocolate envelope favor
hospital hotel motor original regular total
3. Compare: Elel esti aqui? Is he here? Lie esti aqui?
Lie esti aqui. He is here. Lie esti aqui.
4. Exclamations and phrases said with emotion will affect inflection and may show a rise at the end: Lie esti ferido! He is wounded (hurt)! le esta ferido! Nao me diga! You don't say! Nap me diga!
5. BUILDING UP A VOCABULARY Building up a Portuguese vocabulary is facilitated by the great number of words that are similar in English and Portuguese. Some words are spelled exactly the same (although they may differ considerably in pronunciation):
There are many Portuguese words which you will have no difficulty in recognizing despite minor differences. Some of these differences are a. The Portuguese word has an accent mark: drew area junior junior consul consul radio radio b. The Portuguese word has a single consonant: antena antenna comercial commercial anual annual oficial official c. The Portuguese word adds - a, - e, or o: lista list problema problem maps map restaurante restaurant parte part revolta revolt d. The Portuguese word ends in a or o, the Eng lish word in e: causa cause rota note figura figure rosy rose medicina medicine lobo tube minuto minute use use e. The Portuguese word is slightly different in other respects: automovel automobile origem origin especial special quest& question
-
16
GENERAL EQUIVALENTS
-
17
1. Portuguese c (qu) = English k (ck): frank ataque attack franco sack park sac parque
2. Portuguese if= English ph: philosophy frase filosofia fisico
physical
telefone
phrase, sentence telephone sympathy theatre race rhythm system

Soup
English e: 8. Portuguese ia, a, and ausencia absence diferenca difference distancia distance justica justice experiencia experience comercio commerce noticia notice, news silencio silence policia police servico service
9. Portuguese -cdo atencdo cooperacei descrica estaciio English -fiort: imitardo informacdo satisfacdo traducao
3. Portuguese t = English th: actor author simpatia teatro autoridade - authority

4. Portuguese f= English ce: rata Apical force
attention cooperation description station
mitation information satisfaction translation political famous religious
10. Portuguese -o = English -al: etemo eternal politico
5. Portuguese i = English y: ritmo style estilo misterio mystery sisterna 6. Portuguese o and u= English ou: sopa court cone anunciar flora hour curs montanha mountain fundar sore sound 7. Portuguese - ia and - iozz English y: companhia company secretdria remedio familia family histOria territOrio history, story
ss s41.
11. Portuguese - oso = English - o s: delkioso delicious famoso numeroso numerous religiose
-
to announce course to found secretary remedy territory
12. Portuguese lade .= English ty: cidade city possibilidade possibility oportunidade opportunity qualidade quality
LESSON 5
6. USEFUL WORD GROUPS
as
(Useful Word Groff I)
NUMBERS
force carte
ie.
um (masc.), uma (fem.) dois (masc.), dues (hem.}
one two
18 fres quatro seas
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE three four five six seven eight nine ten
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
SOME COLORS
19
sete
oito nove dez
vermelho azul verde veto,' negro branco amarelo castanho, marrom cinzento, gris
red blue green black white yellow brown gray
segunda-feira or segunda terca-feira or terca' quarta-feira or quarts" quinta-feira or quint a sexta-feira or sexta sabado domingo
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
THE SEASONS
a primavera2 o vero
o onto
o inverno
spring summer autumn winter
THE MONTHS
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST
janeiro2 fevereiro marco abril maio junto juiho aglisto (Agosto) setembro ontubro novembro dezembro
January February March April May June July August September October November December
norte sul leste oeste
north south east west
MORNING, NOON AND NIGHT
manhi meio-dia tarde noite

1
morning noon afternoon evening, night
terca-feira or tercet 2 With initial capital letters in Portugal: Janeiro, etc.
preto 2 With initial capital letters in Portugal: Primavera, etc.
20 hoje ontem amanh
TODAY, YESTERDAY, TOMORROW
4'
1 inverno 8. verde junho 10. versa 11. segunda-feira 12. quatro 13. outubro 14. doming 15. oeste 16. vermelho 17. preto 18. dez 19. branco 20. cinzenw
21
today yesterday tomorrow
t. I
Hoje seta-feira. Ontem foi quinta-feira.
Today is Friday. Yesterday was Thursday. Amanhi a sabado. Tomorrow is Saturday. Um mais um: dois. 1 One and one are two. Um mais dots: try. One and two are three. Two and two are four. Dols mais dois: quatro. Two and three are five. Dols is tires: einco. Three and three are Tres mais tries: seis. six. Three and four are Tres mais quatro: sete. seven. Quatro mais quatro: oito. Four and four are eight. Quatro mais einco: nave. Four and five are nine. Five and five are ten. Cisco mais cinco: de z. QUIZ 1 Try matching these two columns: 1. January sexta-feira 2. summer 2. outono 1 June 3. quinta-feira 4. winter primavera 5. October 5. oito 6. white janeiro
Inds form is good for oral use. Another form: Urn mais urn igual a. dois, etc.
7. autumn 8. Sunday 9. eight 10, spring 11. west 12. Thursday 13. four
14. ten
15. red 16. black 17. green 18. Friday 19. gray 20. Monday ANSWERS
1-18; 2-7; 3-12; 4-10; 5-9; 6-1; 7-4; 8-17; 9-3; 10-2; 11-20; 12-13; 13-5; 14-8; 15-11; 16 15; 17:-16; 18 14; 19-6; 20-19.
LESSON 6
7. GOOD MORNING!
(Good morning!)
eras
In the morning good day Good morning. Mr. Campos
born dia Born dia. senhor Campos
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Boni dia, senhor (Sr.) Campos. corno vai (eta o senhor I Como val (esti) o senhor? muito bern Quito bent. obrigado Muito bem, obrigado.
e
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE E o senhor? Muito hem, obrigado.

De noite
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o senhor E o senhor? bem Bern, obrigado.

De tarde
Good morning, Mr. Campos. how are (you) getting along you How are you? very well Very well thank you Very well, thank you. and you And you? well Fine, thank you. In the afternoon good afternoon Good afternoon. Good afternoon, Dona Maria. How are you? Very well, thank you.
And you? Very well, thank you. In the evening good evening, night Good evening, Cecilia. Good evening, Peter. Good evening, Dona Maria. Good evening, Peter.
boa noite Boa mite, Cecilia. Boa noite, Pedro. Boa noite, Dona Maria. Boa mite, Pedro.
QUIZ
1. manhd 2. senhora 3. Como vai (estd) o senhor? Muito bent on dia. 6. Boa noite. 7. de mania 8. tarde Obrigado.
boa tarde Boa tarde. Boa tarde, Dona Maria. Como vai (esti) a senhora? %tit hem, obrigada. 2
I. Good afternoon. 2. in the morning 3. and 4. morning 5. Thank you. 6. Mrs. 7. Peter 8. Sir or Mr. 9. How? 10. Good morning. 11. in the evening 12. How are you? 13. Very well. (Fine.) 14. afternoon 15. Good evening. Good night.
10. Pedro
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. e Boa tarde. Como? senhor de noite
'You" is translated by o senhor (masc.) and a senhora (fem.) and by their plural forms us senores and as senoras. 'A man answers obrigado, a lady obrigada, for "thank you." Mr. and Mrs. Campos. o senhor Campos e a senhora Campos; however, it is more common to address a married woman by Dona and her first name: Dona Maria, etc.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE ANSWERS
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE LESSON 7

. ' .
25
1-4; 2 6; 3-12; 4-13; 5-10; 6-15; 7-2; 8-14; 9-5; 10 7; 11 3; 12 1; 13-9; 14 8; 15-11.
(What Do You Have To Eat?)
8. WHERE IS . ? onde hi Onde hi ? um hotel Onde hi um hotel? born restaurante Onde hi urn bom restaurante? onde where is there (there is Where is there . ? -.9.. a hotel Where is there a hotel? good restaurant Where is there a good restaurant? where is Where is it Where is the City Hall?
7
e
Onde ? Onde a Prefeitura (a Camara Municipal (E))? Onde o restaurante? Onde a estacio? Onde o correlo?
o senhor pode can you dizer-me tell me senhor pode Can you tell dizer-me ? me ... senhor pode Can you tell dizer-me onde me where there ha urn hotel? is a hotel? O senhor pode Can you tell me drier-me onde hi where there is um born a good restaurant? restaurante? senhor pode Can you tell me where dizer-me onde a the City Hall is? Prefeitura (a Camara Municipal)? senhor pode dizer-me Can you tell me where onde a estaclio? the station is? senhor pode dizer-me Can you tell me where onde o correio? the post office is? QUIZ 3
I. Onde ha urn hotel? 2. Onde e a Prefeitura (a Camara Municipal)? 3. 0 senhor pode dizerme . ?
Where is the restaurant? Where is the station? Where is the post office?
Note: There is a tendency to use ser with fixed location.
1. Where is the City Hall? 2. Can you tell me where the station is? 3. Can you tell me . ?
26
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4, the post office 5. Where is there a hotel?
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE um dicionario ingles-portugues alguns livros em ingles aigumas roupas an English-Portuguese dictionary some English books ("some .books in English") (some) clothes
27
4. Senhor pode dizerme onde a estactlo? o correio
ANSWERS 1-5; 2 I; 3-3; 4-2; 5-4.
10. WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO EAT? 9. DO YOU HAVE ? senhor tem . ? dinheiro cigarros fasforos fogo (fume (D) Preciso de papel lapis tinta urn selol sabonete pasta de dente (dentes) uma toalha onde posso comprar ? urn dicionario portugues Do you have . ? (any) money (any) cigarettes (any) matches a light I need . (some paper) (a) pencil ink a (postage) stamp soap toothpaste a towel Where can I buy . ? a Portuguese dictionary Temos pao pa e manteiga sopa came came de vacs We have . bread bread and butter soup meat beef
o caf da marsh i breakfast (0 pequeno or primeiro al moo o almo lunch o jantar dinner clue 6 que o senhor deseja?
fa
o favor de
dar-me o menu (a ementa ) Fad o favor de-dear-me o menu (a ementa 0)..
What will you have? ("What do you wish?") please ("do the favor of") give me No give me") the menu May I have a menu, please?
selo
(e).
28
bife came de porco presunto peixe bacalhau camario, camaroes lagosta sardinhas frango arroz ovos ovos estrelados ovos mexidos verduras (legumes) milho batatas fljo salada salada de alface tomates agua vinho cerveja leite caf corn leite aciicar sal pimenta frutas abacaxi (ananis (0) bananas laranjas micas sohremesa steak (beefsteak)
Traga-me uma xicara de cafe (urea chdvena cafe) urna xicara (chdvena) de chij urn guardanapo uma colher uma colher de dui uma faca urn prates urn cop Gostaria de ter . uma garrafa de vinho uma garrafa de cerveja urn chope (uma caneca urn cafizinho
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pork ham
fish cod shrimp (sing. and plural) lobster sardines chicken rice eggs fried eggs scrambled eggs vegetables corn potatoes beans salad lettuce salad tomatoes water wine beer milk coffee with milk sugar salt pepper fruit pineapple banana oranges apples dessert
Bring me a cup of coffee a cup of tea a napkin a spoon a teaspoon a knife a plate a glass I would like to have . a bottle of wine a bottle of beer draught beer a small cup of coffee (demitasse) another bottle a little more of that more bread The check, please.
mais uma garrafa um pow. mais disso mais pelo con ta, faz favor.
QUIZ 4
came batatas agua 0 que e que o senhor deseja? 5. ovos 6. frango 7. peixe 8. uma garrafa de vinho
1. 2. 3. 4.
I. fish 2. water 3. vegetables 4. I need soap. 5. 6. 7. 8. The check, please. breakfast a spoon coffee with milk
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 9. What will you have? 10. dessert 11. meat 12. a knife 13. eggs 14. Bring me some bread. 15. chicken 16. a cup of tea 17. some more bread 18. sugar 19. a bottle of wine 20. potatoes
SINGULAR
31
9. Precis de sabonete. 10. Traga-me pejo. caf corn kite 12. avicar 13. verduras (legumes) 14. ma xicara de chd 15. um pouco mais de pao 16. uma faca 17. sobremesa 18. o caf da mangya (0 pequeno almoco) 19. uma co/her 20. A coma, fa z favor.
eu fat to (alas) elet fala ela Pala o senhor Pala a senhora fala voce fala
PLURAL
I speak you speak (familiar) he speaks she speaks you speak (masc.) you speak (fem.) you speak
ANSWERS 1-11; 2-20; 3-2; 4-9; 5-13; 6-15; 7-1; 8-19; 9-4; 10-14; 11-8; 12-18; 13-3; 14-16; 15-17; 16-12: 17-10: 18-6; 19-7; 20-5.
LESSON 8
we speak nos falamos (you speak) (vos falais) they speak (masc.) elest falam they speak (fern.) elan falam you speak (masc.) os senhores falam you speak (fem.) as senhoras falam you speak votes falam The forms in parentheses are generally to be avoided.
NOTES
11. SOME COMMON VERB FORMS

Origroduct Iona)
1. These forms, which make up the present tense, translate English "I speak," "I am speaking," "I do speak."
This lesson and several that follow are longer than the others. They contain information about grammar you need to know from the start. Try to understand each point, and as the course continues observe examples of the points mentioned. Refer back to the sections on grammar as often as necessary. Try to develop an understanding and feeling for the basic features of Portuguese grammar rather than a mere memorization of "rules."
2. Tu "you" is used in very familiar speech, as between members of a family, and between very close friends. It is used much less in Brazil than in Portugal, Brazilians tending to use voce in cases not calling for o senhor or a senhora. The plural vOs is rarely used in Brazil today, being considered fairly archaic, vac's generally taking
.ss
sss-s-.ss
ele, des M.
32
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE its place in Portugal and in Brazil. 0 senhor, a senhora, and their plural forms are the "polite" or less "familiar" forms.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 12. "THE" AlD "A" I. The o menino a menina
33
3. Notice that there are six endings: Singular .10 indicates the speaker (I). indicates the person spoken to (you). (as) It is the familiar form. a indicates someone or something spoken about (he, she, it), or spoken to (you). Plural ate indicates several people including the speaker (we). ais) indicates the persons spoken to (you). This form is rarely used. am indicates those spoken about (they), or spoken to (you, plural).
.s
the boy os meninos the boys the girl as meninas the girls Notice that the word for "the" is in some cases o (plural: os), in other cases a (plural: as). Nouns that take o are called "masculine," nouns that take a are called "feminine." Nouns referring to males are masculine, nouns referring to females are feminine. In the case of other nouns you should learn the gender of the noun, that is, whether it is masculine or feminine. a boy a girl some (a few) boys some (a few) girls
2. A (an) um menino uma menina uns meninos umas meninas
4. Notice that the verb form used with ele, eta, o senhor, a senora, and voce is the same: fala. The plurals of these have the same form: falam. 5. Notice that several forms of the subject pronouns differ depending on whether men or women are speaking or are being spoken about: 1 Elie fala he speaks ela Pala she speaks files falam they speak (men) elas falam they speak (women)
This is also true when the pronouns refer to masculine or feminine nouns (see section 13 of Portuguese Grammar Summary).
QUIZ 5 1. eu 1. they speak (masc.) 2. nos 2. she speaks 3. o senhor fala 3. she 4. ele 4. you speak (to friends, plural) 5.'Nes falam 5. 1 6. voces falam 6. you speak (masc. sing. "polite") 7. as senhoras falam 7. he
34
CONVERSATIONALPORTUGUESE 8. we speak 9. you speak (fern. ph "polite") 10. we ANSWERS
35
8. ela 9. nos falamos JO. ela fala
1-5; 2-10; 3 9-8; 10-2.
6; 4-7; 5 1; 6-4; 7 9; 8-3;
Contractions of de and em with the indefinite article (urn and its other forms) are optional, both contracted forms and noncontracted forms being used de um menino or dum menino of a boy of a school de uma escola or duma escola em umas cidades or numas cidades in some cities 14. PLURAL I. Words ending in a vowel, including nasal vowels, or in a diphthong, usually add s to form the plural: o gab the rooster os galas the roosters a macd the apple as macds the apples a lei the law as leis the laws 2. Feminine words ending in - ao usually end in -ores in the plural: a civilizacdo civilization as civilizagoes civilizations Masculine words in - do usually end in - oes in the plural: o coractio the heart os coract3es the hearts However, some end in - dos or in -des: (Testa alma Christian German Cris dos alemdes Christians Germans the flowers the voices
13. CONTRACTIONS de+o=do de+a=da ai-o=ao +a=t) em-Fo=no em+a=na do menino da menina dos meninos das Beni ryas ao menino a menina aos merinos as meninas no belso (bolso nos balsas na Praia nas praias de + os= dos del-as =das ad-os=aos a+as=eis em os=-_nos em + as= ryas of the, from the to the in the, on the
of the boy of the girl of the boys of the girls to the boy to the girl to the boys to the girls in the pocket in the pockets on the beach on the beaches
3. Words ending in - r or - z add es: a flor as "ores' the flower a voz the voice as votes
1
as ores (D.
36
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. Words ending in -a1, -el, -01, or -id drop the and add is: o jornal the newspaper os jornais the newspapers anuivel pleasant, nice amdveis (pl.) 15. ADJECTIVES
17. ASKING A QUESTION
37
I. To ask a question, use the same word order as for a statement, but change the intonation (this is the more common form, especially in Brazil): You arrived early. 0 senhor chegou cedo. Did you arrive early? senhor chegou cedo? 2. The word order may be inverted, with the verb before the subject: Did you arrive early? Chegou o senhor cello ?
o aluno alto a aluna alta
the tall student (masc.) the tall student (fem.) os alunos altos the tall students (masc.) as alunas alias the tall students (fem.} Notice that a descriptive adjective tends to follow the noun it modifies and agrees with it in gender and number, that is, it is masculine if the noun is masculine, plural if the noun is plural, etc. The adjective, used without the noun, indicates through its form whether the noun referred to is masculine or feminine, and whether it is singular or plural: espanhol. He's Spanish. (ela) espanhola. She's Spanish. Ndes ) Selo espanhois. They're Spanish. (masc.) e as Sao espanholas. They're Spanish. (fern.) 16. POSSESSION English -'s or -s' is translated by de "of": a caneta do Liao John's pen ("the pen of John") os cadernos dos the professors' notebooks ("the professores' notebooks of the professors")
'professores (D.
18. "NO" AND "NOT" The word for "no" and for "not" is tio. To make a statement negative put 'ilk before the verb: I don't see. Isidovefo. REVIEW QUIZ I
. Boa (afternoon), senhor Coelho. a. manila b. tarde C. obrigada
2. Pode dizer-me
(where) e o correio?
a. onde b. born c. quando 3.

(bring me) pcio. a. deseja b. chegou c, traga-me
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. Cafe corn a. apicar b. vinho c. kite 5. Urn pouco a. mais b. coo c. outro (milk).
19. INTRODUCTIONS
39
(more) de came.
6. No dia sete de (January). a. ffiarco (Marco b. janeiro (Janeiro 0) c. outubro (Outubro 7. (Wednesday), cinco de setembro. a. sexta-feira b. sdbado C. quartafeira (how) vai (estd) o senhor? amtivel b. corno c. cedo
Born dia. Good morning. Born dia, senhor. Good morning, sir. Como vai? How are you? Muito bem, obrigado. Very well, thank you. E o senhor? O How are you? Are senhor americano? you an American? Yes (sir). Sim, senhor. senhor fala Do you speak portugas? Portuguese? Um pouco. A little. quern apresentar-Ihe (a) minha amiga Gloria Santos Quero apresentar-lhe (a) minha amiga, Gloria Santos. muito prazer Muito prazer. o prazer todo meu prazer todo meu. I want to introduce to you my friend Gloria Santos I want to introduce to you my friend, Gloria Santos. much pleasure I'm glad to know you. the pleasure is all mine The pleasure is an mine.
8.
(evening), Dona Maria. 9. Boa a. corn b. noire c. eu 10. Traga-me urna garrafa de a. chti b. vinho C. dgua (wine).
per mita-me allow me apresentar-me to introduce myself Joao Silva John Silva Permita-me apresentar- May I introduce me. Joao Silva. myself? I'm John Silva. Carlos Goines prazer Charles Cronies pleasure
ANSWERS 1 b; 2a; 3c; 4c; 5a; 6b; 7c; 8b; 9b; 10b.
40
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE em conhece-!ol Carlos Gomes. Prater em conhece-lo. permita-me apresentar-lhe (o) meu amigo o doutor Sousa Permita-me apresentarlhe (o) men amigo, o doutor Sousa. muito prazer em conhece-lo Dr. Sousa Muito prazer em conhece-lo, Dr. Sousa. o prazer todo men 0 prazer r todo men. to know you ("in knowing you") Charles Gomes. I'm glad to know you. allow me to introduce to you my friend Dr. Sousa I should like to introduce my friend, Dr. Sousa. much pleasure to know you Dr. Sousa I'm very glad to know you. Dr. Sousa. the pleasure is all mine The pleasure is all mine.
41
I also en tambern I liked very much gostei muito Eu tambem gostei muito. I also enjoyed it very much. good-by ("until soon") ate logo good-by ("until soon") ate breve Good-by. Ate logo. Good-by. Ate breve. until tomorrow ate amanha good evening, or good boa noite night See you tomorrow. Ate amanhA. Good night. Boa noite. ate ja Ate ja. ate a volta Ate a volt& passe hem Passe hey. until soon See you soon. until 2the return See you when you get back. get along well Good-by, or Good luck.
LESSON 9
20. A GOOD TIME en me diverti (diverti-me 13) muito Eu me diverti diverti me muito.
I had a good time ("amused myself") very much I had a good time.
21. WHAT'S NEW?

What'o New?)
Como val, Manuel? Bern, e voce, Joao?

-
Speaking to a woman it would be conhece la.
How's it going, Manuel? Weil, and how are you, John?
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE more

Or .
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE QUIZ 6 1. Not much. 1. Como vai? 2. l should like to in2. At logo. troduce my friend to you. 3. See you tomorrow. 3. Boa noite. 4. What's new? 4. Que ha de nOvo? 5. I'm very glad to 5. Policia (visa. know you. 6. How are you? 6. Quern apresentar-lbe (o) meu amigo. 7. Good night. 7. Ate amanita. 8. Good luck (Good8. Novo by). 9. New 9. Muito grazer em conhece-lo. 10. So long. 10. Passe bon. ANSWERS
43
mais ou menos Mak ou menos. o que hi de navo (novo (D) O one hi% de novo? nada
e
less So, so. what is there of new What's new? nothing and you what are you doing now Nothing. And you? What are you doing now? little thing nothing of importance Not much. Nothing important. So long. Good luck.
voce que esti fazendo (a fazer (D) agora Nada. E voce? Que esti fazendo (a fazer agora? pones' coisa nada de importancia Ponca cols& Nada de importancia. Ate logo. Passe Bern.
1-6; 2-10; 3-7; 4-4; 5-1; 6-2; 7-3; 8-9; 9 5; 10-8. 22. TO BE OR NOT TO BE
Ser and estar both mean "to be" in Portuguese. Ser tends to be used with characteristic features or qualities and estar with more temporary conditions or features. Note examples for particular uses of each verb.
eu sou (tu es)
SER I am you are (familiar)
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Sao dins. preciso. A sala 6 pequena. livro interessante. Nos somos alunos.
45
ale, ela, o senhor, etc. nos somos (vOs sots) nes, elan, os senhores, etc. sio
en estou estas) Me {ela, o senhor, etc.) esti nos estamos (vos estais) files (etas, os senhores, etc.) esti Me medico. Ele brasileiro. Oa jovem. ales sao inteligentes. E ele. Donde (de onde) o senhor? Sou dos Estados tinkles. De quern 6? Isto a dele.i E de madeira? tarde. E cedo. uma Dora.
dele
he, she, is, you are we are you are) They, you, etc. are
It is two o'clock. It is necessary. The room is small. The book is interesting. We are students.
ESTAR I am you are (familiar) he (she, you, etc.) is, are we are (you are) they (they, you, etc.) are SER He is a doctor. He is a Brazilian. She is young. They are intelligent. It is he. Where are you from? I'm from the United States. Whose is it? This is his. Is it made of wood? It is late. It is early. It is one o'clock. QUIZ 7
1. tie e Intel genre. 2. EP precis. 3. 'le e medico. 4. Sou aluno. 5. uma horn. 6. Nos somos medicos. E de madeira. 8. Donde e o senhor? Eles estilo em casa. 10. E cedo. 11. Estou cansado. 12. ties sao brasikiros. 13. De quern e? . 14. E tarde. 15. Silo duas.
ESTAR Onde esta (o) meu Irmo? Ele esti em case. Estou cansado. Estamos prontos. o caf esti frio. As janelas estao abertas. Where is my brother? He is home. I'm tired. We are ready. The coffee is cold. The windows are open.
1. Whose is it? 2. Where are you from? 3. They are Brazilians. 4. He is a doctor. 5. It's early. 6. It is two o'clock. 7. He is intelligent. 8. It is necessary. 9. 1 am a student. 10. It is one o'clock. 11. It's made of wood. 12. We are doctors. 13. They are home. 14. I'm tired. 15. It's late.
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ANSWERS
muito. QUIZ 8 1. It's enough. 2. It's not true. 3. It's very bad. 4. It's near. 5. It's mine. 6. It's true. 7. It's here. 8. It's small. 9. It's easy. 10. It's a lot.
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1-7; 2-8; 3-4; 4-9; 1 ; 6-12; 7-11; 8-2; 9-13; 10-5; 11-14; 12-3; 13-1; 14 15; 15-6. 23. IT IS E E verdade. Nero verdade. Esti ...I Esti cello! Est i bem. muito inau. E grande. pequeno. Ester cam. Esta barato. E perto. E longe. It is . Its true. It's not true. It is . Fine! All right. It's very bad. It's big. It's small. It's expensive. It's cheap. It's near. It's far. It's difficult. It's easy. It's little. It's not much. It's very little. It's a lot. It's enough. It's not enough. It's here. It's over there. It's yours (his, etc.) It's mine. It's ours. It's for you.
1.
2, E 3. E perto. bastante. 5. Nilo verdade. L' muito mau. pequeno. E verckde. 9. meu.. 10. 'std aqui,
ANSWERS 1 10; 2-9; 3-4; 4-1; 5 2; 6 3; 7-8; 8-6; 9 5; 10 7.

LESSON 10
E E E pow). E muito poll.

E muito. E bastante. Nero bastante. Este aqui. Esti ali. E seu. meu. k nosso. E pars o senhor.
24. TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT MB=

I Know Only a Little Portuguese)
-
eu tenho (tu tens) fie teen nos temos (vs tender) files tern
TO HAVE I have you have (familiar) he has we have (you have) they have NOT TO HAVE I don't have you don't have (familiar)
For the difference between e and ester see section 22 above, and also section 39 of the grammar summary.
eu nao tenho (tut nio tens)
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Ne no tern nos nAo temos (yes nao tendes) eies nio tern Tenho tempo. NA tenho tempo. Nada tenho amigos. Tenho fume. (Estou corn fome.) 1 Temos sede. 2 (Estamos corn sede.) Lie tern frio. (Pie esti corn frio.) ties tern calor. (Eles esti corn calor). senhor tern razao. he doesn't have we don't have (you don't have) they don't have I have time. I don't have time. I don't have any friends. I am hungry. ("I have hunger. I am with hunger.") We are thirsty. ("We have thirst," etc.) He is cold. They are warm. You are right.
NAo o falo muito bem. So sei umas poucas palavras (palavras poucas). Nio posso diner muita coisa em portugues. O seu amigo fala portugues? Nio, (0) meu amigo nAo fala portugues. o senhor compreende portugues? Compreendo. Cornpreendo tudo mas no falo. Leio mas nio falo. I don't speak it very well. I know only a few words.
49
25. I KNOW ONLY A LITTLE PORTUGUESE senhor fala portugues? Do you speak Portuguese? Fah) urn pouco. I speak a little. Muito pouco. Very little. NAo muito kern. Not very well. Falo portugues. I speak Portuguese. Fah:, (-0) mat. I speak (it) poorly.
The first form, Tenho fome, etc., is more common in Portugal: the second form given, Estou nom forte, etc., is more
2 se
common in Brazil.
de
I can't say much in Portuguese. Does your friend speak Portuguese? No, my friend doesn't speak Portuguese. Do you understand Portuguese? I understand (it). I understand everything but I don't speak (it). I read It but I don't speak (it). No, I don't understand Nio, nio compreendo Portuguese. portugues. I don't understand compreendo Portuguese very well. portugues muito hem. NA o pronuncio muito I don't pronounce it very well. hem. I need practice. Preciso de pratica. senhor me compreende Do you understand me? (compreende-me I understand. Compreendo. very Sao compreendo muito I don't and well. hem. What did you say? Que disse o senhor? You speak too fast. 0 senhor fala muito You're speaking too depressa. fast.
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senhor portugues? o senhor, sou brasileiro. Mas tenho urn amigo que portugues. HA quanto tempo o senhor esti nos Estados Unidos? Tres meses. senhor vai aprender ingles ern pone tempo. Nao muito dificil. Are you Portuguese? No sir, I'm (a) Brazilian. But I have a friend who is Portuguese.
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Fale mais devagar. Speak more slowly. Tenha a bondade de falar Please speak more mais devagar. slowly. ("Have the kindness to . ..") Desculpe, as nab Excuse (me), but I compreendi nada. didn't understand anything. Queira repetir. Please repeat. Compreende agora? Do you understand now? Sim, compreendo. Yes, 1 understand. Que quer diner isso em What does that mean in portugues? Portuguese? Como se diz "Thanks" How do you say em portugues? "Thanks" in Portuguese? Como se escreve essa How do you spell palavra? ("write") that word? Faca o favor de Please write it. escreve-Ja.
How long have you been in the United States?
Three months. You'll soon learn English. ("You'll learn English in little time.") It's not very difficult. I think it's more difficult En acho que a mais than you say. Midi do que o senhor diz. Perhaps you are right. Talvez o senhor tenha ("Perhaps you have razio. E mais flicil reason.") It is easier para n6s aprender for us to learn Portu. portugues que para os guese than for you senhores aprender ingles. (pi.) to learn English. senhor fala muito hem portugures. Morei varios anos no Brasil senhor tern urea boa pronfincia. Muito obrigado. Mas precis de praticar. Corn licenca. 0 avkao vai sair You speak Portuguese very well I lived several years in Brazil. You have a good pronunciation. Thank you. But I need to practice. If you'll excuse me. ("With permission.") The plane is about to leave.
LESSON 1 1
26. DO YOU SPEAK PORTUGUESE?

(Do you speak Portuguese?)
Born dia, senhor. Good morning, sir. Born dia. Good morning. senhor fala portugues? Do you speak Portuguese? Sim, Palo. Yes, I do. ("I speak") Nao lab ingles. I don't speak English.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Good luck and a pleasant trip. Good-by. Good-by.
ANSWERS
53
Boa sorte e boa viagem. Adeus. Adeus.
1-8; 2-13; 3-10; 4-12; 5-14; 6-1; 7-2; 8-3; 9 5; 10 6; 11-9; 12-15; 13-4; 14-11; 15-7.
QUIZ 9 1. Compreendo mas nao 1. Do you speak falo. Portuguese? 2. Compreende agora? 2. I need to practice. 3. Aldo falo muito be. 3. a little 4. 0 senhor fala muito 4. What did you say? depressa. 5. Como se escreve essa 5. Please repeat (it). palavra? 6. 0 senhor fala 6. not very well portugues? Precisb de praticar. 7. I didn't understand (it) very well. 8. um pow. 8. I understand (it) but I don't speak (it). Faca o favor 9. Speak more slowly. de repetir. 10. nil() muito bem 10. I don't speak (it) very well. 11. 'ale mais devagar. 11. How do you say "Thanks" in Portuguese? 12. Fab (-0) mal. 12. You speak too fast. 13. Que disse o senhor? 13. Do you understand now? M. Como se diz "Thanks" 14. How do you spell em portugues? that word? 15. Nilo compreendi muito 15. I speak (it) poorly. bem.
27. EXCUSE ME Desculpe. Excuse me. (asking pardon for something done) Excuse me. (asking Corn licenca. permission to do something, as to leave, etc.) Fad o favor de repetir. Please repeat. ("Do the favor to repeat.") Gladly. ("With much Corn muito prazer. pleasure.") At your service. ("At As suas rdens. your orders.") What can I do for you? Em que posso servi-lo? ("In what can I serve you?") senhor muito amfivel. You are very kind. That's very kind of you. Thank you. Obrigado. Many thanks. Muito obrigado. Many, many thanks. Multissimo brigade. Don't mention it. De nada. Don't mention it Nio ha de que. It's nothing. NAo nada. Don't mention it. ("It to foi nada. wasn't anything.")
54 Da keno? Pois
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE May I ("Do you give permission?") Of course.

LESSON 12
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE These forms are also used before nouns: this boy este merino this lady esta senhora that flag (near you) essa bandeira that young boy (over aguale rapaz there) those neighbors &males vizinhos QUIZ 10
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28. THIS AND THAT

(Thii and Thai)
De-me este.' De-me esta. De-me estes. 1 De-me estas. De-me &se.'
De-me essa. De-me esses. 1 De-me essas. De-me aquele. 1
De-me aquela. De-me aqueles. 1 De-me aquelas. Fico com este. Fico corn estes, etc.
Give me this one. (tnasc.) Give me this one. (fem.) Give me these. (masc.) Give me these. (fem.) Give me that one, (masc.) (near the person spoken to; also in next three examples) Give me that one. (fern.) Give me those. (masc.) Give me those. (fem.) Give me that one. (masc.) (something farther away; Also in the next three examples) Give me that one. (ern,) Give me those. (masc.) Give me those. (fern.) take this one. take these, etc.
1. De-me estes. 2. 3. 4. 5. Este. De-me essa. Este merino. Esse.
6. Aqueles vizinhos. 7. De-me aqueles. Aquele. Esta senhora. Aquele rapaz.
1. Give me those over there. 2. That one over there. 3. This lady. 4. This one. 5. That young boy over there. 6. This boy. 7. Give me these. 8. That one (near you). 9. Those neighbors. 10. Give me that one. (fem.) ANSWERS
1-7; 2-4; 3 10; 4 6; 5-8; 6 9; 7-1; 8 2; 9; 10-5. 29. MORE OR LESS 1. More mais devagar mais dificil more slowly more difficult
I este, ester, esse, esses, aquele, aqueles
(EL
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE mais mats longe mais perto mais que isso mais dum ano 2. Less menos devagar menos dificil menos menos longe menos perto memos que isso menos dum ano easier farther nearer more than that more than a year
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. 0 senhor fala muito a. devagar b, bem c. depressa 5. A manhar vou a. ki b. aqui esse 6. (fast).
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(there).
less slowly less difficult less easy less far, not so far not so near less than that less than a year
(where) estici? a. aqui b onde C. como E (far) daqui. a. longe b. perto c. ali Hoe (Friday). a. quinta-feira sexta-feira c. fevereiro
REVIEW QUIZ 2 (this) menino, a. esta b. ese c. essa 2 De-me a essas estes c. aqui* 3. Tenho a. isso b. aqui c. como (those,fem.).
(here) os livros,
?mho (expensive). caro barato C, pouco (open). 10. As janelas estao a. fechadas b. abertas c. all
9. LI
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ANSWERS -
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE QUIZ 11

1. ingtes e 3. mas cunhado irmdo 6. cinco ou seis dial quando 8. Ede ndo e frames mas ingles. 9. amanha 10. sere ou oito horns
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I b.; 2 a.; 3 b.; 4 c.; 5 a.; 6 b.; 7 a.; 8 b.; 9 a.; 10 b.
30. "AND" AND "BUT"

I. e "and" 0 Roberto e o JoAo Robert and John are Rio irmAos. brothers.
1. five or six days 2. He is not French but English. 3. seven or eight hours 4. English 5. but 6. tomorrow 7. brother-in-law 8. and 9. when 10. brother
2. ou "or" Cinco ou seis detares. Five or six dollars. Vou cone (o) meu I'm going with my irmAo ou corn (a) brother or with my minha Irma. sister.
3. mas "but" Quer it mas nao sei quando. Desejo estudar mas Tao posso.
ANSWERS
I want to go but I don't know when. I want to study but I can't.
LESSON 13
4. nem "nor" "not even" Nem (o) meu cunhado Not even my brotherme visitou. in-law visited me. nem . . nem "neither . ..nor" Nem o soldado nem Neither the soldier nor o marinheiro vieram. the sailor came. Ela new riu nem She neither laughed nor chorou. cried.
31. WHERE?
(Where?)
1. Where? Onde estg? Aqui. Ali. direita. esquerda. Na esquina. Where is it? Here. There. To the right. To the left. On the corner.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE It's on Liberty Street. It's on Saint Anne's Square. Which way? This way. That way. How do you get there? Continue straight ahead. Turn to your right. Turn to your left. Where's that? It's here. It's right here. It's there. It's farther on. Is it far? How far is it from here? It's near. It's not very far. Is it far from here? . Where are the eyeglasses? They are here. They are right here. They're over there (away from us). They're there (near you). Where are you? Here I am. He's here. She's over there.
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Fica na Rua da Liberdade. Fka na Praca de Santa Ana. or onde? Por aqui. Por all. Como se vai la? Siga bem em frente. Dobre (vire a a direita. Dobre (vire esquerda. Onde isso? E aqui. E aqui mesmo. ali. E mais adiante. E longe? A que distancia flea? Fica () perto. Nii 6 muito longe. E longe daqui? Onde estio os oculos?
ties estio por al.

Ponha-o aqui. Ponha-o ali. Espere-me aqui. Espere-me al. Venha Va la. La muito longe. Aqui perto.
They're over there somewhere. Put it here. Put it there. Wait for me here. Wait for me there. Come over here. Go over there. Way over there. Near here.
LESSON 14
ce,)
(Aqui e
(Here and There)
La na Africa. Aqui na America. La dentro. La fora. Onde (ek) mora? Mora all. Espero ve-lo all.
Estio aqui. Esti aqui mesmo. Estio ali. Esti al. Onde esti o senhor? Estou aqui. Ele esti aqui. Ela esti ali.
Ela esti ali. (0) ,folio more aqui? Mora. Mo, nAo mora aqui. Mora ail. Passe por aqui. Passe por Saia por all.
Over there in Africa. Here in America. In there. Out there. Where does he live? He lives there. 1 expect to see him there. She is there. Does John live here? He does. No, he doesn't live here. He lives there. Go this way. Go that way. Co out that way.
2. Here and There Aqui "here" refers to something near the speaker:
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I have the shoes here. Al "there" refers to something near the person spoken to:
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE It's two blocks from Fiat a dues quadras here. (doffs quarteiroes) daqui. Flea a uma milha daqul. It's a mile from here. Flea a mil quillametrosi It's a thousand kilometers from here. daqui.
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Tenho aqui Os sapatos.
(0) que tem (o senhor) al ?
What do you have there? Cd "here" expresses motion toward the speaker: Veuha ci! Come here!
Ali "there" refers to something away from both:
Des vem dill.
They're coming from over there. Lei "there" refers to something more remote: tie ficou la no norte. He stayed there in the north. (Acold is used in some areas). Note: Per aqui means "this way" or "through here"; por all means "that way" or "through there": Passe por aqui.
3. Near and Far Perto daqul. Muito perto. Perto da cidade. Perto do parque. Ao lado da igreja. Elone? E longe daqui? E muito longe. Nao to longe. Go this way.
Near here. Very near. Near the city. Near the park. Next to the church. Is it far? Is it far from here? It is very far. It's not very far.
QUIZ 12 1. 1 expect to see him 1. Lana Africa. there. 2. in there. 2. Espere-me aL 3. To the left. 3. Aqui. 4. It's far. 4. direita, 5. Here. 5. Ali. 6. Wait for me there. 6. E aqui rnesmo. 7. Near here. 7. Espero ye-bo all. 8. To the right. 8. esquerda. 9. There. 9. longe. 10. Out there. JO. 1i dentro. 11. Go that way. Ele esu por al. 12. It's right here. 12. .E po. 13. Over there in Africa. 13. Lea fora. 14. He's somewhere 14. Passe por all. around there. 15. it's near. 15. Perto daqui. ANSWERS 1-13; 2-6; 3-5; 4-8; 5-9; 6-12; 7-1; 8-3; 9 -4; 10 2; 11-14; 12 15; 13 - 10; 14 -11; 15-7.
quilometros
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32. I, YOU, HE 1. 1, You, He, etc.
SINGULAR
2. It's Me (I) Sou eu. (Es tn.) E Me. E ela. E o senhor. E a senhora. E vim. Somos nos. (Sots its.) Sao tiles. Sao etas. It's me (I). (It's you.) (familiar) It's he. It's she. It's you. (masc.) It's you (fem.) It's you. It's us (we). (It's you.) It's them (they) (masc.) It's than (they) (fem.)
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eu {tu} ele ela o senhor a senhora voce eu lab (tu falai) ele fact ela Pala o senhor fala a senhora Pala vocitfala nOs (Ws) Res etas os seashores as senhoras votes nos falamos (Ws falais) Res falam etasfalam as seashores falam as senhoras falam votes falam
(you) (familiar) he she you (masc., polite) you (fem., polite) you (friendly) I speak (you speak) (familiar) he speaks she speaks you speak (masc.) you speak (fem.) you speak
PLURAL
3. My, Your, His The possessive adjectives and pronouns will agree with the word they refer to in gender (masc. or , fem.) and number (sing. or plural). This accounts for the four forms for each
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem. Pi. P1. Sing. Sing. meu minha meus minas my your tuas teas tua (teu (familiar) your (his, suas seus sua seu her) nosso nossa (vosso vossa sua seu nossos nossas vossos vossas) suas seus
we (you) they (masc.) they (fem.) you (masc.) you (fem.) you we speak (you speak) they speak (masc.) they speak (fem.) you speak (masc.) you speak (fem.) you speak
our your your (their)
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LESSON 15
SINGULAR
67
(Useful Word Forms)
Study the following examples:

SINGULAR
meu relOgio minha sobrinha seu sobrinho sua prima nosso prima nossa sogra seu sogro sua tin meus refrigios minhas sobrinhas seus sobrinhos suas primas nossos primps nossas sogras seus sogros suas tins
meu amigo minha amiga (teu amigo) (tua amiga) seu amigo sua amiga
nosso amigo nossa amiga (vosso amigo) (vossa amiga) seu amigo sua amiga meus amigos minhas amigas (teus amigos) (tuas amigas) seus amigos suas amigas nossos amigos nossas amigas (vossos amigos) (vossas amigas) seus amigos suas amigas
my friend (masc.) my friend (fem.) (your friend) (familiar) (your friend) (familiar) your (his, her) friend your (his, her) friend our friend our friend (your friend) (your friend) your friend (their friend) your friend (their friend)
PLURAL
my watch my niece your (his, her) nephew your (his, her) cousin Vim) our cousin (masc.) our mother-in-law your (their) father-in-law your (their) auk
PLURAL
my watches any nieces your (his, her) nephews your (his, her) cousins our cousins our mothers-in-law your (their) fathers-in-law your (their) aunts
my friends my friends (your friends) (familiar) (your friends) (familiar) your (his, her) friends your (his, her) friends our friends our friends (your friends) your friends) your friends (their friends) your friends (their friends)
Other Examples:
MASCULINE SINGULAR
Onde esta (o) meu irmtio? 1 Onde estti (o) seu irmo
Where is my brother? Where is your (his, her) brother?
I The use of the definite article with possessive adjectives is optional. However, the tendency is to use the article, more so in Portugal than in Brazil (where it is often not used withLfamily or other close relationships: meu pal my father, minha Irma my sister, etc.): o meu amigo, a minha amiga, etc.
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Onde end (o) nosso irmdo? Onde estd (o) seu irmdo? Where is our brother? Where is your (their) brother? Where is my sister? Where is your (his, her) sister? Where is our sister? Where is your (their) sister? Where are my hats? Where are your (his, her) hats? Where are our hats? Where are your (their) hats? Where are my gloves? Where are your (his, her) gloves? Where are our gloves? Where are your (their) gloves?
69
FEMININE SINGULAR
Onde end (a) mina irmd? Onde estd (a) sua irma? Onde estd (a) nossa Irma? Onde es td (a) sua irmd?
MASCULINE PLURAL
Onde est& (os) meus chapeus? Onde estdo (os) seas chapel's? Onde estdo (os) nossos chapel's? Onde estdo (os) seas Mapes's? Onde estdo (as) minhas luvas? Onde estdo (as) seas luvas? Onde estdo (as) nossas luvas? Onde est& (as) mas luvas?
4. It's Mine There are two forms, one without the definite article and stressing the possessor: It's mine. a. E meu. It's yours (his, hers). g seu. Its ours. nosso It's yours (theirs). seu# b. and one with the definite article, indicating the possessor, but with some thought on the object possessed: It's mine. g o meu It's yours (his, hers). o seu It's ours. o noss 0. it's yours (theirs). o seu Other Examples: My friends and yours. Meus amigos e os seas. Your book is better than Seu Iivro g melho que ours. nosso. Whose glove is this? De quern e a luva?E It' mine. minha. Notice the form of the pronoun when it comes after a preposition:
FEMININE PLURAL
SINGULAR
para rnim (para ti) para corn eta
for me (for you) (familiar) for him with her
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE without you (masc.) of you

PLURAL
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Nos as vimos. We saw them (you, _ fem.).
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sem o senhor de voce
por nos (para v6s) corn files sem elm para as senhoras com voces 5. He Saw Me Ele me vial te viu.) Ele o le a viii. files nos viram. ales vos Aram.) Nos ors vimos.
for us (in our behalf) (for you) with them (masc.) without them (fem. ) for you (fem.) with you
6. About Me Falo de voce. ('alas de mirn.) Ela fala tie fala dela. Falamos dos senhores.
He saw me. (He saw you.) (familiar) He saw him (you, masc.). He saw her (you, fem.). They saw us. (They saw you.) We saw them (you, masc.).
(Falais de nos.) ties falam des senhoras. Etas falam dales,
I'm speaking about you. (You [familiar] are speaking about me.) She is speaking about him. He is speaking about her. We are speaking about you (masc.). (You are speaking about us.) They (masc.) are speaking about you (fem.) They (fem.) are speaking about them (masc.). He told me. He told you.) (familiar) He told you, him, her. He told us. He told you.) He told you, them.
In Continental Portuguese: Ele viu-me. (Ele viu-te.) Ele viu-o. Ele via-a. Eles viram-nos. (nes viram-vos.) Nos vim-Is. (See item 5, section Nes vireo-las. 20, grammar summary.) Brazilian usage favors the object pronoun before the verb, Continental Portuguese favors it after the verb. For more information on the position of object pronouns see section 20 of the grammar summary.
7 He Told Me tie me dime' (tie te disse.) tie the disse, tie nos disse. (Lie vos disse.) e lhes disse.
In the examples in section 7, 8, 9 and 10 on pp. 71-73, Continental Portuguese would favor the object pronoun after the verb: Ele disse-me, Ele deu-Ine, etc.
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Note: It is generally not considered the best form to begin a sentence or a clause with an object pronoun. The subject pronoun may precede, as above, or the object pronoun may follow the verb and be attached to it with a hyphen: Disse-me. However, in Brazilian speech this has become quite common and must be considered an acceptable pattern.
Ele !he fala, or, Fala-le. 10. Myself, Yourself Eu me lavo. (Tu te lavas.) ela, 0 senhor, voce se lava. Nos nos lavamos. (Vas vos lavais.) Pies se lavam. Elas se lavam, etc. Other Examples: Como se Mama o senhor? He is speaking to you.
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8. He Gave It to Me Ele me deu. (Ek te deu.)
He gave it to me. He gave it to you.) (familiar) tie the deu. He gave it to you, him, her. tie nos deu. He gave it to us. (De vos deu.} He gave it to you.) Lie /hes deu. He gave it to you, them. Note: The direct object pronoun, if used with an indirect object pronoun, is contracted with it, forming such new forms as mo, to, lo, no-lo, vo-lo, and lho. These forms are somewhat awkward and are generally avoided, especially in conversation. Thus, the direct object pronoun may be omitted, as in the examples above, or the direct object pronoun may be used and the indirect object replaced by the prepositional form: tie o deu a mim, etc. 9. I'm Speaking to You Eu lhe falo, or, Falo-le. I'm speaking to you.
wash myself (You wash yourself.) (familiar) He washes himself, she washes herself, you wash yourself. We wash ourselves. (You wash yourselves.) They wash themselves. They (fern.) wash themselves, etc.
What is your name? ("What do you call yourself?" We see ourselves in the Nos nos vemos no mirror. espelho. They write to each other. ties se escrevem. Notice the forms for "myself," "yourself," etc.: me, te, se, etc. Verbs which take these "reflexive pronouns" are called "reflexive" verbs. There are verbs which are reflexive in Portuguese but not in English as, for example: I'm having a good time. Eu me divirto. He sits down. tie se senta, We get up. We are Neu nos levantamos. getting up. She doesn't feel well. Ela nil se sente berm.
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Escrevem-se. Deu-lhes. 10. Despedem-se.
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Some of these reflexive verbs use a preposition before a following object: ties se despedem They are taking leave of de secs amigos. their friends. Ela se ri de nos. She is laughing at us. senhor no se aireve You don't dare tell me. a dizer - me. The "se" form is often used where the passive form would be used in English: Fala-se portages aqui. Portuguese is spoken here. As portas se abrem The doors are opened as olio. at eight. The "se" form is also used to translate the indefinite "one," "they," "people," etc., in English: Diz-se que It's said that . . . They say that ... People say that .. pre de-se muito aqui. You ("one learns") learn a lot here. QUIZ 13 I. Sent r-. 1. We get up. 2. Nth nos vemos. 2. They are taking leave. 3. Divirto-me. 3. Fle.gave it to them. Disse-me. 4. She laughs. NOs nos levantamos. 5. I wash myself Eu me lava 6. I'm having a good time. Ri-se. 7. They write to each other.
8. He told me. 9. We see ourselves. 10. He sits down. ANSWERS
1-10; 2-9; 3-6; 4-8; 5 1; 6-5; 7-4; 8-7; 9-3; 11. It and Them
SINGULAR
PLURAL
o it Masculine a it Feminine senhor tem o dinheiro? Tenho. (Sim, tenho-o.) senhor tem a carta? Tenho. (Sim, tenho-a.) senhor vi u Jotio e Pedro? Vi. (Sim, vi-os.) senhor viu Maria e Ana? Vi. (Sim, vi-as.)
os them as them Do you have the money? Yes, I have it. Do you have the letter? Yes, I have it. Did you see John and Peter? Yes, I saw them. Did you see Mary and Anna? Yes, I saw them.
Notice that the pronoun is masculine if the word it refers to is masculine, plural if the word it refers to is plural, etc. In conversation a short answer is often given, as just the verb form as shown above. If the object pronoun is used in the answer, it can follow the verb, as shown above in parentheses, or it can precede the verb: Sim, eta os tenho, etc.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Generally an object pronoun used with an infinitive may precede or follow the infinitive if a preposition comes before the infinitive (however, with the prepositions a and em the pronoun comes after the infinitive):
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2. Somos a. Res b. tu c. nos Dou o livro a tile b. o senhor

C. 0
(us).
Para me falar or para falar-me
to speak to me
(him).
In the above case, and when the infinitive follows another verb, Brazilian usage usually favors using the object pronoun before the infinitive:
Pie quer me falar.
He wants to speak to me. 5.
Notice that o, os, a, as, are also used to translate "you":
(her) vestido. a. (o) seu b. (o) meu c. (o) nosso (our) camas. (o) nosso b. (as) nossas c. (o) teu
Ndo o vi. Muir grazer em conhece-la. Ele os chamou.
I didn't see you. (masc. sing.) I'm very glad to know you. (fern. sing.) He called you. (masc. pi)
Notice in the second example above that when a direct object pronoun follows the infinitive, the final r of the infinitive is dropped and an I is prefixed to the direct object pronoun. REVIEW QUIZ 3 (she).
Onde estdo a. (os) teus b. (os) meus c. (a) nossa
(my) livros?
Seu livro e melhor que o a. vossos nosso c. seu _ (about him). Falamos a. o senhor b. ales c. dile
(ours).
1. E
ek ela c. eu
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE . Ale

a. se 5. nos C. nossos
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE ANSWERS 1 b.; 2 c.; 3 a.; 4 a.; 5 b.; 6 b.; 7 b.; 8 c.; 11 C.; 12 a.; 13 c.; 14 c.; 15 a.
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(us) deu.
b.; 10 b.;
10. Como se a. lavo 5. chama vemos L Nelss nos a. lava b. lavais c. lavamos 12.
(call) o senhor?
LESSON 16
33. A FEW SHORT PHRASES (wash).

(Usefisi Phrases)
- se (They take leave).

a. despedem levantam c. sente
13.
-me (sit down). a. diz b. lavo c. sento
14. 'a o(to him). a. a tiles b. o senhor c. the 15. New se (dare). a. atreve b. lavam c, levantamos
Cuidado! Tenha cuidado! Atenciio! Depressa! Mais depressa. Devagar. Mais devagar. J vou. Vamos embora. Vamos Vamos! Depressa! Nao hi pressa. Estou corn pressa. No estou corn pressa. Um momento! Venha ja! Imediatamente. Agora mesmo! Aqui mesmo. Cedo. Mais redo. Mais tarde. Muito hem. Esti cert.
Watch out Be careful! Watch out! Attention! Watch out! Hurry up! Faster. Slowly. Slower. I'm coming. Let's leave. Let's go. Come on, let's hurry! There's no hurry. I'm in a hurry. I'm not in a hurry. Just a minute! Come right away! Immediately. Right now! Right here. Soon. Sooner. Later. Very well. All right.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE QUIZ 14 I. Slower. 2. Right now! 3. Come right away! 4. I'm coming. 5. Watch out! 6. Later 7. I'm in a hurry. 8. Just a minute! 9. Immediately. 10. Soon.
.
Que quer dizer o senhor? What do you mean? I mean that . Quern dizer que What does that mean? Que quer dizer isso? It means . Auer dizer
LESSON 17
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L Cuidado! Estou corn pressa. 3. Um momento! Ledo. Imediatamente. 6. Mais tarde. Mais devagar. 8. id you. Venhajd! 10. Agora mesmo I
35. NUMBERS
ANSWERS 1-5; 2-7; 3 8; 4-10; 5-9; 6-6; 7-1; 8 9-3; 10 2, 34. MAY I ASK? Permite que the fa ca May I ask you a uma pergunta? question? Permita-me perguntar- Allow me to ask you ... The ... Pode me dizer Can you tell me? (dizer-me Cer Podia me dizer Could you tell me? (dizer-me Queira me dizer Please tell me. (dizer-me Tenha a bondade de me Please tell me. dizer (dizer-me Rica o favor de me dizer Please tell me. (dizer-me 12). Quer me dizer Will you tell me? (dizer-me (3). ,44;
1. One, Two, Three um (masc.) uma (fern.) dois (masc.) duas (fent) tres quatro dna, seis sete oito nave dez one doze treze catorze (quatorze) quinze dezesseis (dezasseis dezessete (dezassete ) dezoito dezenove (dezanove
vt
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three
vinte e um (uma) vinte e dois (duas) vinte e fres
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE trinta trinta e um (uma) trinta e dois (duas) trinta e tres quarenta quarenta e um (uma) quarenta e dois (duas) quarenta e tres thirty thirty-one thirty-two thirty-three forty forty-one forty-two forty-three fifty fifty-one fifty-two fifty-three sixty sixty-one sixty-two sixty-three seventy seventy-one seventy-two seventy-three eighty eighty-one eighty-two eighty-three
noventa e dois (duas) noventa e tres eem canto e um (uma) cento e dois (duas) canto e tits mil mil e um (uma) mil e dois(dual) mil e tres 2, Some More Numbers
120 cent e vinte 122 cento e vinte e dois (duas) 130 cento e Uinta 140 cento e quarenta 150 cento e cinquenta 160 cent e sessenta 170 cento e setenta 178 cento e setenta e oito 200 duzentos, duzentas 300 trezentos, trezentas 400 quatrocentos, quatrocentas 500 quinhentos, quinhentas 600 seiscentos, seiscentas 700 setecentos, setecentas 800 oitocentos, oitocentas 900 novecentos, novecentas 1965 mil novecentos e sessenta e cinco 1,000,000 um milhao (de)
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ninety-two ninety-three
one hundred a hundred and one a hundred and two a hundred and three one thousand a thousand and one , a thousand and two a thousand and three
cingliental cinqiienta e um (uma) cinquenta e dois (duas) cinqiienta e tees sessenta sessenta e urn (uma) sessenta e dois (ducts) sessenta e tres setenta setenta e um (uma) setenta e dois (duas) setenta e tries oitenta oitenta e urn (uma) oitenta e dois Nu m) oitenta e hies noventa noventa e um (uma)
cinquenta
ninety ninety-one
Notice that in addition to the numbers "one" and
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE "two" the plural hundred forms also have feminine forms: duzentos, duzentas, etc. MiMilo uses de before a completing noun: um milhao de Mares.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Seven times three is Sete vezes 1 fres: vinte twenty-one. e um. Oito vexes oito: sessenta Eight times eight is sixty-four. e quatro. Twenty-one divided by Vinte e urn divido por seven is three. sete: ties.
85
LESSON 18
/CB
(How Much?)
3. First, Second, Third The following ordinal numbers each have four forms, masculine singular and plural, and feminine singular and plural: primeiro, primeiros, primeira, primeiras, etc. primeiro segundo terceiro quarto quinto sexto setimo oitavo nom decinio 4. Two and Two Dois e dois: quatro. Two and two are four. (Also used: Dois mais dois sdo patrol,. Dois mais dois igual a quatro.) Quatro e dois: seis. Four and two are six. Dez menos dois: oito. Ten minus two is eight. first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth
QUIZ 15 1. 1002 I. mil 2. 32 2. one 3. 102 3. cern 4. 324 terceiro 5. 11 trinta 6. 1000 vinte 7. 67 sessenta e sere 8. 71 8. trezentos e vinte e quatro 9. 3rd 9. trinta e dois 10. 875 10. cent e dot's 11. 83 11. oitocentos e setenta e calico 12. 555 12. setenta e urn 13. 20 13. mil e dois 14. quinhentos e cinqUenta 14. 30 e cinco 15. 100 15. oitenta e tres
ANSWERS 1-6; 2-5; 3-15; 4-9; 5-14; 6-13; 7-7; 8-4; 9 2; 10-3; 11-10; 12 8; 13-1; 14-12; 15-11.
vexes (D.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 38. MY ADDRESS IS . Eu morn na Rua do I live at 230 Passeio Street. Passeio no (niunero), duzentos e trinta. She lives on Bandeira Ela more na Praia da Plaza. Bandeira. A Ma na Avenida Rio The store is on Rio Branco Avenue. Branco, 39. MY TELEPHONE NUMBER IS .
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36. HOW MUCH? Quarto costa into? How much does this cost? Custa quarenta It costs forty cents. centavos. Quanto uma libra (um How much is a pound guido) de caf? (a kilogram) of coffee? Estamos vendendo a It costs eighty cents a oitenta centavos a pound (a kilogram). libra (o quilo). ("We're selling at eighty cents," etc.) 37. IT COSTS Custa Este livro costa sessenta cruzeiros. Ele comprou um ca m por dois mil fares. A viagem de navio trezentos Mares. Tenho economizado para poder comprar um sobretudo. No mes de junhoi ale ganhou mats de um conto. Vende-se so por (or ao) quilo. It costs . This book costs sixty cruzeiros. He bought a car for two thousand dollars. The trip by ship is three hundred dollars. I've saved to be able to buy an overcoat. In the month of June he earned more than a conto (1000 cruzeiros or escudos). It is sold only by the kilogram.
0 ?lamer de meu telefone fres, dois, oito, oito. 0 rainier de set, telefone a quatro, zero, oito, dois, zero. Nilo esqueca a numero de meu telefone; e dois, urn, zero, cinco. Lin a, or favor Vou discar o numero. 0 numero sere, um, dois, of o, nao responde.
My telephone number is 3288. Their telephone number is: 4-0820. Don't forget my telephone number: 2105. Line, please. I'm going to dial the number. Number 7128 does not answer.
40. THE NUMBER IS . 0 mimero Meu minter The number is . My number is
Junho
(p).
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Hive in room 30. My apartment number is 120. I live at 332 Fifth Avenue, fifth floor.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE vinte e cinco de dezembro. dezessete (dezassete (p)) de novembro. tree de fevereiro. vinte e olto de agosto. 1 25th of December. 17th of November. 13th of February. 28th of August.
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Moro no quarto ntimero trinta. ntimero de meu apartamento cento e vinte. Moro na Quin to Avenida, trezentos e trinta e dois, quint o andar,
LESSON 19
42. SOME DATES A America foi descoberta em mil quatrocentos e noventa e dois. Os portugueses descobriram oBrasil em mil e quinhentos. 0 Arai dele faleceu em mil novecentos e sessenta e dois. Estivemos I em mil novecentos e quarenta e seis ou quarenta e sere. Que aconteceu em mil novecentos e quarenta e um? o presidente Roosevelt faleceu em mil novecentos e quarenta e cinco.. America was discovered in 1492. The Portuguese discovered Brazil in 1500. His father died in 1962. We were there in 1946 or 1947. What happened in 1941? President Roosevelt died in 1945.
41. WHAT'S TODAY?

(What's the Date?)
Que dia da semana boje? segunda-feira. A quartos do ms estamos? Estamos a vinte. Estatnos a um (primero) de maio. 1 onze de abril. quatro de julho. quinze de setembro. vinte e urn de junho.
1
What day is it today? ("What day of the week is today?") It's Monday. What day of the month is it ("At how many of the month are we?") It's the 20th. ("We're at the 20th.") It's the . 1st of May. 11th of April. 4th of July. 15th of September. 21st of June.
In Portugal, Maio, etc.
Agosto 2 Portuguese ilo
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Sao duas Ohoras). Sao tres. quatro. Sio cinco. Sao seis. Sao sete. SA oito. SAo nove. SAo dez horas. SAo onze. E meio-dia. E meia-noite. minuto horn A que horas? A que horas chegou? or favor, digs-me que horas Que floras tern o senhor? Que horns so peio seu relOgio? 2:00. 3:00. 4:00. 5:00. 6:00. 7:00. 8:00. 9:00. 10:00. 11:00. 12:00. It's noon. 12:00. It's midnight. minute hour (At) what time? At what time did you arrive? Please tell me the time. What time do you have? What time is it by your watch?
QUIZ 16 1. On the 25th of June. 1. E segunda-feira. 2. On the 28th of 2. A quartos do ms February. estamos? 3. On the 13th of 3. A primeiro de julho. August. 4. 1605. 4. Estamos a vinte. 5. It's Monday. 5. A onze de abril. 6. What day of the 6. A vinte e oito de month is it? fevereiro. 7. He died. 7. A vinte e cinco de
junho. 8. Mil seiscentos e cinco. 8. On the 1st of July. 9. On the 11th of April. 9. A tree de agosto. 10. It's the 20th. 10. Faleceu.
ANSWERS 1 5; 2-6; 3-8; 4 10; 5-9; 6 2; 7 I; 8-4; 9-3; 10-7.
43. WHAT TIME IS IT? Que horas so? uma horn. g uma e eine. E uma e dez. g uma e quinze. E uma e urn quarto. urna e meia. Faltam dez para as duas. What time is it? 1:00. 1:05. 1.10. 1:15. 1.15. 1:30. 1:50 ("ten minutes to two").
LESSON 20
(What Time Is It?)
Sao try e dez. Sao seis e meia. Sao duas mews um quarto.
It's 3:10. It's 6:30. It's a quarter to two.
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93
Ainda nao silo quatro. A que horas sai trem (combolo As nove em ponto. Quase is nove. Sao dez horas da As oito e quarenta da noite. As sets da tarde. As dez da !mite.
It's not four yet. What time does the train leave? At 9 o'clock sharp. About 9 o'clock. It's 10 a.rn. At 8:40 p.m. At 6 p.m. At 10 p.m.
3. L' uma.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Sdo tres. Sao nove. meia-noite. A que horas? Vr o tenho tempo. uma e urn quarto. Silo quatro horas. Sdo duas. Ela vein de vez em quando. 13. .E meio-dia. 14. E uma e elm. 15. Sao tres e quarenta da tarde.
3. At what time? 4. It's time to do it. 5. It's 2:00. 6. It's 1:00. 7. 1 haven't any time. 8. It's 3:40 p.m. 9. It's noon. 10. It's 3:00. 11. It's 1:05. 12. It's 4:00.
Notice that to indicate "a.m." or "p.m." you add da mangy, da tarde or da noise.
13. What time is it? 14. It's 1:15. 15. It's midnight.
44. ITS TIME

Esti na Dora. Esti na hora de faze-lo. Esti na hora de partir. Esti na hora de irmos pare cam. Tenho muito tempo. Nio tenho tempo. Pie esti perdendo (a perder (Ph o tempo. Fla vein de vez em quando. it's time. It's time to do it. It's time to leave. It's time for us to go home. 1 have a lot of time. I haven't any time. He's wasting his time. She comes from time to time.
ANSWERS 1-4; 2-13; 3-6; 4-10; 5-2; 6-15; 7-3; 8-7; 9 14; 10 12; 11-5; 12 1; 13 9; 14-11; 15-8.
45. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

PASSADO PRESENTE FUTURO
ontem yesterday ontem de mania yesterday morning
hoje today eta manha this morning
amanha tomorrow amanha de manila tomorrow mowing
QUIZ 17
1. Este na hora de faze-lo. 2. Que horas silo? 1. She comes from time to time. 2. It's 9:00.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE ontem to yesterday afternoon, last evening ontem noite last night hoje I tarde this afternoon, this evening amanhi tarde tomorrow afternoon, tomorrow evening amanhA noite tomorrow night
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Dentro de duas semanas. Ha duas semanas. Este ms. ms passado. ms que vem. No proximo mes. Dentro de dois meses. Ha dois meses. Este ano. O (no) ano passado. O (no) proximo ano. Dentro de dois anos. HI dois anos. Hi quarto tempo? Hi pouco tempo. Ha muito tempo. Agora. Agora mesmo. Pot agora. Neste instance. Dentro em pouco.. Daqui a pouco. Quantas vezes7 1 Uma vez. Duas vezes. Cada vez. Raras vezes. Muitas vezes. Algumas vezes. As vexes.
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In two weeks.
Two weeks ago. This month. Last month. Next month. Next month. In two months. Two months ago. This year. Last year. Next year. In two years. Two years ago. How long ago? A short time ago. A long time ago. Now. Right now. For the time being. At this moment. In a tittle while. In a little while. How many times? Once. Twice. Each time. Seldom. Often. Sometimes. Sometimes.
hoje I noite this evening
46. MORNING, NOON AND NIGHT Esta manha. Ontem de manhil. Amanha de manila. Hoje ao meio-dia. Ontem ao meio-dia. Amnia ao meio-dia. Hoje tarde. Ontem I tarde. Amanha tarde. Hoje I noite. Ontem I noite. AmanhA noite. This morning. Yesterday morning. Tomorrow morning. This noon. Yesterday noon. Tomorrow noon. This evening (afternoon). Yesterday evening. Tomorrow evening. Tonight. Last night. Tomorrow night.
LESSON 21
(Past, Present and Future)
Esta seawall. A semana passada. A semana que vem.
This week. Last week. Next week,
Note: variants previously listed will generally vexes not be repeated.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE From time to time. Again. For the first time. Early in the morning. Very early in the morning. In the evening ("at nightfall"). On the following day. In two weeks. A week from today. In a week. Next Wednesday. Monday a week ago. On the fifth of this month. On the fifth of last month. Early in March. Late in May. It happened eight years ago.
8. 0 ano passado. 9. Hoje ao mein-dia. 10. Dentro em pouco. 11. Esta semana. 12. Aconteceu ha olio anos. 13. Em fins de mai. 14. dois meses. 15. De vez em quando. 16. Dentro de uma semana. 17. Agora mesmo. 18. As vexes. 19. Dentro de duas semanas. 20. Cada vez.
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De vez em quando. Mai s uma vez. el primeira vez. De manila cedo. De madrugada. Ao anoitecer. No dia seguinte. De hoje a quinze dias. De hoje a oito dias.
Deniro de uma semana. Na quaria-feira da proxiffia semana. Na segunda-feira da semana passada. No dia cinco desie mes. A (Imo do ms passado. Em principios de marco. Em fins de maio. Aconieceu ha oily anos.
8. Right now. 9. It happened eight years ago. 10. This afternoon. 11. Sometimes. 12. Within a week. 13. Tomorrow afternoon. 14. Next month. 15. Last week. 16. Each time. 17. From time to time. 18. Toward the end of May. 19. This week. 20. Two months ago.
ANSWERS 1-7; 2-10; 3-13; 4-2; 5-14; 6-4; 7-15; 8-1; 9-3; 10-6; 11-19; 12-9; 13-18; 14-20; 15-17; 16 12; 17-8; 18-11; 19-5; 20-16.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
QUIZ 18 1. Last year. Ontem de manila. Hoe tarde. 2. Last night. A manila a tarde. 3. Today at noon. 4. Now. Ontem a noire. 5. In two weeks. 0 proximo ms. 6. In a little while. Agora. 7. Yesterday morning A semana passada.
REVIEW QUIZ 4 1. fie comprou um carro por (two thousand) Mares. a. Tres mil b. quatrocentos C. dois mil
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE (4-0820).
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE (3:40). 9. As a. falta urn quarto Para as tres b. tres e quarenta c. uma e meia 10 (yesterday) de manna. a. hoje b. ontem c. esta
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2. 0 namero de seu telefone e a. dois, cinco, zero, sete, nove b. cinco, zero, oito, nove, zero c. quatro, zero, olio, dois, zero 3.
(It's time) de partir. a. a que Boras b. b muito tempo c. estd na hora (today)?
4. A quantos do rues estamos a. rues b. hoje c. tempo 5. A (17) de dezembro. a. dezessete (dezassete b. vinte e sete c. quinze 6. .E (1:10). a. uma e cinco b. uma e dez c. onze 7. Selo a. sete b. nove C. seis (7:00).
(week) passada, 11. A a. semana b, noire c. amanha

+6.
12. Dentro de dais a. semana b. dies c, meses 13. a dois a. meses b. anos c. dias
(months).
(years).
(Wednesday) da proxima semana. 14. Na a. segundafeira b. setafeira C. quarts feria (end) de main. 15. Em a. fins b. principios c. primeiros
8. E (12:00 noon). a. meia-noire b. meio-dia c. dual
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE ANSWERS
CONVERSATIONAL FOR TUGUESE

Acho que sim. Esti hem. Nab esti bem. Nao mau. NAo 6 isso. tie nit) esti aqui Aqui esti. NA a muito. NA a bastante. bastante. NAo tAo depressa. Nao nada. Isso Tao nada. Nio tern impoi tancia. Nio tenho tempo. NA sei comp nem quando. No sei onde. NAo sei nada. sei nada disso. NE desejo nada. Nada desejo. Mo importa. Nao me importa. No me importa nada. Nilo me diga! Nilo tenho nada que dizer. Is niko quer dizer nada. Nio aconteceu nada.
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1 c.; C.; 3 c.; 4 b.; 5 a.; 6 b.; 7 a.; 8 b.; 9 b.; 10 b.; 11 a.; 12c.; 13 b.; 14 c.; 15 a.
LESSON 22
47. NO
(Useful Word Groups I)
The word for "not" no comes before the verb: Nao vejo. I don't see. senhor nio v. You don't see.
Such negative words as the forms for "nothing," "never," "nobody," etc. may come after the verb, in which case ndo is used before the verb, or they may precede the verb and then nava is not used De nao di z nada. He doesn't say anything. Eles nAo trabalham They never work. mama. NAo vem ninguem. Nobody is coming. Or be nada diz. Eles nunca trabalham. Ningt km vem.
Sim, senhor. Nab, senhor. di z que sim. ale di z que nao.
He doesn't say anything. They never work. Nobody is coming. Yes, sir. No, sir. He says yes. He says no.
I think so. All right. It's not good. It's not bad. It's not that. He's not here. Here it is. It's not very much. It's not enough. It's enough. Not so fast. It's nothing. That's nothing. It's not important. I have no time. I don't know how or when. I don't know where. I don't know anything. I don't know anything about that. I don't want anything. don't want anything. It doesn't matter. It makes no difference to me. It makes absolutely no difference to me. You don't say! I've nothing to say. That doesn't mean anything. Nothing happened.
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Don't tell anybody. I never see him. I never saw him. He never comes. He never came. I never go. never go.
103
diga a ninguem. Nunes o vejo. Nunes o vi. Lie mmea vem. Lie puma veto. Nunes you. Nunea irei.
Nio posso nem desejo I can't go, nor do I want if. to go. No tenho nem tempo I have neither the time nem dinheiro. nor the money. tie nio sake ler nem He can't read or write. escrever. Io tenho cigarros I haven't any cigarettes nem charutos. or cgars. i
LESSON 23
48. USEFUL WORD GROUPS II

(Useful Word Groups II)
Nem. Nor. Eu no dime (nem) sequer uma palm& I didn't say a word. Nem ... nem... Neither . nor . . Nem maxis nem menos. Just so ("neither more nor less"). Nem urn nem outro. Neither one or the other. Nem into nem isso. Neither this nor that. Nem peixe nem acne. Neither fish nor fowl. Nem todos foram. Not all went. Nem hem nem mal. So so. Neither good nor bad.
1. Isn't it? N o ? Isn't it? IslAo a verdade? Isn't that so? portugues a f iell,nio ? Portuguese is easy, isn't it A gente aqui muito agradivel, nao ? People here are very nice, aren't they? senhor tem lipis? Do you have a pencil? N o tenho. I don't have any.
E verdaide!
That's the truth! senhor conhece o Sr. Dias, nio verdade? You know Mr. Dias, don't you? NA ha nada de verdade nisto. There's no truth in this.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Quer algumas peras? Do you want some pears? De-me algurnas. Give me a few. QUIZ 19
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ndo vejo. fro e nada. Nome diga! Nunca you. Ndo o vi. co que rn.
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senhor vein, nio? You'll come, won't you? Esti hoje, nio? It's cold today, isn't it? A senhora gostou do filme? Gostei. Did you like the film? I liked it. 2. Some, Any, A Few senhor tem Wpm dinheiro? Do you have any money? Tenho. have (some). Me, no tenho. No, 1 don't have any. Ele tem dinheiro? Does he have some money? Lie tern um pouco. He has some (a little). Lie nao tern. He doesn't. Fica-lhe *um dinheiro? Do you have any money left? Flea urn pouco. There's a little left.
7. Ndo teio depressa. No sei nada. 9. Ndovejo nada. 10. Mao e bastante. 11. Ndo me importa. 12. Aldo aconteceu na da. 13. Ele nunca vein. 14. Ntio e mau. 15. Nunca irei. estd aqui 16. tie r 17. Ninguem vein. 18. Nem isto nem iss 0. 19. Nilo sei onde. 20. New tenho tempo.
1. Neither this nor that. 2. I have no time. 3. I don't know where. 4. Nothing happened. 5. 1 don't see. 6. 1 don't know anything. 7. It's not enough. 8. I didn't see him. 9. You don't say! 10. He never comes. 11. see nothing. never go. 12. 13. it's nothing. 14. He's not here. 15. I don't think so. 16. It's not bad. 17. It makes no difference to me. 18. Not so fast. 19. I never go. 20. No one comes.
Quantos livros tem? How many books do you have? Tenho alguns. I have a few,
ANSWERS 1 5; 2-13; 3 9; 4-19; 5 8; 6-15; 7-18; 8 6;
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Como o senhor quiser. As you wish. Elle Rao corn seu pai (coin o pal)? He's not like his father. No set Immo explica-lo. I don't know how to explain it. Como esta? (Como isso?) How is it? E branco comp a neve. It's as white as snow. Como vai? How are you? Como quer que seja. However it may be. Seja conic) for. 2 Be it as it may. Como laic) mai, ninguem me commende. As I speak poorly, nobody understands me. Como? 0 que disse? I to your pardon? What did you say? Como eta 6 bonitat How pretty she is!
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9-11 ; 10-7; 11-17; 12-4; 13-10; 14-16; 15-12; 16-14; 17-20; 18-1; 19 3; 20-2.
LESSON 24
Woeful Word Groups
Ho
De-nos alguns. Give us some. De-the algumas. Give him a few Orem.). Alguns dos mews amigos. Some of my friends.
3. Like, As, How Como. Like, as, how Como eu. Like me. Como isso. Like that. Como isto. Like this. Como nos. Like us. Como Os outros. Like the others. Este nAo conic) esse. This one isn't like that one. Assim e. That's the way it is.
'From now on, the material in parentheses of the recorded text will ordinarily indicate an alternate form which is the one recorded on the Continental Portuguese edition. It will be marked only when it is particularly characteristic of Continental Portuguese as distinguished from Brazilian usage. for 0
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Nao five o prazer de conhece-lo. I haven't had the pleasure of meeting you. Acho que ji se conhecem, nao? I believe you already know each other, don't you? Claro que nos conhecemos. Of course we know each other. Nio tive o prazer. I haven't had the pleasure.
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QUIZ 20 I. Como o senhor qwiser. I. He's not like his father. 2. Como os outros. 2. What did you say? 3. Como isto. 3. Give him a few. 4. 0 senhor tem 4. How pretty she is! din Biro 5. A Iguns dos rneus 5. Do you want some amigos. pears? 6. Ele no e coo sew 6. As you wish. pai. 7. CoMo,faz favor? 7. Do you have any money? De-lhe algumas. 8. Like the others. 9. Como ea bonital 9. Like this. 10. Quer algumas peras? 10. Some of my friends.
ANSWERS 1-6; 2-8; 3-9; 4 7; 5-10; 6 1; 7-2; 8-3; 9-4; 10 5.
Desejo apresentar-lhe o men amigo Carlos Goncalves. I would like to introduce my friend Charles Gonsalves.
50. SMALL TALK Born dia. Good morning. Como vai? (Como esti?) How are you? Muito beam. E o senhor? Very good. And you?
49. HAVE YOU TWO MET? senhor conhece o men amigo? Do you know my friend? Audio clue ji nos conhecemos. I believe we've met before. Acho que nao tive o prazer. I believe I haven't had the pleasure.
Como vio as coisas? How is everything? que ha de novo? What's new? Nada. Nio ha nada de novo. Nothing. There's nothing new. Quase nada. Almost nothing.
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LESSON 25
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Aqui tens (o) meu enderecol e (o) meu telefone. Here's my address and telephone number. Tern (o) meu endereco? Do you have my address? tenho. Tenha a bondade. Muito obrigada. I don't have it. Please. Thank you. De nada. Don't mention it. Quando posse the telefonar (telefonar-ther When can I call you? Pela manhA. In the morning. Telefono depois de amanhA. I'll call you day after tomorrow. sell telefonema. Conto corn I'll be expecting your call. Ate breve. See you soon. Ate jai. See you soon. Ate logo. See you soon. Ate a vol ta. Until your return. Ate amanha. Until tomorrow.
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11111 (Small Talk)
Que the tern acontecido que ninguern a ye? Where have you been lately? ("What has happened that no one sees you?") Tenho estado muito ocupada idtimamente. I have been very busy lately. Nio deixe de telefonar-me de vez em Tondo. Call me once in a while. ("Don't fail to call me once in a while.") Por que na4 vein ate (a) nossa casa? Why don't you come by our house? Vou visita-los na proximo semana. I'll call on you next week. ("1 am going to visit you next week.") Nilo (se) esqueca. Don't forget. Endo, ate a proximo seman. Until next week then. Passe bem. Good-by. 51. TAKING LEAVE Muito prazer em conhece-la. Glad to have net you. prazer fof todo meu. The pleasure was (all) mine. Em breve espero vela de novo. I hope to see you again soon.
endereco
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LESSON 26
113
Ate sgbado. Until Saturday. Passe hem. Good by.

-
52. CALLING ON SOMEONE
ass
(Calling
OR
Adeus. Good-by. QUIZ 21 I. A teja. 2. Adeus. 3. Marto prazer em conhece-lo. 4. Tem (o) net enderivo? Muito prazer. 6. Pela marsh & 7. to amanhei. 8. Con to corn (o) seu teiefonema. 9. Mull obrigado. 10. Ate stibado. 1. Do you have my address? 2. See you tomorrow. 3. be expecting your can. 4. Until Saturday. 5. In the morning. 6. Glad to have met you. 7. Thank you. 8. See you soon. 9. Very glad to have met you). 10. Good-by.
Someone)
senhor Joao Dias more aqui? Does Mr. John Dias live here? Mora. Yes, he does. ("He lives.") Em que andar? On what floor? Terceiro, esquerda. Third floor left. o senhor Dias esti em casa? Is Mr. Dias home? Nao, senhor. Saiu. No, sir. He's gone out. que horas voltark? What time will he be back? Nio sei Ihe dizer (dizer-Ilhe). I can't tell you. Quer deixar um recado? Do you want to leave a message? Quero. Pode dar-me lipis e paper I do. Can you give me a pencil and some paper? Volta mais tarde. I'll be back later. Volto hoje I noite. I'll be back tonight.
ANSWERS 1-8; 2-10; 3-6; 4-1; 5-9; 6-5; 7-2; 8-3; 9 7; 104.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Quero mandar uma carts expressa I want to send a special delivery letter. Quern passar um telegrama. I want to send a telegram. Quante custa urn telegrams pars Porto Alegre? How much does a telegram to Porto Alegre cost? QUIZ 22
I. Terceiro, esquerda. 2. Volto mais tarde. 3. Mora aqui o senhor Joao Dias? 4. Aqui tern papel e tints% 5. Gostaria de escrever uma carta. 6. Tem selos? Em que andar? Uma carta expressa. Vou ester em cicala o dia todo. 10. Quer deixar urn recado?
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Volto amanhA. I'll be back tomorrow. Volto outro dia. be back another day. Tenha a bondade de the diner (dizer-lhe) que me telefone. Please tell him to call me. You estar ern case o dia todo. I'll be home all day.
53. LETTERS AND TELEGRAMS Gestaria de escrever uma carta. I'd like to write a letter. Pode me dar (dar-me) papel? Can you give me some paper ? Aqui tern papel e tinta. Here's some paper and ink. You ao correio. I'm going to the post office. Onde vender selos? Where do they sell stamps? Tem selos? Do you have any stamps? Precise de urn sae Para carts area (We de correio aeree). I need an airmail stamp. Aqui tern selos. Here are some stamps.
be home all day. 1. 2. Do you have any stamps? 3. I'd like to write a letter. 4. Do you want to leave a message? 5. What floor? 6. A special delivery letter. 7. Here's some paper and ink. S. Does Mr. John Dias live here? 9. Third floor left. come back later. 10.
aim
ANSWERS 1-9; 2-10; 3-8; 4-7; 5 3; 6 2; 7-5; 8 6; 9 1; 10 4.
11
LESSON 27
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Tixi! TIM! Taxi! Taxi! Esti livre? Are you free?
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54. GETTING AROUND

(Getting A round)
Pode me dizer onde esta rua? Can you tell me where this street is? Como se vai a este endereco? How do you get to this address? E longe? Is it far? Qual o caminho mais curto para a cidade? Which is the shortest way to the city? Que caminho devo tomar? Which road should I take? Pode me dizer (dizer-me) o caminho para a Rua da Alfandega? Can you direct me to Alfandega Street? Prefeitura (A Camara Municipal ) fica perto daqui? Is the city hail near here? Onde hi um telefone publico? Where is there a public phone? Quero dar (fazer) um telefonema. I want to make a telephone call. Qual a distancia daqui estacio? Flow far is the station? Ainda estamos longe da estavio? Are we still far from the station?
Leve-me a este endereco. Take me to this address. Au to marca o to metro? How much does the meter read?
o onibus (autocarro 0) Ora aqui?

Does the bus stop here? bonde (o carve electric (D) pira aqui? Does the streetcar stop here? On& devo deseer? Where should I get off? QUIZ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Qual e o caminho mais curio para . Onde ha urn telefone pahlico? Onde a esta rua? Leve-me a este endereco. Qua! a distemcia daqui a estapio? Fiat perto daqui? E longe? Onde devo descer? 9. Como se vai a . ? 10. 0 Onibus (autocarro 121) para aqui? 1. How far is the station? 2. How do you get to 3. Is it far?
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Fa z favor de sentar-se. Please sit down. 2. Tenha a bondade. Please ("have the kindness"). Tenha a bondaide de preparar tudo. Please prepare everything. Por favor. Please. (0) Sen bilhete, por favor. Your ticket, please. 4. Queira Please . Queira coniinuar ate domingo. Please continue until Sunday. Queira embarcar antes das nove. Please embark before nine. Related expressions:
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4. Does the bus stop here? 5. Where do I get off? 6. Where is there a public phone? 7. Where is this street? 8. What's the shortest way to get to 9. Take me to this address. 10. Is it near here? ANSWERS 1-8; 2-6; 3-7; 4-9; 5-1; 6 10; 7 3; 8-5; 9 2; 10-4.
55. PLEASE One of the most common ways of saying "please" is the equivalent of "Do the favor of": Rica o favor (de). Faca o favor de entrar. Please come in. Fad o favor de levar isto. Please carry this. Far o favor de vir redo. sa Please come early. Other polite expressions are: 1. Faz favor. Please ("do the favor"). Faz favor de me telefonar (telefonar-me). Please telephone me.
Quern the pedir (pedir-lhe) um favor. I want to ask a favor of you. Recebi (o) seu favor. I received your letter ("favor"). In commercial correspondence.) Desculpe-me. Excuse me. (For having done something.) Desculpe a demora. Excuse my delay.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
QUIZ 24
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Acabo de conseguir a chave. I have just obtained the key. Ele acabava de almoiar quando aparecemos. He had just had lunch when we appeared. 2. Ter que, or ter de means "to have to": Tenho que (Tenho de) apressar-me. I have to hurry. Voce tem de convencer-me primeiro. You have to convince me .first. 3. Hi means "there is" or "there are": muitos cachorros (cies) nesta cidade. There are many dogs in this city. , 4. Gostaria de means "would like to": Gostaria de ajudar eras nao posso. I'd like to help but I can't.
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Faz favor de telefonar-me. Rica o favor de vir cedo. Faz favor de sentar-se. Desculpe a demora. Desculpe-me. Ewa o favor de entrar. Tenha a bondade de preparar Ludo. Facer o favor de levar Seu bilhete, or favor. 10. Queira continuar ate doming.
I. Excuse my delay. 2. Excuse me. 3. Please come early. 4. Please carry this. 5. Please continue until Sunday. 6. Your ticket, please. 7. Please sit down. 8. Please come in. 9. Please prepare everything. 10. Please telephone me. ANSWERS 1-10; 2-3; 3--7; 4-1; 5 2; 6 8; 7 9; 8-4; 9-6; 10-5.
REVIEW QUIZ 5
1. Emil em a. andar b. Nora c. casa
(home, house) o senor Dias?
56. SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS 1. Acabar de means "to have just": Ele acaba de aceitar. He just accepted.
2. Quer deixar um a. hipis b. recado c. pape/
(message)?
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de entrar, 10. as o a. bondade b. favor c. queira 1. I.
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3. Leve-me a este ______ (address). a. cidade b. caminho c. endereco 4. _______ (I need) urn selo. a venders b. preciso de c. echo 5. Ncio trahalham a. amanha b. nunca c. sithado 6.
(please) embarcar antes das nove a. queira b. desculpe c. traba/ham
(never, ever).
12. _____ (I've just) de terminar o trabalho. a. chegar b. acabo c. Palo 13. (I'd like) escrever uma carta. a. gosiaria de b. acaba c. vai
(not) todos foram. a. nem b. nunca c. hoje
1 4. 7. De-me (some). a. todos b. algumas c. nada 8. Nero live o grazer de a. ocupado b. chamar C. conhece-lo 9. Tenha a a. desculpe b. bondade c. _Tao (meeting you).
(Excuse) a demora. a. tenha b. desculpe c. charm (nobody).
15. Ndo vest a. ninguem b. nada c. outros
(goodness) de preparar ludo.
ANSWERS I c.; 2 b.; 3 c.; 4 b.; 5 b.; 6 a.; 7 b.; 8 c.; 9 b.; 10 b.; 11 a.; 12 b.; 13 a.; 14 b.; 15 a.
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LESSON 28
Que hi de novo? 1 Que silo? Que floras sAo? Que deseja? Que quer diner? Que dia hoje? Que disse ele? Que que ele disse? Que mais? Que feito da Maria? Que que hi? De que falam? Corn que pagam? A que cinema ele foi (foi ele? 3. For que? "Why?" Por que voce nio alugou? Por que IA me disse antes? Por que nao? Por que tanta pressa? Por que isso? For que razio? 4. Como? "How?"
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(Who. flaat, When?)
57. WHO? WHAT? WHEN? L Quern? "Who?" "Whom?" Quern ? Nao sei quern e. Quern o disse? Quern disse isso? De quern esta hagagem? De quern so essay canes? Para quern esse brinquedo? A quern voce entregou (A quern entregou) a miquina fotogrifica? Corn 'quern brigou? Corn quern falararn? Quern convidaram? 2. Que? "What?" Que isso? Que a isto? Que aconteceu? What is that? What is this? What happened? Who is it? I don't know who it he is. Who said it? Who said that? Whose baggage is this? Whose songs are those? Who is that toy for? To whom did you deliver the camera? With whom did you quarrel? With whom did they speak? Whom did they invite?
What's new? What are they? What time is it What do you want? What does it mean? What day is it today? What did he say? What did he say? What else (more)? What happened to Mary? What's wrong? What are you talking about? What will you pay with? To what movie theatre did he go?
Why didn't you rent it? Why didn't you tell me before? Why not? Why such a hurry? Why so? For what reason?
Como se diz em portugues?

1
How do you say it in Portuguese?
novo
e.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE What is your name? How is that word spelled (written)? How are you? How did you get tired so early?
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 7. Onde? "Where?" Onde mora o seu cunhado? Donde vent &se harulho? Para onde vo? 8. Quando? "When?" Quando (se) fecha a biblioteca? Quando aconteceu? Quando vai ele? (Quando que kle vai?) Nao sei quando. Ate quando? NA sei ate qua ndo. Desde quando? Para quando? Para quando quiser. When does the library close? When did it happen? When is he going? Where does your brother- in-law live? Where is that noise coming from? Where are they going?
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Como se chama? Como se escreve essa palavra? Como vai? Como se cansou tiro cedo?
Quante "How Much?"
Quanta k? Quartos cartes recebeu? Quantas vezes o aconselbaram?
How much is it? How many cards did you receive? How many times did they advise it?
LESSON 29
(Liking and Disliking)
6. Qua!? "What?" "Which?" Qual deseja o senhor? Which do you want? (Qual deseja?) dual das cadeiras Which of the chairs do prefere? you prefer? De qual dos coletesi Which of the vests do gosta mais? you prefer? Quaffs sio os costumes Which are the customs que nio the agradam? you don't like ("that don't please you")? Corn qual dos irmiios Which of the brothers did se casou? she marry?
coletes (Et
1 don't know when. Until when? I don't know how long (until when). Since when? For when? For whenever you wish.
QUIZ 25 I. Como se chama? 2. Quartos cartOes recebeu? 3. Como se di z em portugu es? Que disse ek? Quando aconteceu? I. When did it happen? 2. Since when? 3. Who is it? 4. Where does he live? 5. What's your name?
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 6. What did he say? 7. Why not? 8. How do you spell (write) it? 9. How many cards did you receive? 10. How do you say it in Portuguese?
5. De-nos (a few). a. nada b. a/guns c. algumas vexes 6. Quer _ (some) peras? a. quartos 5. algumas vezes c. algumas 7. Nilo a a. como 5. isto c. outros
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Desde quando? 7. Quern e? 8. For que ndo? Onde mora? 10. Como se escreve?
ANSWERS 1-5; 2-9; 3-10; 4 6; 5-1; 6-2; 7 3; 8-7; 9-4; 10-8. REVIEW QUIZ 6
1. Sao vejo a. ninguem b. nada C. nunca 2. Nilo very a. ninguem ndo c. nunca 3. Nilo sabe ler a. ndo nunca c. nem 4. 0 portugues a. net e b. ndo senor C. nunca it
(like) seu
(nothing).
8. Tenho es ado muizo a. sempre to. ocupado c. novo 9. iti se
(busy) 61timamente.
(know)?
(nobody).
a. conhecido b. conhecem c. conhece-lo 10. 0 onibus (autocarro a. para b. segunda-feira c. chama 11. Como se vai a este a. correio b. cargo c. endereco
ifti)
(nor) escrever.
(stops) aqui?
(isn't it?)
(address)?
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(new).
a. de nOvo b. nunca C. prazer
19.
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12. Nilo ha nada
(where) mora o seu cu do a. onde b. como c. que (when) aconteceu? a. queen b. qua! c. quando
ANSWERS
13. Acabo de conseguir a. o dia b. a grave c. a demora 14.
(the key).
20.
(what) disse ek? a. como b. quando c. que (why) tanta pressa? a. quando b. por que C. onde (how) se di z em portugues? a. como b. quando c. ninguem (how many) vexes o aconselharam? a. Duerr b. quantas c. como
(who) disse isso? a. quern b. que c. quando
1 b.; 2 a.; 3 c.; 4 a.; 5 b.; c.; 7 a.; 8 b.; 9 b.; 10 a.; 110.; 12 a.; 13 b.; 14 C.; 15 b.; 16 a.; 17 b.; 18 a.; 19 a.; 20 c.
15.
58. LIKING AND DISLIKING 1. I Like It Born. Muito born. k muito bom. g otimo.1 E excelente. estupendo. E magnifier). E perfeito. Esti* bem. man. Esti bem isto?
optimo
16.
17.
18.
Good. Very good. it's very good. It's excellent. It's excellent. It's wonderful. It's wonderful. It's perfect. it's all right. It's not bad. Is this all right?
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Very well! Very good! She's beautiful. She's very beautiful. She's very pretty. She's charming. How pretty she is! How pretty she is! How nice!
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE QUIZ 26
133
Muito be m! Eta Bela. Ela belissima. Eta muito linda. Eta encantadora. Que Bonita (que) eta Como ela bonita! Que born! 2. I Don't Like It No born. N o muito born. Isso no bom. Isto no esta hem. Isso mau. E bastante mau. C pessimo. E muito ruim. Nao gosto. N o me interessa. Nao vale nada. No serve pars nada. N o adianta. Que pens! g horrivel!
1. 'sic bon.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Muito hem. E excelente. Ndo e mau. Isso mau. Que pena! lamito i. o Aldo vale nada. No adianta. estupendo.
e!
It's not good. It's no good. It's not very good. That's no good. This isn't right. It's not right. This is wrong. That's bad. It's quite bad. It's very bad. It's terrible. It's terrible. I don't like it. I don't care for it. It doesn't interest me. It's no good. It's worthless. It's no good. It's worthless. It's no use. It's no good. What a pity! It's terrible!
1. It's excellent. 2. She's very pretty. 3. It's worthless. 4. What a pity! 5. It's no use. 6. It's wonderful. 7. It's all right. 8. That's bad. 9. Very well. 10. It's not bad.
ANSWERS 1-7; 2-9; 3-1; 4-10; 5-8; 6-4; 7-2; 8-3; 9 5; 10-6.
LESSON 30
(I Like)
3. I Like Cost. Gosto muito. Gosto ...Gosto de .. Gosto Me. Gostamos dela. senhor gosta? No gosto. I like it. I like it very much. I like . . .1 like to . I like him. We like her. Do you like it? I don't like it.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Do you like the color? Do you like Portugal? They like Brazil. We like the United States. Do you like the brush? I like the mirror more. Do you think she will like the purse? I didn't like the first chapter. I would like to go to bed early. The lawyers did not like the club. They didn't like it at all. I would like them to send me an invitation. Whenever you like. I feel like writing him. Why don't you like them? Do you like the room (bedroom)?
Gosto. Gosto muito. No gosto. Nao gosto muito. Fie gosta mas ela trio gosta. Nos gostamos mas tiles nao gostam. Ninguem gosta. Eu gosto mas o Joao nao gosta. Ella gosta de Ludo.
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senhor gosta da air?' senhor gosta de Portugal? Eles gostam do Brasil. Gostamos dos Estados Unidos. senhor gosta da escovar Gosto mail do espelho. senhor ache que el gostara da bolsa? 3 Nao gostei do primeiro capitulo. Eu gostaria de me deitar (deitar-me) redo. Os advogados nao gostaram do cluhe. Nao gostararn nada. Gostaria que tiles me enviassem um convite. Quando quiser. Estou corn vontade de the escrever (escrever-lhe). Por que nao gosta files? Costa do quarto?
cor P. escova O.
3
I like it. I like it very much. I don't like it. I don't like it very much. He likes it but she doesn't. We like it but they don't.
Nobody likes it. l like it but John doesn't. She likes everything.
QUIZ 27 1. 1 don't like it very I. Eles nclo gostararn much. nada. 2. Do you like the 2. 0 senhor gosta? room? 3. They like Brazil. 3. Gosto muito. 4. We like her. 4. 0 senhor gosta da car? 5. Nobody likes it. 5. Quando qwiser. 6. I like it very much. 6. Des gostam do Brasil. 7. Do you like it Ninguem gosta. 8. Whenever you like. 8. Gostamos dela. 9. They didn't like it at 9. Nao gosto muito. all. 10. Do you like the fa 0 senhor gosta do color? quarto!
boisa 0.
ANSWERS 1-9; 2-7; 3-6; 4--10; 5-8; 6-3: 7-5; 8-4; 9-1; 10-2.
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59. IN, TO, FROM
LESSON 31
137
Estive em Brasilia. on a Lisboa. Venho de Coimbra. Parto Para Sao Paulo. Cheguei ate Belo Horizonte. 1. A "to" direita. esquerda. Pouco a polio). Ape, mio. Ao meta-mite. A meu ver. Puseram-se a mesa. A que horas? A americana. respeito de. ale ficou a porta. Ele o fez (1-lo fry..
I was in Brasilia. I am going to Lisbon. I come (am) from Coimbra. I'm leaving for Sao Paulo. I got as far as Belo Horizonte.
(Useful Word Groups
Imo) Coffee with milk. She went with the student. I am hungry.
2. Corn "with" Caf corn kite. Ela foi com o estudante. Estou corn force. 3. De "of," "from" E de meu tio. Venho do Rio de Janeiro. IP, de pedra. De dia e de noite. De no. 4. Em "in" ivi em Portugal dois anos. Saio dentro de quatro dial. Em lugar de. Em fim.
To the right. To the left. Little by little. On foot. By hand. At noon, At midnight. In my opinion. They sat down at the table. At what time? In the American way. Regarding, with respect to. He stayed at the door. He did it by force.
It's from my uncle. I come (am) from Rio de Janeiro. It's made of stone. By day and by night. Again.
Hived in Portugal two years. I'm leaving in four days. Instead of. Finally. Up to (as far as Estoril. I went up to the fifth floor. Until tomorrow. See you later. (See you soon.)
5. Ate "up to," "until" Ate o (ao) Estoril. Subi ate o quinto andar. Ate amanha. Ate logo.
I See item 5 of section 20 of grammar summary.
138 Ate ja. Ate a vista.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE See you soon. See you later.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Other Expressions: Por glue Por agora. Pela manhi. Por was. Por exempt& Por isso. Por meio de. Por causa de. Por fim. Por aqui. Esti por fazer. Por atacado. Por certo. Por assim diner. Por conseguinte. For berry au por Par escrito. PorDeus Por enquanto. For pouco. For interessante que seja. For voila as ducts.
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6. Desde "from" Desde aqui. Desde que o vi. Desde quando? . Sobrei "on," "over" Sobre a mesa. Que disseram sore o assunto? 8. Por "for," "through" Sessenta milhas por hors. Eu o comprei (comprei-o) por um Mar. Eu the dei (del-the) vinte cruzeiros pela Wm# gle me deu o seu Iivro pelo meu. Passamos pela Espanha. Lie entrou pela porta. Eu you por
From here. Since I saw him. Since when?
On the table. What did they say about the subject?
Sixty miles an hour. I bought it for a dollar. I gave him twenty cruzeiros for the purse. He gave me his book for mine. We passed through Spain. He came in through the door. I'll go for in place of him.
Why? For the time being In the morning. By chance. For example. For that reason. Therefore. By means of. On account of. Finally. At last. This way. Around here. It's still to be done Wholesale. Certainly. So to speak. Consequently. Therefore. For better or for worse. In writing. For heaven's sake! For the time being. Almost. However interesting it may be. Around two o'clock.
sobre
Q.
9. Para "for," "in order to" Para indicates direction, purpose: To go there. Para ir Id. A bookcase ("a stand Lima estante Para for books"). livros.
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e partite para
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. de pedra. A respell() de. De nOvo. Por exemplo. De dia e de voile. esquerda. A meu ver.
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He left for Belem. The letter is for her. The lesson for tomorrow. It's easy for him. It's worthless. It's not good for anything. Back and forth. Where did they go? Why do you do it (For what reason do you do it?) Forever. For always. I am describing it in detail so that they may understand it well. We are ready for the trip.
Belem. carta a para A lido para an rd. Para ele e Nilo serve para nada. Para lei a para ccie Para onde eles foram? Para que voce o faz? Para sempre. Descrevo corn detalhes para que compreendam bem. Esiamos prontos para a viagem.
15. to o (ao) Estoril. 16. Salo dentro de quatro dices. 17. Sobre a mesa. 18. to amanha. 19. Em lugar de. 20. Desde que o vi.
8. To the right 9. For example. 10. Little by little. 11. Until tomorrow. 12. At noon. 13. Since I saw him. 14. In the American way. 15. Wall. 16. Instead of. 17. To the left. 18. Regarding. 19. As far as Estoril. 20. I'm leaving in four days.
With estar it means "about to": Estamos para sair. We are about to leave. We are leaving. QUIZ 28 1. A o meio -dia. 2. Pouco a pouco. 3. A direita. 4. americana. 5. Corm. 6. A pe. 7. Venho do Rio de Janeiro. 1. On foot. 2. In my opinion. 3. I come from Rio de Janeiro. 4. It's made of stone. 5. By day and by night. 6. Again. 7. On the table.
ANSWERS 1 12; 2-10; 3-8; 4-14; 5-15; 6-1; 7 3; 8-4; 9-18; 10-6; 11-9; 12-5; 13-17; 14-2: 15 19: 16-20; 17-7; 18-11; 19-16; 20 13.
QUIZ 29
1
1. Por acaso. 2. For voila das duas. 3. Passarnos pela Espanha. 4. Por agora. 5. Eu o comprei por um Mar. 6. Por isso.
1. I bought it for a dollar. 2. Sixty miles an hour. 3. Certainly. 4. For that reason. 5. Around here. 6. For heaven's sake!
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 7. At last. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. By chance. It's still to be done. For the time being. See you soon. Around two o'clock.
ANSWERS
143
7. Sessenta milers por Nora. 8. Por (Trio. 9. to logo. 10. For Deus! 11. For fim. 12. Ele entrou pela porta. 13. or aqui. 14. or assim dizer. 15. Esta por fazer.
1 -7; 2-9; 3-2; 4-10; 5-8; 6 1; 7-3 ; 8 4; 9 6; 10-5.
LESSON 32
13. So to speak. 14. He came in through the door. 15. We passed through Spain.
60. ASKING YOUR WAY

(Asking Your Way)
ANSWERS 1-8; 2-12; 3-15; 4-10; 5-1; 6-4; 7-2; 8-3; 9-11; 10 6; 11-7; 12-14; 13-; 14-13; 15-9. QUIZ 30 I. carta e para ela. 2. New serve para nada. A para amania Estamos para sair. Para sempre. Erna estante para livros. 7. Para ir Icy. 8. Ele partiu para Belem. 9. Estamos prontos para a viagem. 10. Para onde tiles foram? 3. 4. 5. 6.
Por favor. Excuse me. Please. Como se chama esta cidade? What is the name of this town? A que distancia estamos de Porto Alegre? How far are we from Porto Alegre? Quantos quillimetros sao daqui a Sintra? How many kilometers is it from here to Sintra? Fica a dez quilometros daqui. It's ten kilometers from here. Como se vai daqui a Braga? How do 1 (does one) get to Braga from here? Siga este caminho. Follow this road. Pode diner-me como ir a este endereco? Can you tell me how I can get to this address? Babe onde flea este lugar? Do you know where this place is Como se chama esta rua? What is the name of this street?
1. A bookcase. 2. The lesson for tomorrow. 3. To go there. 4. He left for Belem. 5. Where did they go? 6. We are ready for the trip. 7. The letter is for her. 8. Forever.
9. It's worthless. 10. We are about to leave.
144
Onde devo descer? Where do I get off? devo descer? Em que parada (paragem At what stop should I get off?
145
Pode dizer-me onde flea esta rua? Can you tell me where this street is? Onde a Rua da Liberdade? Where is Liberdade Street (Liberty Street)? Fica longe daqui? Is it far from here? Fica perto? Is it near?
E a terceira rua direita.

It's the third street to the right. Passe por aqui. Go this way.
Siga sempre em frente. Go straight ahead. Siga ate a esquina e dobre (vire ) a esquerda. Go to the corner and turn to the left. Dobre (Vire 12) direita. Turn right. Onde hi uma garage (garagem el and Where is there a garage? Esti aberta a garage (garagem)? Is the garage open? Onde o past& policial (a esquadra Where is the police station? Onde a Prefeitura (a Cimara Municipal (D)? Where is the City Hall? Onde pira o enibus (o autocrat) Or Where does the bus stop?
1 posto (D.
Onde fica a estacio da estrada (do caminho 0) de Ferro? Where is the railroad station? Quid o trem (o cornboio 12) para a capital? Which is the train to the capital? De que plataforma sal? From which platform does it leave? Onde esti o gulch e (guichet ) de informaciies? Where is the information desk? Tenha a bondade de char-me um horario. Please give me a timetable. A que horas sal? At what time does it leave? Acaba de sair. It just left. Vai sair agora. It's going to leave now A que horas sal o proximo trem (combolo At what time does the next train leave? A que horas sal o expresso (o rapidor At what time does the express leave?
er
A que horas chega capital? At what time does it arrive in the capital? Tem carro dormitorio? (Tern carruagem cama? Does it have a steeper?
146
Este Lugar esta ocupado? Is this seat taken? Vou Or a mala aqui. I'm going to put my bag here. Que estacio esta? What station is this? Quanto tempo demoramos aqui? How long do we stay (stop) here? Temos de baldear aqui? Do we have to change trains here? Ora na capital? Este trem (comboio Does this train stop in the capital?
147
Nao, mas tern carro (iagao) restaurante e carro para fumar (fumadores No, but it has a diner and a smoking car. Tem ar condicionado? Is it air conditioned?
-
Onde flea o guiche de passagens (a bilheteira Where is the ticket window? Por favor, uma passagem para Sao Paulo. A ticket to Sao Paulo, please. Simples ou de ida e volta? One way or round trip? De ida e volta; mais barato, nao i? Round trip; it's cheaper, isn't it?
E. De primeira ou (de) segunda classe?

Yes, it is. First or second class? De primeira. Quanto ? First class. How much is it?
-
61. WRITING, PHONING, TELEGRAPHING senhor tem (urn) lapis? Do you have a pencil? senhor tern (uma) caneta? Do you have a pen? Tenho uma caneta-tinteiro e uma caneta esferografica. I have a fountain pen and a ballpoint pen. senhor tern mata-borrao? Do you have a blotter? N o tenho envelopes. I don't have any envelopes. Nem selos. Nor stamps. Desejo mandar uma carta area (uma carta por aviao). 1 want to send an airmail letter. .
Tenho pouca bagagem. Se duas malls. I have only a little baggage. Just two bags.
LESSON 33
(Writing, Phoning, Telegraphing)
Urn pouco mais de uma bora. A little more than an hour.
148
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Onde hi uma cabina teleionicaV Where is there a telephone booth? No vesdbulo do hotel. In the hotel lobby.
149
Onde o correio? Where is the post office? Na esquina. On the corner. Onde vender selos? Where do they sell stamps? Quero enviar esta carta pelo correio &ere (esta carta por aviao). I want to send this letter airmail. Quanto o Porte? How much is the postage? Gostaria de passar um telegrama. I'd like to send a telegram. Onde o telegrafo? Where is the telegraph office? Flea no correio. It's in the post office. Quanto um telegrama para Silo Paulo? How much is a telegram to Sao Paulo? Quanto tempo leva para chegar? How long does it take to get there? Hi telefone aqui? Is there a telephone here? Onde posso telefonar? Where can I phone? Onde fica (esti) o telefone? Where is the telephone?
Di licenca para usar o telefone? (DIlicence que eu use o telefone?) May I use your phone? ("Will you give permission to use the telephone?") Pols nio! Of course! Quero dar (fazer) urn telefonema interurban. I want to make a long-distance call. Quanto custa urn telefonema para Lisboa? How much is a phone call to Lisbon? Quero falar com o sete-cinco-oito-dois. I want 7582. Espere um momento. Hold the wire a minute. ("Wait a moment.") A links esti ocupada (impedida The line is busy.
).
Telefonista, den-me o namero errado. Operator, you gave me the wrong number. Nio respondem. There is no answer. Gostaria de falar (Desejo falar) coin o senhor Silva. I'd like to speak to Mr. Silva.
1
telefOnica
150
151
Fala o senhor Silva. This is Mr. Silva. Aqui Pala o senhor Martins. This is Mr. Martins speaking. Corn quern falo? Who is this? ("With whom am I speaking?") Conn o senhor Martins. With Mr. Martins.
LESSON 34
Ele se chama (chama-se) Jose Campos e ela Ana

Coelho. His name is Jose (Joseph) Campos and hers is Ana Coelho. Qual o nome Me? What is his name?
o nome dele Carlos.

His name is Carlos. Qual o seu nome de familia? What is his last name?
E Silva. (Silva.) It's Silva.
62. FAMILY AFFAIRS
11:1
(Family Affairs)
se chum o senhor? (Como se chama?) What is your name?

COMO
Donde o senhor? Where are you from? Sou de Lisboa. I'm from Lisbon.
7
Chamo-me 'lobo Martins. My name is JoIto (John) Martins. Como se chama ele? What is his name?
Onde meat o senhor? (Onde nasceu?) Where were you born? Nasci em Coimbra. I was born in Coimbra. Quantos anos o senhor tem? (Quantos anos tem?) How old are you? Tenho vinte e quatro anos. I am twenty four years old.
-
De se chama (Cbama-se) Carlos Magallties.

His name is Carlos (Charles) MagalhAes. Como se chama ela? What is her name? Ela se chama (Ea chamase) Maria Fernandes. Her name is Maria (Mary) Fernandes. Como se chamam ales? What are their names?
Eu fa co (Facto) vinte e cinco anos em setembro. I'll be twenty-five in September.
152
E advogado. He's a lawyer.
153
Nasei em dezenove (dezanove novecentos e quarenta e sees. I was born August 19, 1946.
To
de agasto de mil
E arquiteto (arquitecto).
He's an architect. E professor. He's a teacher.
E professor universitirio. He's a university professor. g medico. He's a doctor.
Quantos irmAos o senhor tem? (Quantos irmilos tem? How many brothers do you have? Tenho dots irmaos. I have two brothers. mais velho tem dezessete (dezassete The older one is seventeen. tie estuda na universidade. (E estudante da universidade.) He's at (he studies at) the university. mais novo tern quinze anos. The younger one is fifteen. Ele esti (Esti) no ultimo ano do eurso seeundirio. He's in the last year of high school. Quantas irmas o senhor tern? (Quantas irmis tem?) How many sisters do you have? Tenho uma irmg. I have one sister. Eta tern nove anos. (Tern nove anos.) She's nine. Eta esti numa escota primaria. (Ands na escota primiria.) She goes to grammar (primary) school. 0 que (o) seu pai? What does your father do? anos.
E comereiante.
He's a businessman.
E fazendeiro
He's a farmer.
(lavrador).
E funeionirio pfiblico. He's in the government service. E operario. He's a worker.
tie trabalha (Trabalha) numa fabrics de automoveis.

He works in an automobile factory.
Quando 6 o seu aniversirio? When is your birthday? Meu (0 meu) aniversario a daqui a dual semanas (an vinte e tires de janeiro). My birthday is in two weeks (January 23rd). Tern parentes aqui? Do you have any relatives here?
154
LESSON 35
155
Tfidal a sua famtha or aqui? Does all your family live here? TOda a familia menos (os) meus avos. All my family except my grandparents. Lies moram numa fazenda perto de Belo Horizonte. They live on a farm near Belo Horizonte. senhor parente do senhor Oliveira? Are you related to Mr. Oliveira? E men tio. He's my uncle. E meu primo. He's my cousin. o senhor a parente da senhora Nunes? Are you related to Mrs. Nunes? E minha She's my aunt. E minha prima. She's my cousin.
63. COMPRAS SHOPPING
ICI in
(Buying Things. Ordering Breakfast)
1. Quanto custa isto? How much is this? 2. fez cruzeiros (escudos e). Ten cruzeiros (escudos). 3. muito carp. Nio tern alguma coisa mail barata? That's rather expensive. Haven't you anything cheaper? 4. Do mesmo genero? 1 Of the same kind? 5. Do mesmo ou de outro parecido. Of the same or something similar. 6. Tem este. There's this. 7. Nio tern alguma coisa de outra especie que me posse mostrar? Haven't you any other kind you could show me? 8. De menos pre co? Less expensive? 9. Se possivel. If possible.
toda
genero
(E).
156
22. into cruzeiros (escudos 0) o par. Five cruzeiros (escudos) a pair.
157
10. Talvez isto seja o que quer. Perhaps this is what you want. 11. Depende do preco. That depends on the price. 12. Este custa oito cruzeiros (escudos 0). This one is eight cruzeiros (escudos). 13. Gosto mais do que do outro. I like it better than the other one. 14. E mais barato. It's cheaper. 15. E este outro, mais barato ou mais caro? How about this one; is it cheaper or more expensive?
23. Cuero uma duzia. I'd like to have a dozen. 24. Quer lever consign? Will you take them with you? 25. Prefirol que Os envie. I'd rather have you send them. 26. 0 endereco o mesmo de sempre? Is the address still the same? 27. mesmo. The same.
16. k mais caro.

It's more expensive.
17. NA tern mais alguma coisa em estoque (ern existencia )? Haven't you anything else in stock? 18. Em breve espero receber novos estilos. (Espero receber em breve novos modelos. I'm hoping to receive some new styles soon. 19. Para quando? Flow soon? 20. De um dia pare o outro. Pode passar (por aqui) pelo firm da semana? Any day now. Can you drop in toward the end of the week? 21. Posso. E qual o pre co disto? Yes, I can. . . What's the price of this?
28. Ate logo. Good-by. 29. Passe berm. Good-by.
NOTES Title: Compras "Purchases." 2 1.3 Quarito custa isto? ("How much does this cost?"). How much is this? You can also say: Quanto e? How much is it? ,for quanto se vende isto? ("At, or for how much is this sold?") How much is this? or quanto se vendem os limoes? ("For how
Prefiro is from preferir, a radical-changing verb. See grammar summary section 41, part III. 2 Words in quotation marks are literal translations. 3 Numbers refer to the sentences above.
158
CONVERSATIONAL POR
159
much are the lemons sold?") How much are the lemons? Quarto the custaram as calcas? ("How much did the trousers cost to you?") How much did your trousers cost? 2. The cruzeiro is the currency unit of Brazil, formerly having been the mil reis. Its value has varied greatly due to steep inflation. As of this writing, the exchange rate is approximately 8,200 cruzeiros to the dollar. The escudo is the currency unit ot Portugal. The present rate of exchange is 165 e s cudos to the dollar. 3. E muitu cam. ("It's very expensive.") That's rather expensive. tsto muito cam. This is very high (expensive). Barato cheap. Mais barato ("More cheap") Cheaper. (See sector' 18 of the Summary of Portuguese Grammar.) Mu to barato very cheap. 4. Genero, kind, class, sort. 6. Fern este. ("You have, or there is, this one.") There's this (one), or, we have this (one). 7. "Don't you have something of another 'kind you could show me?" Mostre-me outra coisa. ("Show me another thing.") Show me something else. 8. "Of less price?" 10. Seja from iier (see section 39 of the grammar summary)."Perhaps this one is what you want." 11. Depender de, to depend on. 15. E este ourro. "And this other one." 18. Em breve, in brief; in a short time. 19. Para quando? "For when?" 20. De um is Para o outro. "From one day to the other." Passar or aqui) to pass by here, to stop in).
21. Posso I can. In answer to a question, often just the verb will be repeated without "yes" or "no." Pole passar or aqui? Posso. Pod e vir amanhii? Can you come tomorrow? NCio posso. No, I can't. ("I can't.") 24. Consigo is a combination which comes from corn "with" and si "oneself," "yourself," etc. One also hears corn o senhor or corn d senhora for "with you." 25. Prefiro que .1 prefer that, I'd prefer that, or I'd
rather 26. "The address is the same of as always?" 28. and 29. For other expressions on departure see Lesson 8. QUIZ 31 (expensive).
I. E muito a, costa b. isto c. carp
2. Hilo tern aiguma coisa mais a, genero b. prep c. brats (same) genero. 3. Do a. alguma coisa b. mesmo c. mais
(cheap)?
(less) prep% 4. De a. mats b. menos c. mesmo
160
64. 0 CAFE DA MANNA (0 PEQUENO ALM0c0 BREAKFAST 1. P': Voce esti com fome? (Voce tern force P: Are you hungry? 2. J: Estou. (Tenho.) J: Yes, I am.
161
5. Costa (more) do que do outro. a. costa b. mais c. mesmo 6. Nilo (have) mais alguma coisa? a. tem b. caro c. outro 7. Espero a. custar b. levar c. receber
(receive) novos estilos (novos modelos).
3. M: Eu tenho uma fore canna. (Tenho uma force canna.) M: I'm terribly hungry. 4. P: Garcom! Garcom! (Empregado! Empregado!
8. Para (when)? a. estoque b. caro c. quando 9. 0 (address) a. endereco b. escudo c. envie o mesmo de sempre?
(PA
P: Waiter! Waiter!
5. G: As seas orders. Que desejam? G: At your service. What would you like?
6. P: Desejamos o caf da manila (0 pequeno almoco) pare tres pessoas. P: We'd like breakfast for three. 7. M: Que pole nos servir (servir-nos)? M: What do you have?
ANSWERS Ic.;2c.;3b.;4b. -,5b.;6a. -,7c.;8c.;9a.
8. 6: Caf corn leite, chi, chocolate ... G: Coffee with milk, tea, chocolate . 9. P: que servem corn o caf? P: What do you serve with it?
P. stands here for Pedro "Peter"; J. for Joao "John"; M. for Maria "Mary"; G. for Garcom "Waiter."
1
162
,
*
163
10. G: P o torradas G: Bread, toast . . 11. hel: E manteiga? M: And butter? 12. G: Sim, tembem. G: Yes, also.
21. J: Garcom, 1 queira me trazer urn guardanapo. (Queira trazer-me um guardenapo.) J: Waiter, please bring me a napkin. 22. M: E pare mim um garfo, por favor. M: And a fork for me, please. 23. P: Tenha a bondade de nos trazer (trazer-nos) mais acficar. P: Please bring us some more sugar. 24. J: E depois, a couta . Aqui tern, garcom, 1 fique corn o treco. 2 .1: And then, the check. . . Here you are, waiter. Keep the change. 25. C: Muito obrigado, senhor. G: Thank you, sir. NOTES 1. Voce estd con forme? ("Are you with hunger?") Voce to fome? ("Do you have hunger?") Are you hungry? 2. Eu tenho uma fome canina. ("I have a canine hunger.") I'm terribly hungry. Cdo and cachorro are words for "dog." Tenho (I have) is from ter to have (see section 43 of the grammar summary). 4. Garcon and garvio are also used. 5. As sums ordens. ("At your orders.") At your service. Que desejam? ("What do you want?") What would you like? 6. 0 caf da manha ("The coffee of the morning") Breakfast. (Used in Brazil, where it is also
' Recorded only on the Brazilian edition.
13. J: Quero uma Acme (thivena caf con kite, e pio. J: I'd like a cup of coffee with milk, and some bread (rolls). 14. P: Quero o mesmo. P: I'd like the same. 15. J: Maria, voce o que quer? (Maria, o que quer?) .1: Mary, what do you want? 16. M: Eu nio quero muita coisa. M: I don't want very much. 17. J: Quer se conserver (conserver-se) esbelta, nio J: You're watching your figure, aren't you? 18. M: NAo precisamente. g mais um hAbito. NI: Not exactly. It's more of a habit. 19. G: E a senhorita, o que quer? (A senhora, o que quer?) 0: And what will you have, miss? 20. M: CU e um ovol quake. M: Tea and a soft-boiled egg.
0,0 ea
t roc
164
165
shortened to o caf.) 0 pequeno almoco ("The small lunch") and o primeiro almoco ("The first lunch") Breakfast. (Used in Portugal.) 7. "What can you serve us?" The nos may come before the infinitive servir, or after it, joined with a hyphen (see, item 2 b. of section 20 of the grammar summary). 10. Pao is bread, but in a general sense it can also include rolls. Pdozinho means roll, plural pdezinhos. 17. "You want to stay slender." Nilo? ("No?"), ao ? ("Isn't it?"), are short forms of Ndo e verdade? ("Isn't it true?") 19. "And what does the young lady want?" 20. Ovo egg. Ovos quentes soft-boiled eggs. Ovos estrelados fried eggs. Ovos rnexidos scrambled eggs. Ovos duros hard-boiled eggs. 23. "Have the kindness to bring me more sugar." 24. Fique corn o trOco. ("Remain with the change." Keep the change. The verb fear to stay, remain, is used in a variety of expressions with an extension of meaning, often being the equivalent of "to be." Ficou em casa he stayed home. Onde fica? Where is it? Fico convene do. I am convinced. Pies ficam em pe. They are standing. Esse pakto he fica berm. That jacket looks good on you. Pique/ doenie. I became ill. Ela ficou zangada. She was (became) angry. 25. "Much obliged."
QUIZ 32 (We want) o cafe da manha (o pequeno almoco) Para tres pessoas. a. desejarnos b. conservatnos c. force 2. a. a b. e C. 3. Quero o a. muito b. mesmo C. server 4. 0 que a. tenho b. tern C. quer (same).
and manteiga?
(do you want)?
5. Eu no quern a. fome b. mesmo C. muita coisa
(much).
(bring me) urn guardanapo. 6. Queira a. costume b. me trazer (trazer-me) c. mesmo (then, later) a con a. 7. E a. amanha b. garfo c. depois
166 I a.; 2 b.; 3 b.;
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE ANSWERS c.; c.; 6 b.; 7 c.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 3. Aquele que esti para alugar. The one which is for rent. 4. Tem (ha) dois. There are two.
167
65. A SAMPLE MENU CARDAPIO (EMENTA MENU
Canja ou sopa de cebola Omeleta Bacalhau Frango assado Costeletas grelhadas Bile corn batatits fritas Salada de alface con? tomate Queijo e frutas Cafe
Chicken-rice soup or onion soup Omelet Cod Roast chicken Grilled chops Steak with fried potatoes Lettuce and tomato salad Cheese and fruit Coffee
5. o senhor pole me dar (dar-me) alguns detalhes (algumas informacoesr Can you describe them? 6. 0 do quinto andar nao tern mob Ilia. The one on the fifth floor is unfurnished. 7. E o outro? And the other one?
8. 0 do segundo andar mobiliado (mobilado). The one on the second floor is furnished. 9. Quantas pews (divisoes sfa) tem? Flow many rooms do they have? 10. 0 do quinto andar tem quatro pews (divisoes), cozinha e banheiro (rasa de banho The one on the fifth floor has four rooms, a kitchen and a bathroom. 11. Di para a rua? Does it face the street? 12. Nao, di para patio. No, it faces the courtyard. 13. E o do segundo andar? And what about the one on the second floor?
LESSON 36
66. PROCURANDO APARTAMENTO APARTMENT HUNTING

(Apartment Hunting)
I. Venho ver o apartamento. I've come to see ("I come to see") the apartment. 2. Qua! dies? Which one?
168
169
14. 0 do segundo andar tern urn quarto, saki de estar, e sala de jantar. The one on the second floor has a bedroom, a liv. ing room, and a dining room. 15. Tambem di para o patio? Does it also took out on the courtyard? 16. Nab, di para a rua. No, it faces the street. 17. Qcanto o aluguel (a renda How much is the rent? 18. 0 aluguel do major a vinte e cinco mil cruzeiros por noes, mais a igua e o gis. (A renda do major mil e quinhentos escudos por mes, al em da igna e do gis.) The larger one rents for twenty-five thousand cruzeiros a month. plus water and gas. (The larger one rents for fifteen hundred escudos a month, besides water and gas.
22. Os novels sio modernos e esti em boas condicoes. It's modern furniture and it's in excellent condition. 23. Est i incluldos a roupa de came e o servico de mesa? Are bed linens and silverware included? 24. A senhora achark tudo o que precisar, ate utensilios de cozinha. You'll find everything you need, even kitchen utensils. 25. E precis() assinar um contiato? Does one have to sign a lease? 26. Para isso a senhora tern que falar corn o administrador. You'll have to speak to the renting agent about that. 27. Quais sio as condicoes? What are the terms? 28. Urn roes adiantado e outro de dep6sito. One month's rent in advance and another as a deposit.
19. E o apartamento mobiliado (mobilado)? And the furnished apartment? 20. Este se aluga por quarenta mil cruzeiros por [nes, tudo incluldo. (Este aluga-se por tres mu escudos, tudo incluido. That one rents for forty thousand cruzeiros everything included. (That one rents for three thousand - escudos, everything included.
29. E tudo?
Is that all? 30. Naturahnente, a senhora tern que dar referencias. Of course, you will have to give references. 31. A proposito, tern elevador? - By the way, is there an elevator?
2L Como a mobflia? How is the furniture?
170
44. De nada. As suns orders. Don't mention it. At your service.
171
32. Ngo, nio tem. No, there isn't.
33. E pens. That's too bad.

34. Alen) disso, o predio muito moderno. Aside from that, the building is very modern.
35. Que quer dizer coin isso? What do you mean?
36. Tem aquecimento central e escada de senrico. There's central heating and a back stairway. 37. Tern agua quente? Is there hot water?
38. Naturalmente. Os banheiros foram remodelados reeentemente. (As casas de hanho foram remodeladas recentemente. (Do) Of course! The bathrooms were remodeled recently.
39. Ah, esquecia . Tem quarto pars a empregada? Oh, 1 forgot--is there a room for the maid?
40. Tem, e muito bom. Yes, ("and") a very good one. 41. Podemos ver os apartamentos? May we see the apartments? 42. So pieta manhi. Only in the morning. 43. Muito hem. Venho amanhi pela manha. Muito obrigada. Very well. I'll come tomorrow morning. Thank you very much.
NOTES Title: Procurando apartamento. Looking for an apartment. 2. "Which of them?" 3. Aquele "that one." Alugar to rent, to lease, to let, to hire. 5. "Can you give me some details (some informationr" 6. The one of the fifth floor does not have furniture." Meiveis also means furniture. Desmobiliado (Desrnobilado) unfurnished. 9. Peas has a variety of meanings. Here it means "rooms" in the sense of units. The word also means piece, portion, section, a play (theatre), etc, Quarto and sala are used for rooms of the house. Quarto will often have the meaning of bedroom or sleeping quarters. Divisdo ("division") can mean "room" in Portugal. 10. Banho bath. Banheiro git) bathroom, banheira bathtub, chuveiro shower, tomar banho de chuveiro to take a shower. Casa ("house") can mean "room" in Portugal: casa de banho bathroom. 11. Dd is from the verb dar to give. 13. "And the one of the second floor?" 14. Quarto bedroom; also quarto de dormir. Some times o living is heard for living room. 18. "The rent of the larger one is 20. "This one is rented for . 22. "The furniture is modern ." Notice that mobilia
99, a"
172
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. Nilo tem andar banheiro c, mobilia (furniture).
173
takes a singular verb; me veis takes a plural verb; move! is the singular form. 23. "Are (there) included bed linens and table service?" 25. "Is it necessary to sign a lease?" 26. "For that you will have to speak . ." 27. Quals is the plural of qua!, what, which. 33. Pena, besides "pen" also means pain, sorrow, pity. 35. Querer diner to mean. "What do you mean with that?" 36. Escada de set-yip service stairway. 38. Remodelados or reformados remodeled. 41. "Can we see ." 43. Venho from the verb vir, "I come." 44. "For nothing. At your orders."
(how many) peps (divisoes) tern? a. como b. quantas c. muitas 6. Dd Para a a. cozinha b. pdtio c. rua (street)?
(also) del para o pdtio? a. tambem b. outro c. rua (what) sao as condicoes? a. quaffs b. quando c. onde 9. A senhora a. andar b. tend c. achard 10. 0 predio a. manhel muito c. mobiliado (will find) tudo o que precisar
QUIZ 33 /. (1 come) veto apartamento. rem venho coo is Para alugar.
c.
2. Aqui* que a. ver b. ese c. estid 3.
(there are) doffs. a. tern (ha) h. venho (vem) c. ld
(very) moderno.
174
Tenho razdo. Ek ndo tern ma. Ries /zoo tem razdo. senhor tem um cachimbo? Nay tenho. Ndo fumo. A fazenda tern muitos animal's? Tem. Tern gado, eavalos, e carneiros. Tenho vinte anos. Tenho dor de cabeca (Estou corn dor de cabeca) Ela tern dor de dente. (Ela estei corn dor de dente or dentes.) que a que voce tern?
Sao tenho nada.
175
ANSWERS I b.; 2 c.; 3 a.; 4 c.; 5 b.; 6 c.; 7 a.; 8 a.; 9 c.; 10 b. 67. SOME COMMON VERBS 1. Ter "to have" a. I have, etc. (Do not use the forms in parentheses until you are sure of their proper usage.) tenho temos (tens) (tender) tern tern Tenho urn belojardim.. Sao tenho nada. senhor tem? Nao tenho. Tenho tempo. Neiro tenho dinheiro. Ncio tenho filhos. Ele ndo tern amigos. Tenho fome. (Estou corm _Tome)! Tenho sede. (Estou corn Tenho sono. (Estou corn sono.) Tenho frio. (Estou corn frio.) I have a pretty garden. I don't have anything. Do you have it? I don't have (it). have time. I don't have any money. I don't have any children. He doesn't have any friends. I'm hungry. I'm thirsty. I'm sleepy. I'm cold.
I'm right. He's not right. They're wrong. Do you have a pipe? I don't have (any). I don't smoke. Does the farm have many animals? Yes, it has. It has cattle, horses, and sheep. I'm twenty years old. I have a headache. She has a toothache. What's the matter with you? Nothing's the matter with me. They're in a hurry. They were not successful. Please inform me. Be careful. You have the floor. I long for my country.
In this section, the form in parentheses is usually more common in Brazil.
Pies tem pressa. (Pies estao corn pressa.) Etas mo tiveram born exit& Tenha a bondade de avisar-me Tenha cuidado. senhor tem a palavra. Tenho saudades de minha terra
176
I'm lucky. It doesn't matter.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 3. Lie ndo tern razelo. 4. Tenho sono. 5. tie tem? Eu nao tenho. 7. Tenho force. 8. Tenho frio. 9. Tenho vinte anon. 10. senhor nero tern? I 1. Tenho que it hole. 12. ties tem press. 13. Tenho secie. 14. Tenho dor de cabeca 15. Tenha cuidado. 3. 4. 5. 6.
177
Tenho sorte. (Estou corn sorte.) Nao tern importancia.
b. Ter que or ter de translates our "to have to": Tenho que ir hoje, I have to go today. senhor tem que You have to believe. acreditar. Os meninos tem de The children have to brincar. play. Ela tem de indagar. She has to inquire. c. Do I Have It? Eu tenho? senhor tern? tie tem? Da tern? IVs temos? Os senhores tem? ties Was) tem? d. Don't I Have It? Eu nao tenho? senhor tido tem? no tem? Ela noo tern? Nos nab terror? Os senhores naro tern? Ales (etas) ?go tern? Do I have it Do you have it? Does he have it Does she have it Do we have it? Do you have it Do they have it? Don't I have it? Don't you have it? Doesn't he have it Doesn't she have it? Don't we have it Don't you have it? Don't they have it?
I don't have it. I'm cold. They're in a hurry. I don't have any money. 7. Does he have it? He's not right. 9. I'm thirty. 10. Be careful. 11. I don't have anything 12. I'm sleepy. 13. I'm hungry. 14. I have to go today. 15. I'm twenty years old.
ANSWERS 1-6; 2-11; 3-8; 4-12; 5-7; 6-3; 7-13; 8-4; 9 15; 10 2; 11-14; 12-5; 13 9; 14 1; 15-10.
2. Haver "to have" (auxiliary verb) havemos hei (haveis) (has) hdo a. Haver is not used to translate "to have" in the sense of "to possess" (ter is used for this meaning). Haver is used with the past participle to form compound tenses, but ter has been replacing it in this use: I have learned (been lei (tenho) aprendido learning) very much. muito. Havia (tinha) esquecido. I had forgotten.
QUIZ 34 1. Nao tenho dinheiro. 1. I have a headache. 2. Nilo tenho nada. 2. Don't you have it
178
Havemos de encontrar-nos um dia no Brasil. Hei de it agora mesmo. e. Other uses: Haja o que houver. Que hd de novo? Ndo ha de que. We'll meet some day in Brazil. I have to go right now. Come what may. What's new? Not at all; you're welcome; don't mention it.
179
b. Haver is used in expressions of time: Ha panto tempo? How long ago? Hd you co tempo. Not long ago. Ha muito tempo. A long time ago. Liles ielefonaram tres They phoned three hours horas. ago. Ha dais dias que ndo They haven't spoken to me fa/arm me for two days. c. The third person singular ha means "there is" or "there are" (tem is often used in this sense, especially in Brazil): Ha muita genie aqui. There are many people here. Ida uma festa amanha. There is a party tomorrow. Ha muiios estrangeiros There are many nessa cidade. foreigners in that city. Howe and havia mean "there was" or "there were": Houve um incendio. Havia muita genie quando cheguei. There was a fire. There were many people when I arrived.
3. Fazer "to do," "make" fay, (fazes) faz Que vai fazer? Como se faz isto? Ela fie a cama. fazemos (fazeis) fazem What are you going to do? How do you do this? She made the bed.
Haverd means "there will be": Havers outro governo. 1 There will be another government. d. Haver de indicates intention, expectation, or obligation:
a. The third person singular of fazer is used in some expressions about the weather: The weather is good. Faz born tempo. Yesterday the weather Ontemfez mau tempo. was bad. It's never cold here. Aqui nunca fa z frio. Is it warm in the Faz calor no venlig? summer?
I govern e.
fez
180
Faz frio. Haja o que houver. Elafez a alma. 9. Como se faz isto? 10. c tres horas.
181
b. Fazer is used at times instead of haver in expressions of time Faz tempo que ele ndo He hasn't spoken to me me fala. for some time. Faz tres dias que ndo I haven't seen him for o vejo. three days. c. Other uses of fazer Agora votes podem fazer Now you can ask perguntas. questions. Facia o favor de cobrir Please cover everything. ludo. preciso fazer fila? Is it necessary to stand in line? tie ainda tido faz a He doesn't shave yet. barba. Quando nos vai fazer When are you going to uma visita? visit us? PI& faz mai. It doesn't matter. Vamos fazer uma We're going to take a viagem no verdo. trip in the summer. Ale fez dezoito anos He became eighteen ontem. years old yesterday. QUIZ 35
1 . Ha uma festa amanha. 2. Que vai fazer? 3. Faz born tempo. 4. Ha dois dias que ndo me fa/arm 5. Facia o favor.
6. Please. 7. There is a party tomorrow. 8. The weather is good. 9. They haven't spoken to me for two days. 10. How do you do this?
ANSWERS 1-7; 2-5; 3-8; 4-9; 5-6; 6-2; 7-3; 8-4; 9 10; 10-1.
LESSON 37
68. ICAO SOU DAQUI I'M A STRANGER HERE

(I'm A Stranger Here)
1. Boa tarde. Good afternoon. 2. Boa tarde. Em que posso servi-lo? Good afternoon. What can I do for you? 3. Podia me dar (dar-me) algumas informacOes? Could you give me some information? 4. Com mwto grazer. Gladly. ("With much pleasure.") 5. NI conheco a cidade e nAo posso me oriental. (orientar-me). I don't know the city and I can't find my way around.
1. Three hours ago. 2. It's cold. 3. Come what may. 4. She made the bed. 5. What are you going to do?
182
18. Estamos na rua principal da cidade. We're on the city's main street. 19. Onde fica o pest policial (a esquadra (r))? Where is the police station? 20. No fim da rua. Siga sempre em frente. At the end of the street. Go straight ahead. 21. E se nAo acerto? What if I don't find it?
183
6. (Pois), motto simples. (Well), it's quite simple.
7. E que eu ngo sou daqui.

You see, I'm a stranger here. 8. Nesse case en the mestro (mostro-lhe) a cidade. In that case show you the town.
9. Agradeso muito. I'm very grateful to you.
10. Ye aquele predio grande na esquina? Do you see that large building on the corner?
11. Aguele da bandeira? The one with the flag? 12. Precisamente. E o correio. Em &elite d8k, do outro lado da rua That's right. ("Exactly.") That's the post office. Opposite it, on the other side of the street . . 13. Onde? Where? 14. Li (Acola senhor v4 aquele outro predio com o relegio? Over there. Do you see that other building with the clock? 15. Aix sim, vejo. Oh, yes, I see it.
22. Val acertar. E um predio grande com uma grade de Ferro em rector . o senhor ye aquela loja? You'll find it. It's a big building with an iron fence around it . . Do you see that store? 23. Que loja? Ague's" direita? Which store? The one on the right? 24. Sim, aquela que tem um globs verde na vitrina (montra). Yes, the one with a green globe in the window. 25. E uma barbearia? Is it a barbershop? 26. No, uma farmacia. HI um medico na casa ao lado. Tem o nome na porta. No, it's a pharmacy. A doctor lives in the house next door. ("There's a doctor in the house at the side.") His name's on the door. ("He has the name on the door.") 27. LIe tem o consult Brio na mesma casa em que mora? Does he have his office in his home? ("Does he
16. E a Prefeitura. (E a Camara Municipal. (E))

That's the City Hall. 17. Vejo . A prop situ, em que rua estamos? I see. . . By the way, what street are we on?
184
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE have the office in the same house in which he lives ['dwelle] ")
185
23. Tem, mas pela marsh A esta no hospital. Yes, he does, but in the morning he is at the hospital. 29. Onde o hospital? Where is the hospital? 30. 0 hospital fica a dual quadras (doss quarteirtes) daqui, um pouco antes de chegar rodovia (estrads). The hospital is two blocks from here, just before ("a little before") you come to the highway. 31. Como posso voltar a (ao) men hotel? How can I get back to my hotel? 32. Venha aqui. 0 senhor est* vend , a lit pert do . (Venha aqui, o senhor esta aver, acol pert o do ...) Come over here. You see it there, next to the . 33. ... cinema. . movie theatre. 34. Exato (Exacto (E)). That's right. 35. sei. I know. ("I already !mow.") 36. or que nAo compra um guia? Why don't you buy a guidebook?
38. Na estacio ou em qualquer banca (quiosque) de jornais. In the station or at any newspaper stand. 39. A estsicao longe daqui? Is the station far from here? 40. A estacto fica na Praca Maui. The station is on Maud Square. 41. Onde hi uma banal (um quiosque) de jornais por ate. Where is there a newsstand near here? 42. Ha uma (um) na esquina. There's one on the corner. 43. Fico-lhe muito grato. Thank you very much. ("I remain much obliged to you.") 44. NA hi de que. of um prazer poder ser-lhe IIL Don't mention it. ("There is nothing for which to be grateful.") I'm very glad to have been of some assistance. ("It was a pleasure to be able to be useful to you.") 45. Tive muita sorte em encontra-lo. senhor conhece inuito bem a cidade. I was very lucky to meet you. You know the city very well. 46. No de admirar. Sou o prefeito (administrador do conseiho). It's not surprising. I'm the mayor.
37. Boa idea (ideia To. Onde posso comprax (comps-lo) Good idea. Where can I buy (one)?
186
3. Aquek predio grande na a. esquina b. correio C. rua
4.
187
NOTES Title: Nilo sou daqui. I'm a stranger. ("I'm not from here.") 2. "Good afternoon. In what can I serve you?" Posso, I can, from poder to be abler 3. Podia? Could you?; from poder. 1 Poderia could also be used. 5. Orientar-se to orient oneself, to get one's bearings, to find one's way. 7. "It's that I'm not from here." 11. "That one of the flag?" 15. ;Tejo. I see; from ver to see.' 31. Voitar to return. 34. "Exactly." 44. Foi. It was; from ser to be? 45. "I had much luck in meeting you." 46. Nao a de admirar. ("It is not to cause surprise." It's not surprising. QUIZ 36 .E! a (City Hall). a. simples b. Prefeitura (Camara MunicOal (E)) c. cidade
2. Eu the mostro a a. correio b. cidade e. caso
1
(corner).
(post office). o a. predio correio c.Prefeitura (Camara Municipal

en or ye aquela a. direita b. loja c. barbearia
5.
(store)?
(doctor) na casa ao /ado. 6. Hd urn a. medico b. farmdcia c. nore

7. Tem o norne na a. mesma b. porta c, consultOrio _ (door).
(city).
8. Lie tern o consultOrio na mesma que mora? a. porta b. (ado c. casa 9. Um pouco a. barbearia
(house) em
For these and other irregular verbs see section 43 of the grammar summary.
(before) de chegar a rodovia.
188 b. antes
C. jornais
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4.
189
Muito bem. E voce, Pedro? Esti bem? J: Fine. And how are you, Peter? ("And you, Peter? Are you well?")
10. Onde (can I) copnprar? a. posso b. conheco C. vejo
5. P: Voce fez boa viagem? P: Did you have a good trip? 6. J: Estupenda! J: Wonderful! 7. P: olhe. Vou apresenti-lo minha esposa. 1 P: ("Look.") I'd like you to meet my wife. S. J: Terei mite prazer em conhece-1a. J: be delighted to meet her.
.
ANSWERS I b.; 2b.; 3 a.; 4b.; 5b.; 6 a.; 7 b.; Sc.; 9b.; 10a.
LESSON 38
69. CUMPRIMENTANDO UM VELHO AMIGO GREETING AN OLD FRIEND

1:11 (Meeting
an
9. P: Maria, apresento-lhe (apresento-te) o 111 eu velho amigo, Joio Guimarges. P: Mary, this is an old friend, John Guimarks. 10. J: Tenho muito prazer em conhece-la, senhora. J: I'm very glad to know you. ILL M prazer todo meu. (0 prazer a meu.) M: I'm glad to know you. 12. J: A senhora sabe que (o) Pedro e eu somos amigos. J: You know that Peter and I are old friends. 13. Ni: Eu sei! NM hi dia em que nick me fate do senhor (de si). M: Yes, I know. Not a day goes by without his speaking of you. ("There is not a day in which he does not speak to me about you.") esPosa 121.
Old Friend)
1. P1-: Onde esti o senhor Guimaries? &guile senhor que acaba de chegar. P: Where is Mr. Guimaraes? the gentleman who just arrived. 2. G: Ele entrou na sala de jantar. G: He went into the dining room. 3. P: (entrando na sala de jantar e olhando em redor de si) Ah! Voce esti al! Como vai, men caro Joao? P: (entering the dining room and looking around) Ah, there you are! How are you, ("my dear") John?
P. stands for Pedro "Peter"; G. for o Gerente do hotel "the hotel manager"; J. for Joao "John"; M. for Maria "Mary."
190
ONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 24. M: Numa farmacia? M: A pharmacy? 25. P: Que brincadeira essa? P: What kind of joke is that?
191
14. J: E mesmo? (De verdade?) J: Really? 15. P: Voce nao sabe (panto prazer tenho em ve-lo de novo (ern tornar a ve-lo). P: You don't know how happy I am to see you again. 16. J: En tambem. Voce taco mudou nada. J: The same here. You haven't changed a bit. 17. P: Voce tambem nito mudou nada. Esti sempre jovem. P: You haven't changed either. You still look as young as ever. 18. M: (A) sua senhora gosta dos Estados Unidos? M: How does your wife like the United States? 19. J: J esti acostumada. .1: She's gotten used to it. 20. M: Ouvi diner que a vida em Nova torque muito diferente da vida no Rio de Janeiro. M: I understand that life in New York is quite different from life in Rio de Janeiro. 21. J: Corn efeito. Ha muita coisa (muitas coisas) bem diferente. J: h certainly is. Many things there are different. 22. 23. Por exernplo? M: For example? Por exemplo, a senhora nunca pensaria em it almocar mama farmida, n o a verdade? J: For example, you wouldn't thin l of going to a pharmacy for lunch, would you?
26. J: Niio brincadeira. Estou falando (a &tar) seri. La, numa farmicia pode-se tomar o caf da manh 411) (o prinieiro almocso at)) . o jantar o almeco J: It's not a joke at all. One can have breakfast in a pharmacy, or lunch or dinner. 27. P: Por favor, olio brinque. P: You're joking. 2S. M: Mas como o senhor sabe, aqul numa farmicia so se aviam (so aviam) receitas medicas e vendem retnedios. M: But as you know, here pharmacies only fill prescriptions and sell medicine. 29. Mas hi, al em de aviarem receitas, servem boas refeicoes, sorvete e refrescos. J: But over there, in addition to good meals you can have ice cream and refreshments.
30. M: E fa em as refeicoes corn Ludo cheirando (a cheirar a a remedio? M: And one eats there with the smell of medicine all around? 31. J: NI% nada disso. Sito estabelechnentos grandes e muito hem organizados, corn ar condicionado no verb() e corn aquecimento no inverno. E repito, pode-se corner como em urn
192
restaurante qualquer (como em quaiquer restaurante). J: Oh, nothing of the sort. They are large and well-organized establishments, with air conditioning in the summer and heat in the winter. And there, I repeat, you can eat as well as in any restaurant.
37. J: Nao ; urns "drugstore." No it's not; it's still a "dnigstore." 38. P: Mara has dos Estados Unidos! P: The wonders of America!
193
32. P: Numa farmacia! Meu Deus! NA me fa ca rir. P: In a pharmacy! For heaven's sake! Don't make me laugh! 33. 3: Sim, numa farmacia. Mas 1 a farmacia nito tem esse nome. Chama-se "drugstore." J: Yes, in a pharmacy. But over there it's not called a pharmacy; it's called a "drugstore?' P: Compreendo. E farmacia mas nao se chama farmacia. Entao, se nab se chama farmacia, no 6 farmacia. P: I understand. It's a pharmacy but they don't call it a pharmacy. Then, if it's not called a pharmacy, it's not a pharmacy. 35. Jr: Pois hem, numa "drugstore" vender selos, cartes (hilhetes) postais, charutos, cigarros, aparethos eletricos, 1 brinquedos, livros e outras miudezas. J: Well, in a drugstore they sell stamps, postcards, cigars, cigarettes, electrical appliances, toys, books, and other odds and ends. 36. P: Entao um bazar. P: Then it's a bazaar!
1
eiectrices (D.
NOTES 7. "Look. I am going to introduce you to my wife." 8. "I will (shall) have much pleasure in knowing her." 9. "Mary, I present to you my old friend, John Guimaraes." 10. "1 have much pleasure in knowing you, madam." Conhece-la is the infinitive conhecer "to know" and the object a "you" (fem.) (see item 2 of section 20 of grammar sununary). 11. "The pleasure is (all) mine." 15. "You don't know how much pleasure I have in seeing you again." Ve-lo is the infinitive ver "to see" and the object o "you" (masc.). 16. "I also." 17. Estd sempre jovem. "You are always young." Ser jovem means to be young; estarjovem here means to look young. 19. "She is already accustomed." 20. "I heard say that life in New York is very different from life in Rio de Janeiro." 21. Muita coisa is a singular form used here in the sense of a plural; the plural form multas coisas can also be used. 23. PI&a verdade? means "Isn't it the truth," but the translation will vary according to the nature of the question; here it is given as "would you?" 26. "It is not a joke. I am speaking seriously."
1 94
Apresento lhe (apresento te) o meu velho (friend) Joao. a. prazer b. tambem c. amigo
-
195
27. "Please. Don't joke." 28. "But as you know, here in a pharmacy they only fill medical prescriptions and sell medicines." 29. Servem they serve. 30. "And one eats his meals with everything smelling of medicine?" 31. Nada disso "nothing of that" Corn aquecimento "with heat" 32. Deus is "God," but such expressions as Meu Deus are translated "For heaven's (goodness') sake," etc. 33. Ndo term esse nome. "(It) doesn't have that name." 37. "It's not; it's a *drugstore.' " QUIZ 37 (where) estd o senhor Guimardes? a. corm b. onde c, entrar
2. (bp& senhor que acaba de a. chegar b. jantar c. lado 3. Vou apresentil-lo minha a. cidade b. sala c. esposa 4. Terei muito prazer a. esposa b. ve-bo c. conhece-la
6. A senhora a. conhecer b. sate c. diner Eu sei b. vejo c. tenho
(know) que somos veihos amigos.
(know).
(changed) nada. B. Voce ndo a. acosiumada b. mudou c. tomar

9. Voce esta sempre a. ,over b. nada c. brincadeira
(arrive).
(young).
(wife).
(life) em Nova torque a muito dzferente. 10. A a. coisa b. vida c. rua

L muita a. vida b. receita c. coisa
to know her).
(thing)
berm dzferente.
196
19. Ndo me fa ca a. mas 5. rir c. jantar
197
12. Aqui (they sell) remedios. a. serer b. vender c. jantar 13. Servem a. boas b. distinta c. receitas
(laugh).
(good) refeicoes.
20. Numa "drugstore" vender a. brinquedos b. livros C. refrescos
(books).
14. Selo estabelecimentos a, jovem b. grandes c. charutos 15. Coat ar condicionado no a. sera re b. verso c, iada 16, Corn aquecimento no a. inverno sorvete c. como 17,
(Urge).
ANSWERS b.; 2 a.; 3 c.; 4 c.; 5 c.; 6 b.; 7 a.; 8 b.; 9 a.; 10 b.; ilc.;12b.; 13a.; 14b.; 15b.; 16a.; 17b.; 18c.; 19b.; 20 b. 70. THE COMMONEST VERBS AlD THEIR COMMONEST FORMS 1. Fazer "to do," 'make'
PRESENT
(summer).
(winter).
(it's called) "drugstore." a. acostumada 5. chama-se c. jantar

(name),
faco I You (sing.) (fazes) Be, she, it faz We You (p1.) They
fazemos (fazeis) fazem
PAST fiz (fizeste)
FUTURE
farei Vards)
fani fa remos (fareis) farao
fez'
fizemos (fizestes) fizeram
IMPERATIVE
18. A farmicia redo tern esse a. refrescos b, tomar c, none
Familiar: (Faze!) sing. (Fazei.9 p1.

fez e.
Polite: oca! sing. Factain! pl.
198
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE I made (did) it myself. They will make many promises. She is making it (out) of cotton. Do it as soon as possible.
3. Jr "to go"
PRESENT you PAST FUTURE
199
Eu mesmo o fizs ties farao muitas promessas. Ela o fa z de algodao.

Rica o mar's cedo possivel.
You (sing.) (vais) He, she, it vai We You (p1.) They

vamos (ides) vao
(faste) for fomos (fostes)' foram

IMPERATIVE
irei liras) ira iremos {firers) irao
2. Haver "to have" (auxiliary verb, usually replaced by ter today)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I hei You (sing.) (has) He, she, it ha

We You (p1.) They havemos (haveis) hao
houve (houveste) houve
ha verei ha very haverci
Familiar: (Vai!) sing. (fide !) pi. Vou ao Brasil no varao. tie vai sozinho. Eu you jogar amanha.
Polite: Vet! sing. o p l. I am going to Brazil in the summer. He's going by himself. I'm going to play tennis tomorrow. (This contruction is often used to express future actions.) He went to see her. Let's go! Go with her.
houvemos haveremos (houvestes) (havereis) houveram ha verso Polite: Raja! sing. Hajam! pl. I have put (been putting) everything in its place. There are no stars in the sky. They (fern.) had not favored that. There was no war that year.
IMPERATIVE
Familiar: (MO sing. (Havei.9 p1. Hei (tenho) colocado Ludo no se u lugar. Nao h estrelas 2 no ciu. Etas nao haviam favorecido isso. Nao houve guerra nesse ano.
tie foi Vamos! Vd corn ela. 4. Vir "to come"

PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
venho You (sing.) (yens) He, she, it vein
vim (view) veio
virei (liras) virti
esirelas
I No accent mark in Portugal.
200
We You (pt.) They
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE vimos (aides) rein

viemos (iiestes)
1'f ^#rrrrrr
Ele ndo cre em nada. Ede 6. Dar "to give" He doesn't believe in anything.
201
rentos frireis) ttirao
IMPERATIVE
Familiar: ern!) sing. (Vinde.9 pl. Vein comigo? Ninguem veio. Des vern todos cis dirs. Oa Or duas horns. Venham conic. 5. Crer 4 to believe"
PRESENT
Polite Venhaf sing. Venham! p1.

Are you coming with me? Nobody came. They come every day. She will come at two o'clock. Come with me.
PRESENT 1
PAST
FUTURE
dou You (sing.) (this) He, she, it dei We You (p1.) They damos (dais) ciao
dei (deste) deu demos (destes) deram

IMPERATIVE
darei (dards) daril daremos (dareis) darao
Familiar: (Di .9 sing. (Dail) p1.
Polite: De! sing. Deem! p1. He gave me that lamp. When are you going to give me an answer? Give him the title.
PAST
FUTURE
I crew You (sing.) (cres) He, she it ere
eri resteY creu cremos (crestes) 1 creram

IMPERATIVE
crerei (crertis) crerii crereinos (crereis) crerao
tie me deu essa lc mpada. Quando voce vai me dar resposta? De-the o titulo. 7. Ter "to have"
PRESENT
We You (pl.) They
eremos (credes) creem
PAST
FUTURE
Familiar: (re!) sing. (Crede!) p1.
Polite: Creia! sing. Creiam! p1.
tenho You (sing.) (tens) He, she, it to We You (pi.) They terms (tendes) tern
live (tiveste) teve
terei (terds) ter'' teremos (tereis) terao
Iii (tivestes) tiveram
No accent mark in Portugal.
202
IMPERATIVE
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Que dirti ela amanhCi? What will she say tomorrow? I wonder what she will say tomorrow. Tell me the truth.
203
Familiar: (Tern!) sing. (Tende!) pi. Ela tern muitos vestidos novos. Alguem tens que representar a escola. Tiveram outra Tenha cuidado!
Polite: Tenha! sing. Tenham! She has many new dresses. Somebody has to represent the school. They had another crisis. Be careful!
Diga-me a verclade. 9. Por "to put"

PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
I ponho You (sing.) (pews) He, she, it peie

We You (pl.) They pomos (ponder) pOem
pus (puseste) pos pusemos (pusestes) puseram

IMPERATIVE
porei (porcis) pars poremos (poreis) porclo
8.Dizer " to say"

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I digo You (sing.) (dizes) He, she, it (Hz We You (pi.) They dizemos (dizeis) dizem
disse direi (dissesste) (dirds) disse direi dissemos (dissestes) disseram

IMPERATIVE
Familiar: (Plie!) sing. (Ponde!) pl. Onde o senhor p as instrucoes? Ponha a knha aqui. Vamos Or as revistas na mesa. tie rulo porci nada na cadeira.
Polite: Ponha! sing. Ponham! pl. Where did you put the instructions? Put the wood here. We are going to put the magazines on the
table.
direnios (direis) dirao
Familiar: (Dize!) sing. (Dizei!) pl. Dizem que ele team muitas dividas. Ela disse que tinha certas davidas.
Polite: Diga! sing. Digam! pl. They say he has many debts. She said she had certain doubts.
He will not put anything on the chair.
204
IMPERATIVE
205
10. Querer "to wish," "to want"

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I quero You (sing.) (queres) He, she, it quer

We You (p1.) They
queremos (quereis) querem
quis (quiseste) quis
quererei (querereis) quererii
Familiar (Traze!) sing. (Trazei!) pl.

Que histtoria triste nos traz hoje? e viajou por Portugal mas nao me trouxe nada. 'raga par a ca!
A
Polite: Traga! sing. Tragam! p1. What sad story are you bringing us today'? He traveled through Portugal but he didn't bring me anything. Bring it here!
quisenzos quereremos (quisestes) (querereis) quiseram quererao
IMPERATIVE
Familiar: (Quer! Quere!) sing. (Querei!) pl.

Quern permanecer aqui. Nao quiseram perdoar-nos.
Polite: (Quiera!) sing.

Queiram! pl.
12. Sair "to leave"

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
1 want to stay here. They wouldn't (didn't want to pardon us.
sago You (sing.) (sais) He, she, it sai
sal (salste) saiu sa(mos (saistes) sairam

IMPERATIVE
sairei (sairtis) sai rd sairemos (saireis)
11. Frazer "to bring"

PRESENT
PAST
We You (pl.) They
sa(mos (sac's) seem
FUTURE
I trago You (sing.) (trazes) He, she, it traz

We You (pi.) They
razemos (trazeis) trazem
trouxel (troy xeste) trouxe trouxemos (trouxestes) trouxe ram
trarei (t ra ras) rani traremos (trareis) trarao
Familiar: (Sal!) sing. (Sail) p1. Saio agora. Ela saiu por aqui.
Polite: Sala! sing. Sulam! pl. I'm leaving now. She went out this way.
In these forms x is pronounced like s in see.
206
IMPERATIVE
207
13. Ver "to see"

PRESENT PAST
vejo You (sing.) (yes) He, she, it ve
vi (viste) viu vimos (vistes) viram

IMPERATIVE
FUTURE i'erei OPerds) rend vvremos (vereis) verso
(Sabe!) sing. (Sabel!) p1. Sei que a vida Id estd cara. Eu soube o segredol onion. Os senhores saberao o valor mais tarde.
Polite: Saiba! sing. Saibam! p1. I know that living there is expensive. I found out (learned) the secret yesterday. You will know (find out) its value later.
We You (pl.) They
vemos (vedes)E veer
Familiar: 04.9 sing. (rede!)' p1.

ale a ve bem se m os
Polite: Veja! sing. Vejam! pl. He can't see well without his glasses. But I saw them yesterday! You'll see that what I say is true.
15. Poder "to be able"

PRESENT
PAST FUTURE
posso I You (sing.) (podes) He, she, it pode
pude (pudeste) Ode
poderei (poderds)
pride rd
Mas eu os vi ontem! senhor very que o que dig o verciade.
We You (pl.) They
podemos (podeis) pode
pudemos podere 1110 (pudestes) (pock rei s ) puderam poderao
14. Saber "to know"

PRESENT PAST FUTURE
IMPERATIVE
I sei You (sing.) (sabes) He, she, it sabe

We You (pi.) They
sabemos (sabeis) sabem
soube (soubeste) soube soubemos (soubestes) souberam
saberei (Sabercis) saberd saberemos (sabereis) sabe
Familiar: (Pode!) sing. (Podei!) pl.

Nao pode (shover mais. Poderei escolher o melhor? Posso liar agora?
Polite: Possa! sing. Possam! pi. It can't rain any more. Will I be able to pick the best one? Can I connect it (turn it on now?
Vedet i'edes
segredo
icp).
208
LESSON 39
209
71. wHArs IN A NAME?
s^s sIL
(What's In A Name?)
chamamos Joaozinho. E ela tern outro Irma, Chico. That's right. We all call him Joaozinho (Johnny). And she has another brother, Chico. Ah, sim! Francisco. Of course! Francisco (Francis). IVIas mais interessante ainda que (a) Maria tem dual irmis, uma mais veiha e a outra mais nova, e ambas sag) bonitas. But even more interesting is the fact that Maria has two sisters, one older and one younger than she is, and both of them are pretty. Nao me dip! Como se chamam? You don't say! What are their names? mais velha Isabel Gomes, quer diner, casada. Cason corn o General Gomes do exercito. The older one is Isabel Gomes, that is, she is married. She married General Gomes of the army. 0 General Eduardo Gomes? General Eduardo (Edward) Gomes?
Como se chama ele? What's his name? tie se chama (chama-se) Joao Confinho. His name is Joao (John) Coutinho. Como se chama a jovem que esti corn ele? What's the name of the young lady with him? Ela se chama Maria Campos. (Chama-se Maria Campos.) Her name is Maria (Mary) Campos. Como se chama o pai dela? What's her father's name? pai dela se chama (chama-se) Carlos Campos. His name is Carlos (Charles) Campos. Mas eu o conheco (conheco-o)! tie juiz, no Why, I know him! He's a judge, isn't he?
e?
E. E voce conhece a sua senhora (a senhora), Dona Ana? That's right. Do you know his wife, Dona Ana? Nao conheco, mas (o) Joao Campos deve ser irmao dessa jovem. I don't know her, but Joao (John) Campos must be that brother. Vock esti certo. (Tern raizio.) Todos nos the
Esse memo. That's right. k meu do. E a irmii mais nova? He's my uncle. How about the younger sister?
(A) Teresinha? E uma bete a. Theresa ("little Theresa")? She's a beauty. Dip-me mais. Tell me more.
210
LESSON 40
2ll
Tern one anos. E She's eleven years old. And . Chega. Vamos tomar um cafezinho. That's enough. Let's go get some coffee.
72. PORTUGUESE IN A LIGHTER VEIN

(Portuguese in A Lighter Vein)
NOTES Chamar se is a reflexive verb, literally "to call oneself." eu me charm nos nos chamamos (Cu to charms} (vas vos chamois) ele se chama des se chamam See Lesson 15, part 10, and item 6 of section 19 of grammar summary.
-
UMA PERDA DE POUCA IMPORTANCIA A Minor Loss Tenha a bondade de me dar (dar-me) "A Liber" loo tenho from? Pode trocar esta rota? 0 senhor me pap (0 senhor gaga) amanhadiz a vendedora. E se eu morrer esta noite? Oral A perda n i seria grande.
Dona and the first name are often used to refer to a married woman. Thus, a senhora Campos, Mrs. Campos, would often be referred to by those who know her as Dona Ana. (In Portugal, a Sra. Ana is used.) Dona can also be used with unmarried and even young ladies. Jovem refers to a young person, masculine or feminine; modifying words will make the reference clearer: irmao dessa jovem brother of that young girt; irmeio desse jovem brother of that young man. Voce estd certo. You are right. Tern ratio. You are right. Nei me Riga! ("Don't tell me!") You don't say!
"Please give me a copy of Liberty. I haven't any change. Can you change this bill?" "You can pay me tomorrow," says the vendor. "What if I should die tonight?" "Oh, it wouldn't be a great loss."
UIVMA INA DE ETIQUETA A Lesson in Etiquette Pedro e Joao vao a um restaurante pars jantar. Ambos pedeni um bite. 0 garcom (6) (empregado 121) os serve (serve-Ilkos). Quando Pedro tiro para si maior bife (bife major), Jog, zangado, the diz (diz-lhe):
I Notice how Portuguese punctuation in dialogues differs from English: (1) There are no quotation marks and (2) each change of speaker is indicated by a dash (see item 1 of section 4 of grammar summary).
Esse mesmo the same one E a irma mais nova? And the younger sister?
212
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE

-
21
Que maneiras (que) voce tem! of o primeiro a se servir (servir-se) e tirou o maior. Pedro responder Se voce estivesse em (no) meu lugar, qual t tirade? 0 menor (mais pequeno), naturalmente. Endo, por que se queixa? NI o tem al? Peter and John go to a restaurant for dinner. Th both order steak. The waiter serves them. When Peter grabs the bigger steak, John says to him angrily: "What bad manners you have! You helped you first and you took the bigger piece." Peter answers: "El you had been in my place, which would you have taken?" "The smaller one, of course." "Then what are you complaining about? You have it, don't you?" NOTES
Perda loss. De pouca importancia of little importance. Tenha a bondade. Please. ("Have the kindness." senhor (me) paga amanki. "You pay (me) tOMOTrow." E se eu Pnorrer este, noite? And if I die tonight? Morrer is a form of the future subjunctive (sec items 1 and 5 of section 31 of grammar summary). A perda ndo serif grade. The loss would not be great. Seria is the conditional of the verb ser (see section 33 of grammar summary). Jantar to have dinner; dinner. Pedem they ask for; from pedir to ask for.
Foi o primeiro a se servir (servir se) "You were the first in serving himself." Se voce estivesse em no meu lugar, qua! teria tirado? "If you had been in my place, which would you have taken?" Estivesse is the imperfect subjunctive of ester to be (see item 1, section 31 of grammar summary, and item 3, section 34 of grammar summary). Terra tirado is the perfect conditional of tirar to take (see item 3, section 33 of the grammar summary). Entao, por que se queixa? Na o o tern al? Then, why do you complain? Don't you have it there?
UM OTIMISTA' An Optimist
chefe duma firma comercial import nte, olhando (para) uma formula de pedido de emprego, 2 fica surpreso (surpreendido) ao notar que o candidato ao cargo que (ao notar que o candidato), carecia de experiencia, pede (e pedia) um ordenado excessivo. Nao achaperguntou perplexo,que esti pedindo (esti a pedir um) excessivo ordenado em vista da sua pouca experiencia? Pelo contrariorespondeu o pretendente,um trabalho do qual no se sabe absolutamente nada mais dificil e deve merecer urn pagamento The head of an important firm, looking at an application, is astonished on noticing that the applicant for the position, although lacking experience, is asking for an excessive salary.
optimists 2 emprego
2 14
215
Rather puzzled, he asks him: "Don't you think you're asking for too high a salary, considering the little experience you have?" "On the contrary," replies the applicant. "Work which one knows nothing about is more difficult and should be better paid." NOTES O/hairdo looking; from olhar to look. Facia surpreso (surpreendido) is ("remains") surprised, astonished. New acha? Don't you think? A char to find, also has taken on the meaning of to believe, to think. Respondeu and perguntou are past tense forms of responder and perguntar. o ESPIRITO PRATICO The Practical Mind Urn comerciante apareceu urn dia na casa dum fazendeiro (lavrador) e pediu urn quilo de manteiga. fazendeiro (lavrador) respondeu que trocaria esse quilo de manteiga por urn par de meias de IA. Quando o comerciante contou o fato 1 mulher (1 sua esposa), ela props o seguinte: Temos uma colcha de IA; eu a desfaco (desfaco-a) e dela farei urn par de meias. Assim fez, e o comerciante deu o par de meias e recebeu urn quilo de manteiga. Desde entio, quando o comerciante precisava de manteiga, (a) sua mulher desfazia urn pouco da colcha e tricotava limas meias.
facto .
Mas chegou urn dia em que so tinha lay para uma (mica mei& o comerciante a levou (levou-a) ao fazendeiro vrador), pedindo meio quilo de manteiga. lidorespondeu o fazendeiro (lavrador), douthe um quilo. (A) minha mulher desfaz as meias pars ma colcha que esta fazendo (a fazer). So precisa fiesta meta para acaba-Ia. A merchant went to the house of a farmer and asked him for a kilogram of butter. The farmer answered that he would exchange it for a pair of woolen socks. When the merchant told his wife about it, she prounravel it and posed: "We have a woolen quilt; make a pair of socks." She did so and the merchant gave the pair of socks in exchange for the kilogram of butter. From then on, when the merchant needed butter, his wife unraveled some of the quilt and knitted some socks. But one day she had just enough wool for one sock. The merchant took it to the farmer and asked him for half a kilogram of butter. "No," said the farmer s "I'll give you a kilogram. My wife unravels the socks for a quilt she is making. All she needs is this one sock to finish it." NOTES
espirit o the spirit, mind. Trocaria he would exchange; from trocar to exchange, change. Propos she proposed; from proper - to propose, suggest. unravel; from desfazer to unravel, undo. Desfaco make; from fa2er to make, to do. Farei
216

Vestiario Cambio Informacoes Sala de espera proibido debrucar-se Vagdo Ferrovia Expresso or Rdpido Parada Paragem proibido colocar or pregar or afixar (x =ks) cartazes Ern consertol Caixa =sh) Entrada Saida Quartos mobiliados (mobilados) Apartamentos Tinta fresca Encruzilhada Acougue Padaria Leiferia A Ifaiataria Sapataria Barbearia Emporia Mercearia Farmacia Confeitaria Papelaria
consent o
217
Levou he took; from levar to take (away, along). Um policy de a little of. Tina she had; from ter to have. Pedindo asking; from pedir to ask (for). DOU give; from dar to give. Acad - la to finish it; a combination of acabar to finish, and a it, referring to the quilt.
73. IMPORTANT SIGNS

Homers or Cavalheiros Senhoras or Damas Lavatorio Fechado Aberto proibido fumar proibido entrar Bata Toque a campainha Alto! Curva Pare! Siga! Cuidado! Atencdo! Perigo! Devagar! Desvio Cautela! Conserve a sua Siga pela direita Poste proibido estacionar
Check Room (Money) Exchange Information Waiting Room Don't Lean Out (of the window) Freight Car Railroad Express Stop (bus, streetcar, etc.) Post No Bills Under Repair Cashier Entrance Exit Furnished Rooms Apartments Wet Paint Crossroads Butcher Shop Bakery Dairy Tailor's Shop Shoe Store Barbershop Grocery Store Pharmacy Confectionery Stationery Store
Men Women Lavatory Closed Open No Smoking No Admittance Knock Ring Stop! Curve Stop! Go! Look Out! Attention! Danger! Slow! Detour Caution! Keep to the Right. Keep to the Right Bridge No Parking
40.
218

Letter Box Tavern, Bar Police Station Police Station Wines Gas Station Bookstore City Hall FINAL QUIZ
219
Caixa postal Cafe e Bar Delegacia de policia Post policial (esquadra Vinhos Pest& de gasolina Livraria Prefeitura (Camara Municipal C)) (Agua) Fria (A gua) Quente
,
When you get 100% on this Quiz you can consider that you have mastered the course.
(tell me) onde e a estaceto. I. Facia o favor de a. digs-me b. me dizer (dizer-me) c. me trazer (trazer-me)
Cold (water) Hot (water)
QUIZ 38
(can) o senhor me dizer (dizer-me) onde correio? a. pode b. tern c. custa 3. Onde a. faz b. hd c. hoe is there) um born restaurante?
Entrada Desvio Devagar! Fechado Aberto Eproibido fumar Expresso prothido estacionar 9. Saida 10. Pare!
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. No Smoking 2. Express 3. No Parking 4. Open 5. Exit 6. Stop! 7. Detour 8. Entrance 9. Closed 10. Slow!
(bring me) um pouco de ptio. a. conhece-la I. servi-lo c. traga-me

(I need) presto. a. preciso de b. tern c. ninguem
ANSWERS 1-8; 2-7; 3-10; 4 9; 5-4; 6-1; 7-2; 8 9-5; 10-6.
6.
Posto
(r).
(I would like) um pouco mars de came. a. traga-me b. preciso de c. gostaria de
220
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE (week) a hoje? 14. Que dia da a. semana b. rues c. ano (time) sdo? Que a. horas b. agora c. tempo (I have) cigarros. 16. Ndo a. tempo b. tenho c. ter (don't want) carne? 17. senhor a. ndo fa b. Mo compra c, neto quer
221
7. Vou to introduce you a meu amigo. a. apresenta-k b. o prazer c. ve-k
8. Onde a. es td b. es c. este
is o livro?
9. Tenha (the goodness) de falar mais devagar. a. a bondade b. o favor c. o prazer 10. (we speak) portugues. a. falam b. ficamos c. falamos (Go) 1d. a. vd b. fate c. venho 12. (Come) cci. a. venha b. comigo c. vamos (call) o senhor?
11.
18.
(Please) de escrever o nome aqui. a. comprar b. faca o favor c. por certo
19.
13. or se a. charuto b. charm c. chover
(There were) muitos livros na livraria. a. hti b. ha-via c. Id (I prefer) esta. 20. a. prefiro b. prefere c. prefira
222
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE to have dinner).
223
21. Varras a. jantar b. almocar C. mostrar 22.
SUMMARY OF PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR

1. THE ALPHABET tter Name Letter Name Letter r a be jots j ce 1 ele ri eme m de II ene efe ge p Pe q aga Tie
Name
sew
(2:15). a. duas e meia b. duas e quire c. duas e cinco
23. Venha (tomorrow morning). a. onlem pea manhav b. amanhel pea manho c. amanha ao meio-dia 24. Em que a. pole b. champ C. posso (can I) servi-lo?
erre esse to ve xis ze
2. PRONUNCIATION
SIMPLE VOWELS 1
25. Nilo (has) imporilincia. a. tenha b. to e. houve
ANSWERS I b.; 2 a.; 3 b.; 4 c.; 5 a.; c.; 7 a.; 8 a.; 9 a.; 10 c.; 11 a.; 12 a.; 13 b.; 14 a.; 15 a.; 16 b.; 17 c.; 18 b.; 19 b.; 20 a.; 21 a.; 22 b.; 23 b.; 24 C.; 25 b.
a (1) in a stressed position it is "open" as in ah or father. (2) in unstressed positions and in the case of the article a and its plural as ("the") it tends to be more "closed" like the final a in America (this is particularly true in Portugal and in general with untressed final a). e (1) "open" as in best; a has this sound. (2)"closed" somewhat between the sound of a in case and e in fez; e has this sound; so does nasal e.
I Also see Lessons I and 3 of Conversation Manual.
224
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE (3) variations occur in different areas: a. in a final unstressed position: in Brazil it varies between the sound of i in did and the i in machine; in Portugal it is often clipped sharply, being like a mute e, or it is dropped. b. stressed e before j, ch, ih, nh, in Portugal can have the sound of final a in America, or of closed e. c. in an unstressed position it is sometimes pronounced as e in be, in parts of Brazil, as mute e in Portugal, or as i in did in both. as i in machine.
225
el eu eu is
i ie to
similar sound with open e. 1 ey of they plus u of /we similar but with open e
ya in yard e in yes. similar but with close e yo in yoke. e plus u of lute. oy in boy. similar but with open 0. ou in soul. wah, as ua inquadrangle. we in wet. we (if main stress is on u, however, like u of lute plus e). w in woe, or as uo,
CONSONANTS2
iu
o (1) "open" as o in 0ff,. 6 has this sound. (2) "closed" as in rose; 6 has this sound and so does nasal 0. (3) in an unstressed position and in the case of the definite article o, os ("the") it is also pronounced like oo in boot; this is heard quite regularly in Portugal, but less consistently in Brazil. u approximates u in rule.
01 6i ou us ue ul
no
VOWEL COMBINATIONS'
ai
ai in aisle, ou in out. ey in they.
au ei
Those consonants not mentioned are approximately like English. before a, o, and u, and before another conc sonant like c in cut. before e and i like c in center. this combination as ch in machine. di
n The sound indicated in ei may also be give in the case of ei in some cases. This is also true of other members of the pairs given. 2 Also see Lessons 1, 2, 3.
1
Adso see Lesson 4.
226

as c in dog; it is pronounced forcefully in Rio de Janeiro and with some speakers (especially before e or 0 it approximates the j in just.
227
g
h j
before e and i is somewhat like s in measure. otherwise like g in go. is not pronounced. is like g before e and i (see above). is formed with the tongue forward, the tip near the upper teeth. in final position is quite soft. this combination is like in million. in initial position in a word or syllable is like English m; in final position in a syllable or word it tends to nasalize the preceding vowel; this nasal quality is especially strong in Brazil, but it may be slight or even absent in Continental Portuguese. (Lips should not be closed in pronouncing m at the end of a word.) 1 in initial position is like English n; in final position as for in, above.' as ni in onion, before a or o is like qu in quota. before e or i is usually like k, is pronounced by tapping the tip of the tongue against the gum ridge back of the upper teeth; initial r and rr are trilled with the tongue vibrating in this position; this
lh m
ss
n
nh qu qu r
IMs
Also see Lesson 4.
pronunciation is heard in Portugal and in Sao Paulo. In Rio de Janeiro and in some other parts of Brazil r is pronounced back in the mouth (similar to a French back r). between vowels is z, as s in rose, before a voiced consonant (a consonant sound produced with a vibration of the cords, as b, c ge, gi,,j, 1, m, n, r, v, z) tends to be as z in azure. before a voiceless consonant (a consonant sound produced without a vibration of the vocal cords, as hard c and hard g p, qu, t), and final s are pronounced as s in see in Sao Paulo and by some cariocas, and as sh in shine in Portugal and by some cariocas. in initial position, or after a consonant, as s in see. as ss in passage. is much like English t; before e or i it is pronounced very forcefully by some cariocas, being palatalized and approximating the ch in church. like z in some words: exame; like sh in some words: caixa, like s in see in some words: maxim); like x in wax in some words: taxi. is generally like z in zeal; however, in final position or before a voiceless consonant s is also heard in Brazil, sh is the common pronunciation in Portugal and is also used by some cariocas; before a voiced consonant it is like z in azure in Portugal and with some cariocas.
228
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 3. STRESS
Eles1 sdo russos. Ela chegard na quinta. Comprei o tapete 2 em setembro (Setembro (p)).
229
1. Words ending in a, e, or o or in one of these vowels and s, m, or ris) are stressed on the next to the last syllable:
casa
They are Russians. She will arrive on Thursday. I bought the carpet in September.
house
2. Words ending in any letter, in a nasal vowel or diphthong (two vowels pronounced in union) are stressed on the last syllable: papel paper manila morning descansei I rested 3. Words not following the above rules have a written accent mark which indicates the stressed syllable: cafe coffee
3. Suspension points ( ) are used more frequently than in English to indicate interruption, etc. 4. Notice the variance from English in the use of the decimal point: 3.000.000 de hablates 3,000,000 inhabitants 5,289 meters 5.289 metros 8,300 cruzeiros Cr$ 8.300,00 1,800 escudos (Portugal) 1.80000
5. SOME ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS 4. PUNCTUATION In general, Portuguese punctuation is similar to English. Some differences are I. The dash is used in dialogues to indicate the words of the speakers: Como yeti o senhor? Muito berm, obrigado. 2. Capitals are not used as frequently as in English. They are not used with adjectives of nationality, the days of the week and the months (except that in Portugal the months and the seasons are capitalized), nor is the pronoun eu ("I") capitalized: 1. The tilde Oil) (") over a vowel indicates a nasal sound: position posiccio 2. The dieresis (trema) (1 is used in Brazil but not in Portugal in modem spelling over the letter u when it occurs after q or g and before e or i and is pronounced: eloquent eloquente (eloquente
ce9
des, ele (?). 2 rapete

I
230
231
3. The cedilla (ceditha) is used with c (g) when it is pronounced s before a, o, or u: pedago piece, bit 4. Written accent marks are used to indicate the stressed syllable in words not following the regular rules (see GS3). 1 They also help distinguish between words spelled alike but with different meanings and between different forms of the same verb: par to put por for, by pode he was able, could pode he is able, can If one of the words is a form of the verb, often the first singular of the present indicative, it usually has an open vowel in the stem and the other word, often a noun, a closed vowel; Brazil uses an accent mark on the second form, but Portugal does not gosto I like Oslo (gosto taste
The grave accent (went grave) C) replaces the acute accent in longer derived forms: cafezinho small cup of caf coffee coffee (usually black) The grave accent indicates a combination of a and a word beginning with a (demonstratives, as aquele, 1 etc.) or with the definite article a: aqueles to those a to the
6. SYLLABLE DIVISION 1. A single consonant goes with the following vowel: finally a -fi - nal 2. Two consonants usually split: to interrupt in-ter-rorn-per a. ch, ih, nh do not split: rubber, eraser bor-ra-cha ear o-re-lha to dream so-nhar 3. Two vowels which are pronounced separately are split: widow to fall ca-Er to fly vo-ar
The circumflex accent (acento circunflexo) (') is used over stressed closed e and o; the acute accent (scent agudo) (') is used over stressed open e, and o: port it stops pars for, to avo grandfather avt3 grandmother celebre famous fe faith The acute accent is used over stressed i or u which do not combine with the preceding vowel: pais country pals parents satide health saida departure
11
Refers to section 3 of the grammar summary.
aquele
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 7. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

SINGULAR PLURAL
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE d. with expressions of time: last week a semana passada at two o'clock lss duos horns e. with days of the week: on Monday na segunda feira
-
233
Masculine Feminine
a
SINGULAR
os as -
o menino a menina
the boy the girl

PLURAL
f. with the seasons:

a primavera ( Primavera
spring
Os meninos as meninas
the boys the girls
1. The definite article is also used: a. with abstract nouns: A verdade vale mais Truth is worth que o dinheiro. more than money. b. with nouns used in a general sense: A mu/her brasileira Brazilian women dress veste -se) bem. well. As mu/hexes americanas American women dress vesiem (-se) berry. well, 0 oleo e muito til Oil is very useful. c. with the names of languages (except when immediately after falar, de, or em; the article is often not used with languages in some situations): portugues e foal Portuguese is easy. Falo rugs, I speak English. Tenho urn livro de I have a Spanish book.
espanhol.
IT)) g. with the names of most countries (but not with Portugal) and with other geographical names: Brazil o Brasil Italy a Itailia a Africa Africa
h. with first names at times: Charles o Carlos i. with titles or other words modifying a proper noun: tie jantou corn o He dined with professor Silva. Professor Silva. Mr. Ramos is not home. senhor Ramos nao
estil em casa.
j. with possessive pronouns and adjectives (Brazil uses the article less with possessive adjectives than does Portugal): This is not my Este' nao e (o) meu lenco; e o seu. handkerchief; it's yours.
I este (D.
234
9. CONTRACTIONS
1. de + o = do de + os = dos de+a=da de-Fas=das ao==ao aa=c) a + os=aos a-f-as=cis
235
k. with parts of the body and articles of clothing instead of the possessive form: 0 menino lavou The boy washed his as milos. hands. Ela perdeu as luvas. She lost her gloves.
of the, from the to the
8. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine Feminine
urn homem urna ruler uns homens umas mulheres
um urna
SINGULAR
uns umas
em+o=no em os = nos in the, on the em+ana em+ as= nas do menino dos meninos of the boy, of the boys da menina das meninas of the girls, of the girls ao menino menina no lago na piitria aos meninos
a man a woman
PLURAL
as meninas
nos lagos nas pa is
some (a few) men some (a few) women
I. The indefinite article is omitted: a. before a noun of occupation, nationality, etc., coming after the verb, especially if the noun is not modified: tie e capitiio. He is a captain. Ela e aluna. She is a student. b. before cern a hundred, and mii a thousand: cern entrevistas a hundred interviews mil esperancas a thousand hopes c, in certain expressions: saiu sem chap u. He left without a hat.
to the boy, to the boys to the girl, to the girls in on the lake, in the lakes in the fatherland, in the fatherlands
2. Contractions of de and em with the indefinite article (urn and its other forms) are optional, both contracted and noncontracted forms being used:
de urn artigo or dum artigo de urea drvore or duma tirvore em umas aldeias or numas aldelas
of an article of a tree in some villages
236
237
De and em combine with the demonstrative forms (see GS25): daquela of that one naquele in that one
11. THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS

The names of the months are masculine and usually are not capitalized in Brazil (but they are in Portugal: Janeiro, etc.). They are usually used without the definite article: January Janeiro February fevereiro March marco April abril May maio June junho July julho agasto pigosto (E) August September setembro October outubro November novembro December dezembro
3. The preposition a combines with the initial a of demonstratives aquekl etc. and with the definite article a: tiquela to that one baja to the bay
M. DAYS OF THE WEEK

I. The days of the week are not capitalized. Saturday and Sunday are masculine; the other days are feminine. The article is generally used except after ser: segunda-feira or segunda Monday terra-feria or terval Tuesday quarta-feira or quanta Wednesday quinta-feira or quinta Thursday sexta-feira or seta Friday sdbado Saturday doming Sunday Vou ve-bo na segunda. I am going to see him Monday. Hoje terva. Today is Tuesday. 2. "On Monday," 'on Mondays," etc.: na segundafeira on Monday nas segundasfeiras on Mondays
1
12. THE NAMES OF THE SEASONS

spring a primavera summer o verso autumn o outono winter o inverno The names of the seasons are usually not capitalized in Brazil (but they are in Portugal). They are usually used with the definite article: Nobody goes there in Ninguem vat Id no (the) winter. inverno. (Inverno 129
tercaleira, feria ICE).
aquele
(p).
238
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 13. MASCULINE AND FEMININE
FEMININE NOUNS
239
Nouns referring to males are masculine; nouns referring to females are feminine: o pai the father a mete the mother o filho the son a filha the daughter o homem the man a mulher the woman o ledo the lion a leoa the lioness The masculine plural of certain nouns can include both genders: Os pais os irmtios the parents, the father and mother the brothers, the brother and sister, the brothers and sisters
MASCULINE NOUNS
I. Nouns ending in diphthongs (vowel combinations pronounced together), m (but not em), s and o are usually masculine: o grau the degree o elogio the praise o dom the gift o lapis the pencil urn abraco an embrace, hug 2. Names of months, seas, rivers, mountains, letters of the alphabet are generally masculine: Janeiro 6 o January is the first primeiro me. month. o Atlantico the Atlantic o Amazonas the Amazon (River) o the "d"
Nouns ending in a, ie, em, ade, ede, and ice are usually feminine: the mouth a bOcal the order a ordem friendship a amizade the wall a payee old age a velhice Common exceptions: the man o homem a good number of words ending in a, especially ma, are masculine: the drama o drama the climate o clima the day o dia the map o rnapa the language o idioma 2. Names of cities, towns, islands, and continents are usually feminine: Lisbon a Lisboa Sicily a Sicilia America a America Some exceptions: o Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo o Porto (Porto (p)) Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo Porto
boa
240
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 14. THE PLURAL
241
1. Nouns ending in a vowel, including nasal vowels, or in a diphthong, usually add s to form the plural: um awl a maga a lei one act the apple the law
dot's atosl as macds as leis two acts the apples the laws
6. Words ending in stressed ii change / to s for the plural: civil civis civil Words ending in unstressed it change to eis in the plural: easy _Maris fcicil 7. Words ending in s and stressed on the last syllable add es in the plural: countries Amuses country pais Words ending in s and not stressed on the last syllable have the same form in the plural: the pencils os lcipis the pencil o lapis 15. THE POSSESSIVE
2. Feminine words ending in do usually end in oes in the plural: a ambicdo ambition as ambicaes ambitions 3. Masculine words ending in do usually end in Oes in the plural: o cart& card cos carves cards However, some end in /los or des: o cidaddo the citizen os cidadlos o demi the German Os alemcles 4. Words ending in r or z add es: o mar the sea Os mares a luz the light as fuzes the citizens the Germans the seas the lights
I. English -'s or -s' is translated by de "of": Dona Maria's grandson o neio de Dona Maria 2. Possessive adjectives and pronouns agree in number and gender with the object possessed; the adjective usually comes before the word it modifies my book meu livro my books meus livros my niece minha sobrinha my nieces minas sobrinhas
:
5. Words ending in al, el, and oi, drop the I and add is:
o animal o papel
the animal the paper
os animais os papeis
the animals the papers
Note: see Conversation Manual Lessons 14 and 15, section 32, parts 3-4.
1
actoo actos
(D.
3. In conversation seu tends to refer to the person spoken to and thus translates "your." However,
242
seu can also be used to translate "his," "her," "their." For greater clarity the prepositional form with de may be used
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE c. no change if masculine form ends in e:

MASCULINE FEMININE
243
contente
happy, content
contente
Des falaram de seu amigo. They spoke of your (his, her, their) friend. Pies falaram do amigo &de; do amigo del a,- do amigo (Mies. They spoke of his friend; of her friend; of their friend.
16. ADJECTIVES
Common exceptions: esta estet this aquele2 that aqueia d. i for do of the masculine form:
MASCULINE FEMININE
alemdo crisido
German Christian
alemd crista
1. Singular and plural

SINGULAR
um menino alto um a menina alta does meninos altos dua.s meninas altos
a tall boy a tall girl

PLURAL
Common exception: augmentatives (see GS23), in which ona replaces do: handsome, bonitona bonito pretty e. Adjectives ending in a consonant tend to have the same form for the masculine and the feminine:
MASCULINE FEMININE
two tall boys two tall girls Notice that the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender and number.
eapa:
corn urn
2. Feminine endings a. a for o of the masculine form:

MASCULINE
formiddvel simples FEmirsaNE anliga rica baixa

FEMININE
capable common formidable simple
capaz
cornUrn
formative/ simples
antigo rico baixo

MASCULINE
old, ancient rich short, low
Examples:
Ela nab capaz de faze-lo. She is not able to do it.
b. masculine form ends in u, feminine, in a:

nu mau
A licao e muito simples. The lesson is quite simple.

este
2
nude, bare bad
nua and
aquele
(D.
244

uma anedota engracada urn bairn o residencial
245
Common exceptions: adjectives of nationality, a usually being add to the masculine form: Frances French francesa portugues Portuguese portuguesal
a is added to some adjectives ending in r: kit& diretor 2 orador
a funny anecdote, joke a residential district, suburb romances contemporaneos contemporary novels 2. Adjectives which indicate a characteristic quality of the type or class usually precede the noun:
o poderoso ditador a verde grama
reader director speaker, orator
leitora direiora 2 oradora
the powerful dictator the green grass
3. Santo is used before names beginning with a vowel and before Tomds and Gral, and Sao used before most other names; Santa is us before feminine names:
Santo Antonio 3 o Santo Graf Silo Paulo Sao Francisco Santa Barbara
3. Limiting adjectives, such as the demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, numerals, and adjectives of quantity usually precede the noun they modify:
este conselho nossa conversa a primeira decislio dez dedos muitas lutas
Saint Anthony the Holy Grail Saint Paul Saint Francis Saint Barbara
this advice our conversation the first decision ten fingers many struggles
17. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES 1. Descriptive adjectives (which tend to distinguish persons or things from others of the same type or class) and adjectives of nationality usually come after the noun they modify:
uma casa brans
iportuguesa 2 director, directora 3 Antonio
4. Some adjectives have a different meaning according to their position; after the noun modified they have their literal (usual) meaning, and before the noun they have a figurative (extended meaning):
um homer pobre urn pobre homem presences caros meu taro amigo a cidade todal soda cidade
toda
a poor (financially) man a poor (to be pitied) man expensive gifts my dear friend all the city every city
a white house
246
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 18. COMPARISON
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. "As . . as . ." =too

quanto
247
1. Regular comparison
filed mais facil menos fad! o mais fdcil o menos it
easy easier less easy the easier, the easiest the less easy, the least easy better, best worse, worst worse, worst more, most less, least bigger, biggest menor smaller, smallest meteor better, best pior worse, worst This book is good but the other is better.
a. before an adjective or adverb: As easy as .. Tao Au? quanto . speaks Portuguese Eta fala portugues too as well as he does. bem quanto ele. b. before a noun the proper form of am is used:
Este teatro no tern tantas entradw quanto aquele. ties team mais de duzentas vacas.
2. Irregular comparison
born ma u ruin
muito
pouco grande pequeno bem mai
good melhor bad pior bad pior much mais little menos big, large major small
This theatre does not have as many entrances as that one. They have more than two hundred cows.
5. Before numerals mais de and menos de are used:
6. An adjective may be qualified as to degree with a modifying word:

Ela estil cansada. a estei muito cansada.
well badly Este livro e born mas o outro e melhor.
She is tired. She is very tired.
The meaning "very" is also given by adding the proper form of issimo to a word (this cannot always be done):
Ela estd cansadissima. Estamos cansadissimos.
3. "More (less) .. than . ." =mais (menos) , que 0 portugues a mais fewil Portuguese is easier than que o ingles. English. tie a mais inteligente He is more intelligent do que parece. than he looks.
She is very tired. We are very tired.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 19. PRONOUNS

IN SINGULAR
249
Pronouns have varying forms depending on whether they are 1. the subject of a verb 2. used after a preposition 3. the object of a verb 4. used as indirect objects 5. used with reflexive verbs 6. used to join parts of a sentence (relative pronouns) 1. Pronouns as the subject of a verb:
r
eu falo (tu falas) ele fala ela fala o senhor fala a senhora fala voce fala
I speak (you speak) (familiar) he speaks she speaks you speak (max., polite) you speak (fem., polite) you speak (friendly)
PLURAL
SINGULAR
eu lei ela o senhor a senhora voce

nOs (v6s) 2 elas os senhores as senhoras voces
I
(you) (familiar) he she you (masc., polite) you (fem., polite) you (friendly)
PLURAL
nos falamos (vos falais) 'Res falam elas falam Os senhores falam as senhoras falam voces falam para (para ti) para ele para ela para o senhor para a senhora para voce para nos (para vos) para tiles para elas para as senhores para as senhoras para voces
we speak (you speak) they speak (masc.) they speak (fem.) you speak (max., polite) you speak (fem., polite) you speak (friendly) for me (for you) (familiar) for him for her for you (masc., polite) for you (fem., polite) for you (friendly) for us (for you) for them (masc.) for them (fem.) for you (masc., polite) for you (hem., polite) for you (friendly)
2. Pronouns used after prepositions:
we (you) they (masc.) they (fem.) you (masc., polite) you (fem., polite) you (friendly)
I de, des 0. In general, these and other variants previously cited will not be repeated. 2 Rarely used. See Lesson 8, section I I.
250
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Notice that the form of the pronoun used after a preposition is the same as the form of the pronoun used before a verb as subject, except for mim "me" and 0i) "you" (familiar). There is a special form for "with me," comigo "with us," conosco, for "with you" (familiar: contigo) and for "with you, with him, with her," etc., consigo, although the latter form is not used frequently, corn o senhor, corn ele, etc. being preferred.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE the nos (vos) lhes
251
to him, her, you (polite and friendly) to us (to you) to them (masc. and fern.) to you (polite and friendly)
3. Pronouns used as direct objects: me (re)

0
Note that the subject pronouns nos and v6s and the forms used after prepositions have the accent mark, that the direct and indirect object pronouns which correspond do not have the accent mark and are pronounced differently. Inasmuch as le and lhes can have several meanings, a prepositional form can be used for clarity: Eu the mandei urea carta. Eu mandei a ea uma cartel. 5. Reflexive pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to indicate an action the subject performs upon itself: me (te) se nos (vos) se myself (yourself) (familiar) himself, herself, yourself (polite and friendly) ourselves (yourselves) themselves, yourselves (polite and friendly) I sent him or her, you) a letter. I sent her a letter.
me (you) (familiar)
him
her you (masc., polite and friendly) you (fern., polite and friendly) us (you) them (masc.) them Vern.) you (max., polite and friendly) you (fem., polite and friendly)
a a nos (vos) Os as as as
4, Pronouns as indirect objects: me (te) to me (to you) (familiar)
252
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE For more information and examples, see Lesson 15, section 32, part 10.
253
c. to avoid beginning a sentence with an object pronoun: Abracei-o. I embraced him. Note: In popular speech Brazilians will at times put the pronoun before the verb in these cases. 2. Object pronouns may come before or after the verb: a. if the sentence begins with a pronoun or noun subject: Ele me perdoou. He pardoned me. Ele perdoou-me. He pardoned me. b. with infinitives: Ela veio pars me dizer a verdade. Eta veto pars dizer-me verdade. She came to tell me the truth. She came to tell me the truth.
6. Relative pronouns: Relative pronouns are used more in Portuguese than in English, for they are normally required, even in cases where English usage is optional (see first example below). Que is by far the most common form used for "that," "which," and even for "who," and "whom," although quern may be used for the last two. Both these forms are invariable, not changing for gender or number: Ufa disse que viria mais tarde. Lie no o homem que (quern) me falou on tern. She said (that) she would come later. He is not the man who spoke to me yesterday.
20. POSITION OF PRONOUNS The position of object pronouns is not a fixed one, and variations will be noted in different areas. The following are given as a general guide. 1. Object pronouns usually follow the verb and are attached to the verb with a hyphen: a. in commands: Prometa-me isso. Promise me that. b. with a present participle: offering us more oferecendo-nos mais
In these cases, Brazil tends to prefer the position BEFORE the verb, and Portugal AFTER the verb. Note that if a direct object pronoun follows an infinitive the r of the infinitive is dropped and I is prefixed to the object pronoun: Vou comprid-lo. I am going to buy it.
3. In negative sentences and negative commands, the object pronouns precede the verb; in most other cases they tend to come before the verb: Ndo o traduzimos. We did not translate it.
254
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE _ Don't write me any more. They decided that they would send us the money. Where did we see him?
fe-lo. Ela vai compel-1os.
255
Niio me escreva mais. ties decidiraffi que nos mandariam a dinheiro.
Onde o vimos?
He did it. (The verb is fezi fromfazer.) She is going to buy them. (The verb is comprar and the pronoun is os.)
4. If two object pronouns, one direct and the other
indirect, are used as objects of the same verb the indirect comes before the direct object. This would cause the following contractions: me + o, a, os, as =mo, ma, mos., mas (te + a, a, os, as = to, ta, tos, tas) the +o, a, os, as =Pio, lha Mos, lhas nos + o, as, as = no-lo, no-la, no-los, no-las (vos o, as, as =vo-lo, vo-la, vo-los, vo-las) (hes +0, os, as =lho, Ma, lhos, lhas Note: These contractions are usually avoided: a. By using the prepositional form for the indirect object: Eu iho del. I gave it to him. Eu o dei a ele. I gave it to him. b. In conversation, especially in Brazil, by sometimes omitting the direct object pronoun: Eu the dee. I gave (it) to him. Eu del a Re. I gave it to him.
5. If a direct object pronoun comes after a verb form ending in r, s, or z, this last letter is dropped and I is prefixed to the direct object form:
Note: In conversation these combinations, except after an infinitive, are avoided: He did it. ofez. If a direct object pronoun comes after a verb form which ends in a nasal sound (a vowel plus m), n is prefixed to the object pronoun: They abandoned him. Liles abandon. aram-no. Note: These combinations are also avoided in conversation: a. by placing the pronoun before the verb: They abandoned him. ties o abandonaram. b. by omitting the pronoun, if the meaning is clear (reference just having been made to the object, for example): They abandoned (him). Pies abandonaram.
256
'CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE
2L SOME CONJUNCTIONS
ainda que assim que ate que cony; conforme de maneira que depois que e embora logo que
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 22. QUESTION WORDS I. Que.71 or 0 que71

Que e que ? Que disse eh.? Que e que ele disse? 2. Por que .n Por que ela ntio chegou antes das rove? 3. Como? Como se diz em portugues? 4. Quanto? Quanto dinheiro temos? Quantal irmas Joao tern? 5. Qual? Quaffs? Qual eo seu? Quais silo os seus? 6. Quern? Quern veio corn ela? 7. Onde? Onde esido os livros?
257
mas
ou pars que porque quando
se
segundo 1. e "and" tie e alto e magro. 2. mas "but"
although as soon as until as, since as so, so that after and although as soon as but or so that, in order that because when if as, according to He is tall and thin.
"What?" (with normal word order) What did he say?

" Why? " Why didn't she arrive before nine? "How?" How do you say it in Portuguese? "How much?" How much money do we have? How many sisters does John have? "Which?" "What?" Which one is yours? Which ones are yours?
4-1
Who?" Who came with her? "Where?" Where are the books? "When?" When did it happen?
Quero it mas nclo posso. I want to go but I can't.
3. ou "but"
Mais ou menos. Cinco ou seas &Mares. 4. porque "because" Gosto dek porque e mull simpdtico.
More or less. Five or six dollars.

I like him because he is very nice.
8. Quando?
Quando aconteceu?
I When alone, or in an emphatic position, as at the end of a sentence, these forms have an accent mark.
258
259
23. ADVERBS
1. Some Portuguese adverbs are formed by adding mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective; this corresponds to the English ending "Iy"..
exclusivamente
debaixo "under"; !one "far"; mais "more"; menos "less"; perto "near."
When que is added to some of these they act as conjunctions:

Depois que tiles chegaremfaktremo&
exclusively
If there are two or more adverbs with this same ending, menle is given only with the last one:
ciara e concisarrente
After they arrive we'll talk.
4. Adverbs of time:
hoje ontem amanha cedo tare muitas vezes 1 sempre nunca depois antes depressa devagar imediatamente rara rnente agora
clearly and concisely
Adverbs are generally compared like adjectives (see GS 18).

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
claramente mais claramente
clearly more clearly
2. Irregular comparatives:
ben mal muito pouco
well badly much little
me/or pior mais menos
better, best worse, worst more, most less, least
3. Adverbs and prepositions. Many adverbs become prepositions when de is added:

ADVERB PREPOSITION
today yesterday tomorrow early late often always never afterward before, formerly quickly slowly immediately seldom, rarely now
5. Adverbs of place:
aqui cd ai ali
vezes
depois antes
afterward formerly
depois de antes de
after before
here here (motion) there there (farther away)
Other words which act similarly: arras "behind";
(D.
260
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE id (=id) adiante atrds dentro fora debaixo (x =sh) perto longe abaixo (x =sh) aci ma there (more remote) forward, ahead behind inside outside below, down near far below, under above
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 8. Adverbs expressing negation: ncio fluting jei aincia nao nem nem nem "Here" and "there": no, not never no longer, not now not yet nor neither . nor
261
Aqui "here" refers to something near the speaker. Al "there" refers to something near the person spoken to. Cd "here" expresses motion toward the speaker.
Ali "there" refers to something away from the speaker and from the person spoken to.
6. Adverbs of quantity:
muito poise mais menos quanto tdo undo demais, muito sO, sOmente apenas quase bastante
very, much little more less how much so so much too much only only almost enough
Lci (acolci) "there" refers to something more remote. See CM section 31, Lessons 13 and 14, for examples.
24. DIMINUTIVES AND AUGMENTATIVES . Adverbs expressing affirmation:

SIM
tambim verdadeiramente certamente clam pois nab!
yes also truly truly, certainly certainly, of course certainly, of course
1. Certain endings, such as inho, ote, ete, and ilho imply smallness, daintiness, or even affection: a little UM pouco a little bit um pouquinho cat gat kitten gatinha
262
sabdo sabonete velho velhinho avo avozinho two avozinha redo cedinho
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE soap a cake of toilet soap old man little old man grandfather (dear) grandfather grandmother (dear) grandmother soon quite soon
25. DEMONSTRATIVES 1. Demonstrative adjectives:
MASCULINE' FEMININE
263
este esse aquae
2. Certain endings, such as do, arra, and aco, indi cate large size, but they can also be uncomplimentary, indicating clumsiness, etc.: big cat gat gatelo, cat gatarrdo homenzarrdo very large man homem man large house, casardo casa house mansion melodrama drama drama, dramallido play big woman mulher woman mulheraca big woman mulher woman mulherona 3. NOTE: Although one should notice the difference in meaning given by these endings, he should be careful in using them and be sure he knows the form and meaning before employing words with these endings.
this that that (farther removed) estas estes these esses essas those those (farther aqueles aquelas removed) a. Portuguese demonstrative adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify and agree with them in gender and number: este merino this boy aqueles vizinhos those neighbors b. Esse and aqui& both mean "that." Esse refers to something near to or related to the person spoken to; acre* refers to something more remote: No gosto desse livro. I don't like that books (near you or mentioned by you). aquele senhor que He's that gentleman who chegou ors term. arrived yesterday. 2. Demonstrative pronouns: a. The same forms are also used as demonstrative pronouns:
esta essa aquela
These masculine forms and their contracted forms do not have an accent mark in Portugal: este, deste, etc.
264
b. with the preposition de: disto destas desta e di stes deste disso dessas dessa asses (Jesse daquele daqueles daquela daquelas daquilo c. with the preposition em: nisto nestas nesta nestes neste nisso nessas nessa nesses nesse naque!e naqueles naquela naquelas naquilo
265
Ndo quero este sem I don't want this one aquele. without that one. b. Este and aquele also mean "the latter" and "the former": ca am de chegar o The ambassador and his embaixador (x =sh) e secretary just arrived. (o) seu secretcirio. Este e jovem e aquele The former is old and e velho. the latter is young. Notice that the order in Portuguese is the opposite of the English order: este . aquek ("the latter ... the former"). c. There are also some neuter forms: isto this, this (one) isso that, that (one) (near person spoken to, or mentioned by him) aquilo that, that (one) (farther removed) The neuter forms are more general, referring to an idea or statement, or in referring to an object or several items thinking of them in a general way, more as "this" than "this one" or "these": 1st e meihor que or do que) aquilo. This is better than that.
26. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

todos tal (tams pl.) outro alguem ringer alguma (visa nenhum algum vcirios nada
coda
3. Contractions of demonstrative forms: a. with the preposition a: dquele ciqueles aquela lquelas
tudo Canto cerio mais menos qualquer os demais The adjectives above generally vary in form to agree with the word modified; tell (tais), alguem, ninguem, nada, cads, tudo, mais, and menos have only these forms.
all such (a) another, other somebody, someone nobody, no one something no one, none some several, some nothing each, every all, everything as much certain, a certain more less any, whatever, whoever the rest
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 27. NEGATION
267
Ndo "not" comes before the verb: I don't speak Italian. No falo italiano. 2. There are two forms for "nothing," "never," "n body," etc., one with and one without ndo:
Nero vejo nada. ado you nunca. Nei very ninguem.
I don't see anything. I never go. Nobody is coming. No one comes.
3. To ask a question, the same word order as for a statement can be used; this is the more common form in conversation: Jodo comprou Id as Did John buy his Tiros de portugues? Portuguese books there? A change of intonation indicates the difference between a statement and a question. An inverted order, with the verb before the subject, can also be used, but it is much rarer: Comprou Joido os Did John buy his livros de portugues? Portuguese books there? 4. Adjectives come right after forms of the verb ser: tarde? Is it late? botn? Is it good? A licdo Is the lesson easy? 29. THE INFINITIVE Portuguese uses two types of infinitives: the impersonal and the personal. 1. The impersonal infinitive is used in most cases calling for an infinitive. Practically all infinitives end in ar (verbs of the first conjugation): falar "to speak"; in er (second conjugation): viver "to live"; or in it (third conjugation): partir to leave." Os alunos ndo querem The students don't estudar want to study.
44
Note: this is the form used more often. Or: Nada vefo. Nunca you. Ninguem yem. I don't see anything. I never go. Nobody is coming. No one comes. Also see CM section 47, lessons 22 and 23. X WORD ORDER 1. The usual order tends to be subject verb adverbobject: John bought the Portufolio comprou l os guese books there. livros de portugues.
.
2. The tendency in Portuguese is to put the longer member of the sentence or the emphasized part, at times) last: Joao viu os seus amigos John saw his friends in the Spanish restaurant no restaurante which is on the corner. espanhol que ana esquina.
268
-amos (-ais) -am falar to speak falo (falas) fala falarnos (/alais) falam -emos (-els) - em aprender to learn aprendo (aprendes) aprende aprendemos (aprendeis) aprendem
269
2. The personal infinitive has endings which make it easier to identify the subject of the infinitive. falarmos falar (falares) (falardes) falarem falar Thus, the personal infinitive can be used for clarity: Parti sem me falarem. I left without their speaking to me. Antes de jantarmos no Before dining in the restaurante espanhol Spanish restaurant que ester na esquina, which is on the corner, estudamos. 1 we studied. Note that the personal infinitive makes the subject of the infinitive known early in the sentence. 30. THE TENSES OF THE VERB Portuguese verbs are generally considered under three classes or conjugations: Ifaiar Haprender III-par it 1. The present; regular verbs have the following endings added to the stern of the verb (the infinitive minus the last two letters):
-o (-es) -e
I Portugal uses an accent mark to distinguish the past tense (preterit) from the present: estuddtnos, estudamos.
pariir to leave parto (panes) parte
partimos (partis) partem The present can be translated in several ways: Falo portugues.
I speak Portuguese. I am speaking Portuguese. I do speak Portuguese.
2. The imperfect; regular verbs have the following endings added to the stem of the verb:
I
-ava (-avas) -ava -civamos (-dveis) -avam -iamos

( leis)
-
-lam
a. The imperfect is used: I. to indicate continued or customary action in the past: Quando eu estava When I was in Coimbra em Coimbra escrevia I would write cartas todos os dims. letters every day.
270
271
2. to indicate a condition, or action in progress when something else happened: Que the di is Joao What was John telling quando entramos? I you when we entered? 3. time of day in the past: 'ram oito horns It was eight o'clock quando voltamos. I when we returned. b. Irregular imperfects; there are four verbs in Portuguese which are irregular in the imperfect: porpunha, (punhas), punha, piinhamos, (ptinheis), punham ser era, (eras), era, erams, Oreis), exam ter tinha, (tinhas), tinha, tinhamos, Oinheis), iinham vir vinha, (vinhas), vinha, vinhamos, (vinheis), yinham 3. The future: The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the endings -ei, (-as), -d, -emos, (-eis), -o to the full infinitive: falar to speak aprender to learn partir to leave faiarei pariirei aprenderei (falards) (aprendercis) (partirds) falard aprenderd pare it falaremos aprenderemos partiremos (falareis) (aprendereis) (partireis) falardo aprendercio partirdo
entrarnos, volttimos
Note: The verbs diner, fazer, and grazer add these endings to a shortened stem: direi, farei, traret etc. The future generally expresses a future action: Chegarei as nove arrive at nine. Sometimes it expresses conjecture or probability in the present: Que horas serdo? What time can it be Serdo sete horas. It must be seven o'clock. proviivelmente He's probably home, estard em cam. 4. The preterit: The preterit of regular verbs is formed by adding the proper endings to the stem of the verb:
-011
(-este) -eu
-imos -emos -amos (-cimos (-isles) (-estes) (-astes) -tram -cram -cram The preterit expresses an action completed in the past with emphasis on the fact rather than on the duration, repetition, or description: Charles spoke to me Carlos faiou comigo yesterday. on em. He told me everything. Pe me disse tudo. (disse-me We went to the movies. Fomos ao cinema.
272
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE She saw us. I wrote a letter. It rained all day. They stayed there two months.
ties ci ter ao Mega&
273
Ela nos viu (viu-nos (). Escrevi uma cam. Choveu todo o dia. Ficaram ki dais meses.
They. have probably already arrived.
Note: Today the verb ter is much more. commonly used than haver to form the perfect tenses. 31. THE SUBJUNCTIVE The tenses given in section 30 are called tenses of the indicative. There is another set of tenses for the subjunctive. The latter indicates a certain attitude toward the statement madeuncertainty, desire, emotion, etc. Although it is used as the main verb for commands, most of the uses of the subjunctive are as a secondary verb in subordinate clauses when the statement is unreal, doubtful, indefinite, subject to some condition, or is affected by will, emotion, etc. 1. Forms a. The subjunctive endings of the second and third conjugations are the same. b. The present subjunctive is formed by adding the subjunctive endings to the stem of the first person singular, present indicative; the imperfect and future subjunctive, by removing the ending -ram of the third person plural of the preterit and adding the proper endings. The subjunctive endings are as follows: Conjugation I PRES. SUBJ.: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -em IMPERF. SUBJ.: -sse, -sses, -sse, Lssemos, =sseis, -ssem FUTURE SUBJ.: -r, -res, -r, -rmos, -rdes, -rem
5. The present perfect: The present perfect is formed with the present tense of ter or haver) and the past participle of the main verb. It is used with a condition, or a continuous or repeated action, linked to the present it is not used as much as is the present perfect in English): Tenho (hei) aprendido I have learned (been muito. learning) very much. 6. The pluperfect: The pluperfect is formed with the imperfect of ter or haver) and the past participle of the main verb. It translates "had" and the past participle in English: Quando eu cheguei, When I arrived, he had e jii in to partido. already left. 7. The future perfect: The future perfect is formed with the future of ter or haver) and the past participle of the main verb:
Quando eu Mega', ele jci terci partido.
When I arrive, he will already have left. Sometimes it indicates probability:
274
3. Other uses of the subjunctive
275
Conjugations II and III PR S. SUBJ.: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -am IMPERF. SUBJ.: -sse, -sses, -sse, :ssemos, :s is, -ssem FUTURE SUBJ.: -r, -res, -r, -rrnos, -rdes, -rem Note: Although the endings are different for the present subjunctive, all three conjugations have the same endings for the imperfect and future subjunctive.
EXAMPLES
a. The subjunctive is used after verbs of desire, request, permission, approval, disapproval, and the like: I want him to come early. Quero que ek venha cedo. I should like for him to Eu gostaria (de) que etc come early. viesse cedo. b. after verbs of emotion to be happy, to be sorry, and the like): Estamos con tentes (de) We are glad that she arrived early. que eta chegasse cedo. Sint muito que eles I am very sorry that they cannot come. no possam vir. c. after verbs of doubt or denial: I doubt he will come Duvido (de) que e venha /Joie. today. Ndo acho que sea 1 don't believe it is true. verdade. Nao estamos certos (de) We are not sure she will que eta venha. come. Note: If the subject of the two verbs is the same, the infinitive tends to be used, instead of the subjunctive, for the second verb:
Quero chegar cedo. Sinto muito ndo poder ir. Duvido poder ir hoje.
I
INFINITIVE: PRES. SUBJ.: IMPERF. SUBJ.: FUTURE SUBJ.:
II
III
falar aprender partir fate aprenda parta falasse aprendesse partisse falar aprender partir
2. Use of the subjunctive in commands a. The present subjunctive is used to express all polite commands and negative familiar commands: Abra a Pane/a, por favor. Open the window, please. Nelo abra a janela. Don't open the window. abras a janela. Don't open the window (farm.). b. To indicate a desire or wish, and in indirect commands, with or without que: (Que) viva o presidente! Long live the President! Que venham cedo. Have them come early. Arclo digamos mais. Let's not say any more.
I want to arrive early. I am very sorry I can't go. I doubt I can go today.
d. after impersonal verbs ("it is possible," etc.) which do not express certainty:
276
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE possivel que ele o facia. preciso que cheguemos antes das nove. It is possible that he will do it. It is necessary that we arrive before nine. Embora estudasse, tido aprendi mull. Although I studied, I didn't learn much.
277
Note: If the statement is general and there is specific subject for the second verb the infiniti is used p o s s v e 1fa z lo. preciso chegar antes das trove. It is possible to do it. It is necessary to arrive before nine.
3. Certain conjunctions are followed by the subjunctive if the verb indicates a condition or action in the future; otherwise by the indicative. Among the conjunctions which are followed by the present or future subjunctive are ate que "until," corn() "as," conforme "as, according as," quando "when," segundo "as, according as": Eu lhes falo quando chegarem (fut. subj Eu lhes falei quando chegaram (preterit, past tense). I'll speak to them when they arrive. I spoke to them when they arrived.
e. The subjunctive is used after various co juncture adverbs. Certain conjunctive adverbs tend to be followed regularly by the subjunctive: Ele me escreveu pars que (or afim de que) eu soubesse a noticia. He wrote me in order that I know the news.
.).
4. The subjunctive is used after a relative pronoun with a negative or indefinite antecedent and in some indefinite or alternate types of expressions: Quero um livro que me explique isto. New ha ninguem aqui que fate russo. Seja corn Como Deus quiser. I want a book that will explain this to me. There is nobody here who speaks Russian. Be that as it may . As God wishes.
2. Some conjunctions, as de forma que, de maneira que, de mod o que, "so," "so that," are followed by the subjunctive if they indicate a purpose not yet attained, and by the indicative if they indicate a result in the past: Corot de maneira que I ran so that I would chegasse na Nora. arrive on time Sao corn, de maneira I didn't run, so I didn't que ndo cheguei na arrive on time. hora. Ainda que and embora "although" tend to foil this pattern in Portugal, although in Brazil they are usually followed by the subjunctive in all cases:
5. The future subjunctive can be used as indicated in section 4; it is especially used after conjunctions of time, such as ao passo que "while," assim que "as soon as," depots que "after," enquanto "while," logo que "as soon
far.
278

as," quando "when," and a few others, when it is expressing future time; when the first verb is in the past, the imperfect subjunctive is used; if the verb after the conjunction expresses past time the indicative is used:
279
the subjunctive, if required, will be in the present if its time is present or future:
Duvido (de) que ele versa. Duvido (de) que etas esrejam em casa. I doubt that he will come. I doubt that they are home.
Vanws decidir assim que nos disserern (fu t. subj.). Indicamosi que decidiriamos assim que nos dissessem (imperfect subj.). Assim que nos disseram, decidimos (preterit). Eu the mando o livro depois que ek me mandar (fut. subj.) o dinheiro. Ele me dird quando me vir.
We'll decide as soon as they tell us. We said that we would decide as soon as they told us. As soon as they told us, we decided. send him the book after he sends me the money. He will tell me when he sees me. (Vir is the future subjunctive of ver.)
The subjunctive will be in the imperfect if its time is past:

Duvido que ele viesse
1 doubt that he came.
2. If the main verb is in the past, the subjunctive, if required, will be in the imperfect if it reflects action at the same time or later; it will be in the pluperfect (past perfect subjunctive) if it indicates previous action:
Eu duvidavalde) que ele viesse. Eu duvidava (de) que ek tivesse vindo.
I doubted that he would come. I doubted that he had come.
6. The subjunctive is used in certain conditional sentences (see section 34). 32. SEQUENCE OF TENSES In addition to information already given, keep in mind the following regarding sequence tenses: I. If the main verb is in the present or future
indict mos
33. THE CONDITIONAL The present conditional is formed by adding the endings ia, ias, ia, iarnos leis, lam to the infinitives of all three conjugations:
-
falar to speak aprender to learn falaria (falarias) falaria aprenderia (aprenderias) aprenderia
partir to leave partiria (partirias) partiria
(D.
280
falariamos aalarieis) falariam
aprenderiamos (aprenderieis) aprenderiarn partiriamos (partirieis) partiriam
ale me teriafalado . as ndo teriam ido . .
281
Note: The verbs dizer, fazer, and trazer add these endings to a shortened stem: diria, faria, traria, e 2. The conditional is used to express: a. a future from a past point, being usually translated "would" and the meaning of the verb
Pie me disse que chegaria as set& Seriam oito horas, quando ele chegou. Que horas seriam quando ek chegou?
He would have spoken to me They would not have gone .
34. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional sentences have two parts, the conditional or "if' clause and the conclusion. The following are the most common combinations. A simple condition can be expressed with both verbs in the indicative. Sometimes the "if" factor is the equivalent of "when" or "whenever":
Se drove (estd chovendo), aco vamos. Se ele entrou eu ndo o vi. Se l chegava cedo vinha me ver.
He told me that he would arrive at seven. It was probably eight o'clock when he arrived. What time could it have been (I wonder what time it was) when he arrived? would (should) like to see him.
b. probability or conjecture in the past:
If it is raining, we won't go. If he came in, I didn't see him. If (whenever) he arrived early, he came to see me.
c. a softened statement:
Eu gostaria de ve4u.
d. the conclusion of certain conditional sentences (see section 34, following) 3. The perfect conditional is formed with the conditional of ter (haver is used sometimes) and the past participle of the main verb:
2. When the "if" clause expresses a simple condition (not a doubtful one) in the future, the future subjunctive (or the present indicative at times) is used in the "if" clause and the future indicative (or the present indicative) is used in the conclusion:
Se chover (chove) ma iremos (vamos). If it rains we won't go.
282
283
3. When the "if' clause expresses a doubtful condition in the future the imperfect subjunctive is used in the "if" clause and the conditional or the imperfect indicative)' in the conclusion:
Se chovesse nao iriamos (lams).
If it should rain we would not go.
whom one would use to and its verb forms (see section 11 of Lesson 8). The familiar imperative forms in the singular usually correspond to the third person singular of the present indicative and to the second person plural (familiar) without the final s:
INFINITIVE SINGULAR PLURAL
The same sequence is used to indicate a doubtful or contrary-to-fact situation in the present:
Se eufosse2 rico viajaria (viajava) todos os verOes.
If I were rich I would travel every sununer.
falar aprender partir
Nita) (aprende) (parte)
(falai)
(aprendei) (para.)
speak learn leave
4. When the "if' clause expresses a condition contrary-to-fact in the past the pluperfect (past perfect) subjunctive is used in the "if' clause and the conditional perfect or the pluperfect indicativer in the conclusion:
Se tivesse chovido nao teriamos (tinhamos) ido.
These forms are used to give only affirmative familiar commands. For negative familiar commands the second and fifth forms (both familiar) of the present subjunctive are used:
INFINITIVE SINGULAR PLURAL
falar
If it had rained we would not have gone.
35. COMMANDS AND REQUESTS
There are two types of commands, familiar commands and polite, or less familiar, commands.
I. Familiar commands
don't speak aprender ndo aprendas nib aprendais don't learn partir ndo partas ndo partais don't leave Note: As explained before, these forms are generally to be avoided until the student understands their use and has occasion to use them. 2. Polite commands Practically all commands, affirmative or negative, will be given with the third singular and plural forms of the present subjunctive. These forms will usually correspond to the third singular and plural forms of the present indicative but with
nao fales
Ado faleis
Familiar commands are used with people with

The imperfect indicative is usually preferred in conversation. 2 fosse CO. 3 Preferred in conversation,
1
4.:
284
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE final a changed to e and final e changed to a (but also see grammar summary section 31, part I b):
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
285
Fate ! Speak! Ndo fate! Don't speak! Pies foam. They speak. Fa/ern. Speak. Ndo falem! Don't speak! aprende. He learns. Aprenda! Learn! Sao aprenda! Don't learn! Des aprendem. They Aprendam! Learn! learn Sao aprendam! Don't
Ele fala. He speaks.
Note that object pronouns follow affirmative commands and are attached to the verb with a hyphen in Brazilian speech pronouns may precede the verb sometimes). In negative commands the object pronouns precede the verb. 3. Indirect commands Indirect commands are also given with the subjunctive (que may precede the verb):
Que entrem! (Que) venham amanhd. Que ndo voile mais. Viva o Brasil! Viva Portugal! Deus nos guarde!
learn! Lie parte. He leaves Parta! Leave! Nay parta! Don't leave! ties parte'''. They leave. Partam! Leave! Ndo partam! Don't leave. Other Examples:
Escreva o. Venha amanha. Diga-me a verdade. Escute! Termine Ludo antes das cinco, por favor.
-
Let (have) them come in. Let them come tomorrow. Let him never return. Long live Brazil! Long live Portugal! May God protect us!
4. Commands with reflexive verbs Write it. Come tomorrow. Tell me the truth. Listen! Finish everything before five, please. Reflexive pronouns follow the order indicated in part 2 immediately above:
SINGULAR
Negative Examples:
NO me escreva mais! Ndo versa antes das oito. Ndo dancem mais. Ndo gastem todo o dinheio.
Sense-se. Deice-se cedo. Vista-se. Noe esqueca.
Sit down. Go to bed early. Dress. Don't forget.

PLURAL
Don't write me any more! Don't come before eight. Don't dance any more. Don't spend all the money.
Sentem-se. Deitem-se cedo. Vistam-se. No se esquecam. -
Sit down. Go to bed early. Dress. Don't forget.
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CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 36. THE PARTICIPLE
III
287
1. The present participle is formed by adding ando, endo, and indo to the stems of verbs of the three conjugations:
-
partir partido
to leave left
4. Irregular participles For has the irregular present participle pondo. The following are some of the verbs which have irregular past participles:
INFINITIVE IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLE
falar to speak falando speaking
aprender aprendendo
to learn learning
to leave partir partindo leaving If an object pronoun follows the present participle it is joined to it with a hyphen: falando-nos speaking to us escrevendo-the writing to him vendo-o seeing him
2, The present participle is used in the progressive

tenses (see section 37 which follows) and often much as in English: Vi-o na praia, dormindo. Partindo (A partir), ele me deu sets I saw him on the beach, sleeping. On leaving he gave me his card.
-
abrir cobrir dizer escrever fazer par ver vir
to open to cover to say to write to do, make to put to see to come
aberto coberto diw escrito feito Oslo (post() Ts) visto vindo
Some verbs have a regular participle and also a shortened form:

INFINITIVE REGULAR IRREGULAR
aceitar entregar ganhar gasiar pagar roarer
to accept to deliver, give to earn, gain to spend to pay to die

.
aceitado entregado *ganhado *gastado *pagado morrido
aceito, aceite entregue ganho gam pago morto
3. The past participle is formed by adding ado, ido, ido to the stems of verbs of the three conjugations:
-
II
falar falado
to speak spoken
aprender aprendido
to learn learned
* rarely used today
288
0 Brasil foi descoberto em 1500 (mile quinhentos).
289
Although both forms are used, there is a tendency for the regular form to be favored as past participle of the perfect tenses and for t shortened form to be favored as an adjective: Tinhamos aceitado We had accepted all the todo o dinheiro. money. 0 dinheIro nao foi The money was not aceiio. accepted.
Brazil was discovered in 1500.
The passive voice is used as in English. Very often, however, Portuguese uses se to express the passive (see part 10 of Lesson 15).
39. TO BE 37. PROGRESSIVE TENSES The Portuguese progressive tenses are formed with the present participle and the tenses of estar (although other verbs, such as it may also be used as the auxiliary verb):
Estou estudando. Quando tiles entraram na sala nos estdvamos lendo o jornal. Etas estao divertindo se.
-
Ser and estar both mean "to be" in Portuguese. In general ser indicates a characteristic or permanent state and estar a temporary one. However, one should note the different uses of these verbs.
SER ESTAR
Eles jam cantando.
I am studying. When they entered the room we were reading the newspaper. They are having a good time. They were singing. ("They went on singing.")
eu 5014
014 es)
o senor a senhora e voce e ele ela e
eu estou (tu eskis) o senhor estd a senhora estd voce este! tie ester ela ester
I am you are (familiar) you are (masc.) you are (fem.) you are he is she is we are (you are) you are you are you are they are they are
Portugal also uses estar a and the infinitive: Estou a estudar. I am studying.
38. THE PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is made up of the forms of ser with the past participle:
nos estamos nos scams (vos sois) (vos estais) os senhores sew os senhores estao as senoras sao as senhoras estao voces estao votes sao Res estao tiles sao elas estao elas sao
290
SER
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 6. indicates possession:

dele. Os livros De quern e? met,.
291
I. indicates a characteristic or inherent quality:

Meu irmdo alto. livro a vermelho. Ela e jovem. 0 gaol e frio. Ele inteligente.
My brother is tall. The book is red. She is young. Ice is cold. He is intelligent.
The books are his. Whose is it? It is mine.
7. is used in indicating the time

Sao dugs horas. meio-dia. It is two o'clock. It is noon.
2. indicates an established or permanent location:

A capital e no Distrito Federal. A escola e longe daqui.
The capital is in the Federal District. The school is far from here.
8. is used in impersonal expressions:

tare. cello. E possivel. Alpena. Ndo e verdade?
3. is used with a predicate noun or pronoun:

ale professor.
it is late. It is early. It is possible. Ifs a pity. Isn't it so?
Ela e aluna. Somos americanos.
el.
Sou eu.
He is a professor. She is a student. We are Americans. It is he. It is I.
9. is used in forming the passive voice (see section 38 above)

ESTAR
4. indicates origin or source:

tie e de Lisboa. Esta madeira do Brasil.
I. expresses temporary position or location:

no esta aqui. Maria estd em casa. Oxide est& os livros? 0 jornal estd na caixa (x ==sh).
He's from Lisbon. This wood is from Brazil.
5. indicates material:
A casa de pedra
He is not here. Mary is home. Where are the books? The newspaper is in the box.
The house is made of stone.
2. indicates a temporary quality or characteristic:

Eta estd contente. Estamos cansados. Estou pronto.
gelo
She is happy (pleased). We are tired. I'm ready.
292
The coffee is cold. The window is open (closed). She is pretty today.
293
0 caf esta frio. A :meta std aberta Orechada). Ela estd bonita hoje
40. THE FORMS OF THE REGULAR VERB

CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II CONJUGATION III
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
3. is used to form the progressive tenses (see section 37 above):
falar to speak falar (falares) falar falarmos (falardes) falarem
aprender to learn pathr to leave

PERSONAL INFINITIVE
Lies estdo falando (a

falar) de Ms.
They are talking about us.
4. is used in expressions about the weather:

Estd frio hoje. No verso estard quente.
aprender (aprenderes) aprender aprendermos (aprender-des) aprenderem

PAST
partir (partires) partir partirmos (partirdes) partirem
It is cold today. It will be hot in the summer.
5. is used in certain other expressions (especially in Brazil):

Estou corn forme. Pies est& corn sede. 1 I am hungry. They are thirsty.
ter falado to have spoken
ter aprendido to have learned
ter partido to have left
Note: The verb ficar "to remain" is quite popular in Brazil and is often used for set or estar:
Onde fica a estacclo? Flea longe daqui. Ela fica contente aleficou doente.
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
Where is the station? It is far from here. She is happy (pleased). He became ill.
falando speaking
aprendendo learning
PAST
partindo leaving partido left
falado spoken
aprendido learned
INDICATIVE AND CONDITIONAL

PRESENT
cede (2).
lab
aprendo
patio
294
(falas)
(aprendes) aprende aprendemos (aprendeis) aprendem
IMPERFECT
CONDITIONAL
295
(panes)
fait,
falamos (falais) faiam
pane
partimos (partis) partem
falaria (falarias) falaria falariamos (falarieis) falariam
aprenderia (aprenderias) aprenderia aprenderiamos (aprenderieis) aprenderiam

PRESENT PERFECT
partiria (partirias) partiria pc rtiriamos (partirieis) partiriam
falava (falavas) falava fakivamOs (ralciveis) falavam
aprendia (aprendias) aprendia
partia (partial) partia partiamos (pantie's) part am
aprendiamos (aprendieis aprendiam

PRETERIT
tenho (tens) tem temos (tendes) tern
falado falado falado falado falado falado
aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido
partido partido partido partido partido partido
falei (falaste) falou Alamos' (falastes) falaram
aprendi (aprendeste) aprendeu
parti (partiste) partiu partimos (partistes) partiram
PLUPERFECT (COMPOUND)
aprendemos (aprendestes) aprenderam

FUTURE
tinha (tinhas) tinha tinhamos (tinheis) tinham
falado falado faiado falado falado falado
aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido

aprendido
partido partido partido partido partido partido
falarei Orialands) falara falaremos (falareis) falarao

faidmos
aprenderei (aprenderas) aprenderd aprenderemos (aprendereis) aprenderito
partirei (partinds) partird part iremos (partireis) partircio
PLUPERFECT (SIMPLE) 1
falara (falaras) falara
aprendera (aprenderas) aprendera
partira (par iras)
partira
The simple pluperfect has the same meaning as the compound pluperfect, but it is more a literary tense and is not ordinarily used in conversation.
296
fandramos (rabirds) falara terei (terns) tend teremos (tereis) tertio feria (terias) feria teriamos (terieis) teriam
aprenderamos (aprendereis) aprendera
FUTURE PERFECT
IMPERFECT
297
partiramos (partireis) partira partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido
falasse (falasses) falasse faleissemos (faldsseis) falassem falar Oralares) falar faiarmos (falardes) falarem tenha (tenhas) tenha tenhamos (tenhais) tenham
aprendesse (aprendesses) aprendesse aprendessemos (aprendesseis) aprendessem

FUTURE
partisse (partisses) partisse partissemos (partisseis) partissem partir (partires) partir partirmos (partirdes) partirem partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido partido
falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado
aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido
CONDITIONAL PERFECT
aprender (aprenderes) aprender aprendermos (aprenderdes) aprenderem

PRESENT PERFECT
falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado falado
aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido aprendido
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
PLUPERFECT
fak (fales) Pale falemos (faleis) falem
aprenda (aprendas) aprenda aprendamos (aprendais) aprendam
parts (partas) parts partamos (partais) parkin'
tivesse (tivesses) tivesse tivessemos (tivesseis) tivessem
298
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE IMPERATIVE Familiar Speak (sing.)! Speak (pl.)! Don't speak (sing)! Don't speak (pie)!
Ndo aprendam (os senhores, voces)1 Aprendamos (nos)!
299
Don't learn (pl.)! Let's learn! m
(Fala) (tu)! (Falai) (vos!) (Nilo fates} (tu)! (Nilo faleis) (IOW
Polite 'ale (o senhor, voce)! Speak (sing.)! Faiem (cis senhores, Speak 6301 voc es)!
IT io fate (o senhor, voce)! Don't speak (sing.)! falem (os senhores, Don't speak (pl.)! voces)!
(Parte) (tu)! (Parti) (v6s)! (Ntio partas) (tu)! (Ndo partais) (Ws)!
Familiar Leave (sing)! Leave (pl.)! Don't leave (sing.)! Don't leave (pl.)!
Polite Leave (sing.)! Patna (a senhor, voce)! Leave (pl.)! Partam (os senhores, voces)1 Don't leave (sing)! PI& parta (o senhor, voce)! PI& par am (ros senhores, Don't leave (pl.)! voces)!
Partamos (nos)!
'al os (n 6s) I
Let's speak!
II
Famili ar (Aprende) (tu)! (Aprendei) (Ms)! (Ndo aprendas) (tu)! (Nejo aprendais) (Vos)!
Learn (singe)! Learn(pL)! Don't learn (sing4! Don't learn (pi.)!
Let's leave!
41. RADICAL-CHANGING VERBS As indicated before (see Lesson 1, Vowels) the sound of vowels varies in Portuguese, with open and closed qualities for the same vowel, as well as other variations. To have good pronunciation it is necessary to distinguish between these sounds. Certain verbs in Portuguese have variations in the stem (or radical, as it is also called) and these should be kept in mind. Only some of these changes, with a few sample verbs, are given here. Unless otherwise indi-
Polite Aprenda (o senhor, voce)! Learn (sing.)! Aprendam (Os senhores, Learn (ple)! voces)!
aprenda (o senhor, voce)!
Don't learn (sing.)!
300
301
sated, the change given will pertain to those forms of the verb in which the stress falls on the last vowel of the stem: the 1, 2, 3, and 6 forms (the three singular and the third plural forms) of the present indicative and of the present subjunctive.
ILL
competir conferir conseguir despir (-se) divertir (-se) ferir preferir referir repetir seguir servir vestir (-se) mentir sentir cobrir dormir engolir tossir to compete to confer to obtain to undress (oneself) to amuse (oneself) to wound to prefer to refer to repeat to follow to serve to dress (oneself)
I
levar secar cortar escovar jogar morar notar voitar cear estrear passear recear odiar remediar to take away} open e to dry to cut to brush to play (game) to dwell, live to note to return
e becomes i in 1; e becomes open e in 2, 3, 6 of pres. ind.; e becomes i in all 6 forms of pres. subj.
open o
to eat supper to use, wear for the first time e changes to take a walk to ei or ride to fear
e becomes i in 1 of to lie pres. ind and in all to feel, to pres. subj. be sorry
to hate to remedy
i chances to ei
to cover to sleep to swallow to cough
Il
dever escrever meter corner mover
o becomes u in 1; o becomes open o in 2, 3, 6 of pres. ind.; o becomes u in all 6 forms of pres. subj. u becomes open o in 2, 3, 6 of pres. ind.
to owe, to have to to write to p ut
e changes to open e in 2, 3, 6 (not in lst form)
consumir fugir sacudir subir
to consume to flee to shake to go up
to run open o in 2, 3, to move
302
-
303
42. SPELLING CHANGES IN VERBS

Some verb forms, as is true of other parts of speech, undergo spelling changes before certain endings. These changes are in the final consonant of the stem. To understand these cases better, consult section 2, on pronunciation, of this gram mar summary. 1. Verbs ending in car
-
2. Verbs ending in car In these verbs the c. changes to c before e, that is, in the same forms indicated above. Example: comecar to begin
PRETERIT INDICATIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
in verbs ending in car in the infinitive the c changes to qu before e. This occurs in: a. the first person singular of the preterit b. all forms of the present subjunctive Example: ficar to remain, to be
-
PRETERIT INDICATIVE
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
fiquei (ficaste) ficou ficamosl (ficastes) ficaram

-
fique (fiques) fique fiquemos (fiqueis) fiquem to dry to signify, mean to touch, play (music) to verify
comece (comeces) comece comecemos comecamosi (comeceis) (comecastes) comecem comecaram Some of the other verbs in car: to force forcar abracar to embrace recomecar to begin alcancar to reach again to hunt caviar to trace, tracar sketch 3. Verbs ending in gar comecei (comecaste) comecou
-
Some of the other verbs in car: atacar to attack secar educar to educate significar explicar to explain to indicate indicar tocar verificar
In these verbs g becomes gu before e, that is, in the same forms indicated above. Example: chegar to arrive
PRETERIT INDICATIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
cheguei (chegaste) chogou chegamos 2 (chegastes) chegaram
chegue (cheques) chegue cheguemos (chegueis) cheguem
*Limos
e.
1 COnlecdMOS CO.
2
chegcimos
(E).
304
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE to play (game) to seize to pay to beg, ask
desaparecer to disappear oferecer desobedecer to disobey padecer envelhecer to age parecer esquecer to forget perrnanecer falecer to die pertencer reconhecer
305 to offer to suffer to seem to remain to belong to recognize
Some of the other verbs in -gar: apagar to put out, jogar erase carregar to load, pegar transport pager entregar to deliver rogar fatigar to fatigue 4. Verbs ending in -cer
5. Verbs ending in -ger In these verbs g changes to before o or a, that is, in the same forms indicated above. Example: pr Leger to protect
PRESENT INDICATIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
In these verbs c changes to c before o or a. This occurs in: a. the first person singular of the present indicative b. all forms of the present subjunctive Example: conhecer to know
conheco (conheces) conhece conhecemos (conheceis) conhecem
conheca (conhecas) conheca conhefamos (conhevais) conhecam
protejo (proteges) protege protegemos {protegees) protegem
proteja (protejas) proteja protejamos (proiejais) protejam
Some of the other verbs in -ger: eleger to elect reger to rule
Some of the other verbs in -cer: abastecer to supply favorecer acontecer fornecer to happen agradecer merecer to be grateful aparecer to appear nascer carecer to lack cornpadecer to pity obedecer
to favor to supply to deserve to be born to obey
6. Verbs ending in -gir These verbs have the same changes as verbs ending in -ger. Some of these are:
dirigir erigir exigir (x=sh)
to direct to erect to demand
Mir to flee surgir to emerge
306
307
7. Verbs ending in -guer or - guir In these verbs gu changes to g before o or a. This occurs in the same forms as in section 4 above. Example: distinguir to distinguish
43. IRREGULAR VERBS

Some of the irregular verbs in Portuguese will be given below. Only tenses which have irregular forms will be given. Verbs with only radical changes or orthographic changes will not be given. Imperative forms will not be listed. Irregular participles will be indicated.
Abrir to open
1. PAST PART.:
distingo (distingues) distingue
distinga Nistingas) distinga
aberto Caber to fit in caibo, caber, cabe, cabemos, cabeis, caber caiba, caibas, caiba, caibamos, caibais, caibam (Dube, coubeste, coube, coubemos, coubestes, couberam coubera, co bergs, coubera, couberamos, coubereis, couberam coubesse, coubesses, coubesse, coubessemos, coubesseis, coubessem couber, couberes, couber, coubermos, couberdes, couberem Lair to fail
distinguimos distingamos (distinguis) (distingals) distinguem distingam Some verbs in - goer and - guir: erguer to raise extinguir to extinguish perseguir to pursue conseguir to obtain seguir to follow Seguir is also radical changing (see section 41 above, part III) and it and its derivatives (such as conseguir and perseguir) will show these changes:
PRES. IND.:
2. PRES. SUBJ.:
PRET. IND.:
PLUP. IND.:
5.
IMPF. SUBJ.:
FUT. SUBJ.:
sig (segues) segue
siga (signs) siga sigamos (sigais) sigam
seguimos (seguis) seguem
Like sair to leave. See below.

PAST. PART.:
Cobrir to cover coberto
Conduzir to conduct, lead to conduzo, conduzes, conduz, PRES. IND.: conduzimos, conduzis, conduzem
308
Construirto construct construo, construis, construi, construimos, construis, construem also construo, constrois, constroi, construimos, construis, constroem constniia, construias, cons/rule:, constntiamos, construieis, construiam construi, construiste, construiu, construimos, construistes construiram construira, construiras, construira, construiramos, construireis, construiram construisse, construisses, construisse, construissemos, construisseis, construissem construir, construires construir, construirrnos, construirdes, construirem construido Crer to believe creio, cres, cre, cremos, credes, crew creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creiam cri, creste, 1 creu, cremos, crestes, 1 creram Dar to give dou, dds, d4, damos, dais, (Rio
2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: 4. PLUP, IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
309
de, des, de, demos, 1 deis, deem

del, des e, deu, demos, destes, deram derv, deras, dera, deramos, dereis, deram desse, desses, desse, dessemos, desseis, dessem der, deres, der, demos, derdes, derem Despedir to send away despeco, despedes, despede, despedimos, despedis, despedem &spew, despecas, despeca, despecamos, despecais, despecam Diner to say digo, dines, din, di emus, dizeis, diem diga, degas, diga, digamos, digais, digam disse, dissesse, disse, dissemos, dissessies, disseram dissera, disseras, dissera, disseramos, dissereis, disseram dissesse, dissesses, dissesse, dissessemos, dissesseis, dissessem disser, disseres, disser, dissermos, disserdes, disserem direis, dircio direi, dims, dir e diria, dirias, diria, diriamos, dirleis, diriam di to
1. PRES. IND.:
PRES. IND.: 2. IMPF. IND.: 3. PRET. IND.: 5. PLUP. IND.:
PRES. END.: PRES. SUBJ.:
6. IMPF, SUBJ.:
1. PREs. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.:
7. FUT. SUBJ.:
PRET. IND.: PLUP. IND.:
8. PAST PART.:
1. PRES. IND. 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.:
5. IMP. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.: 7. FUT. IND.: 8. CON D.: 9. PAST. PART.: demos ia).
I. PRES. IND.:
310
Eieger to elect elegido and eleito Erigir to erect erigido and ereto Escrever to write emit Estar to be estou, ends, estd, estamos, estais, estao esteja, estejas, esteja, estejamos, esiejais, estejam estive, estiveste, esthe, 1 estivemos, estivestes, estiveram estivera, estiveras, estivera, estiveramos, estivereis, estiveram estivesse, estivesses, estiveSSe, estivesseMos, estiyesseis, es tivessem estiver, estiveres, estiver, estivermos, estiverdes, estiverem Extinguir to extinguish extinguido and extent Fazer to do, to make _Taco, fazes, Paz, fazemos, fazeis, fazem face!, .faas,rc facamos, facam
3. PRET. IND.: 4. FLU?. IND.: 5. IMPF. 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
3 11
1. PAST. PART.:
I. PAST PART.:
1. PAST PART.:
FUT. IND.:
8. COND.: 9. PAST PART.:
1. PRES. IND.: 2. P. SuBJ.:
fiz, fizeste, fez,' fizemos, fizestes, fizeram fizera, fizeras, fizera, fizeramos, fizereis, fizeram fizesse, fizesses, fizesse, fizessemos, fizesseis, fizessem fizer, fizeres, fizer, fizermos, fizerdes, fizerem farei, fards, feint faremos, fareis, fardo faria, farias, faria, fariamos, farieis, fariam feito Haver to have hei, has, hd havemos, haveis, hdo ha a, hajas, haja, hajamos, hajais, hajam houve, houveste, houve, houvemos, houvestes, houveram houvera, houveras, houvera, houveramos houvereis, houveram houvesse, houvesses, houvesse, houvessemos, houvesseis, houvessem houver, houveres, houver, houvermos, houverdes, houverem Ir to go you, vais, val, vamos, ides, yob vd, yds, pa, vamos, wades, velo
3. PRET.
IND.:
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. FRET. IND.: 4. PLUP. IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
4. PLIJP. IND.: 5. IMP. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
L PAST
PART.:
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.:
'fez (r).
32 1
3. IMPF. IND.:
4. PRET. IND. :
ia, ias, ia, iamos, leis, ram fui, fine,' foi, fomos, fives, foram fOra, 2 foras, fora, foramos, fords, foram fosse, 2 fosses, fosse, fossemos, eis, fossem for, 3 (ores, for, farms, forces, forem Ler to read leio, s, l , lemos, ledes, leer leia, lei as, leia, leiamos, leiais, leiam Ii, teste, 3 leu, lemos, lestes, 3 leram Medir to measure Imp, medes, mede, medimos, medis, medem meta, mews, me a, mecamos, meow:Y., me cam Ouvir to hear ouvo, ouves, ouve, ouvimos, ouvis, ouvem also of o, ouves, ouve, ouvimos, ouvis, ouvem our oucas, ouca, ougamos, oucais, ougam also Ica, of as, oica, oicamos, oicais, oicam
Pedir to ask peco, pees, pee, pedimos, pedis, pedem peva, pesos, peca, pecamos, mais, Pecam Perder to lose perco, perdes, perde, perdemos, perdeis, perdem perca, perms, perca, percamos, percais, percam
313
5. PLUP. IND.: 6. IMPF. SUBJ.:
7. FuT.
1. PRES. IND.: I. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.:
PRES. IND.:
PRES. SUBJ.:
3. PRET. IND.: 4. PLUP. IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
1. PRES. IND.:
PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.:
Poder to be able posso, podes, pock, podemos, podeis, podem possa, posses, possa, possamos, possais, possam pude, pudeste, pode, pudemos, pudestes, puderam pudera, puderas, pudera, puderamos, pude reis, puderam pudesse, pudesses, pudesse, pudessemos, pudesseis, pudessem puder, puderes, puder, pudermos, puderdes, puderem Par to put ponho, pdoes, poe, pomos, pondes, poem ponha, ponhas, ponha, ponhamos, ponhais, ponham punha, punhas, punha, panhamos, pnheis, punham
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. IMPF. IND.:
PRES. SUBJ.:
foste, fostes,
No accent mark except in first and second plural forms 3 No accent mark in Portugal.
2
(E).
314
4. PRET. IND.: 5. PLUP. IND.: 6. IMPF. SUBJ.: 7. FUT. SUBJ.: 8. PAST. PART.: 9. PRES. PART.;
pus, pusestc, pos, pusemos, pusestes, puseram pusera, puseras, pusera, puseramos, pusereis, puseram pusesse, pusesses, pusesse, pusessemos, pusesseis, pusessem puser, puseres, puser, puserinos, puserdes, puserem pOsto (posto pond
Rir to laugh
315
PRES. IND.:
2. PRES. SUBJ.:
rio, ris, ri, tiros, rides, riem ria, rias, ria, riamos, riais, riam Saber to know sei, saber, sabe, sabemos, sabeis, saber saiba, Saibas, saiba, saibamos, saibais, saibam soube, soubeste, soube, soubemos, soubestes, souberam soubera, souberas, soubera, souberamos, soubereis, souberam soubesse, soubesses, soubesse, soubessemos, soubesseis, soubessem sower, souberes, saber -, soubermos, souberdes, souberem Fair to go out, to leave saio, sais, sai, saimos, sais, saem saia, saias, saia, saiarnos, saias, saiam saga, saias, saia, saiamos, saieis, salary sal, saiste, saiu, saimos, sais es, sairam saira, sairas, saira, sairamos, saireis, sairam saisse, saisses, saisse, saissefftos, saisseis, saissem
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES, SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: PLUP. IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.:
ce9
Note: compor and other verbs formed from pot. will have the same irregularities as por.
Querer to want
1. PRES. IND,: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: 4. PLUP. IND.: 5. IMP. SUBJ.:
6. FUT.
SUBJ.:
quero, queres, quer or quere, 1 queremos, quereis, querem queira, queiras, queira, queiramos, queirais, queirarn quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos, quisestes, quiseram quisera, quiseras, quisera, quiserarnos, quisereis, quiseram quisesse, quisesses, quisesse, quisessemos, quisesseis, quisessem quiser, quiseres, quiser, quisermos, quiserdes, quiserem
6. FUT. SUBJ.:
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: IMPF. IND.: 4. PRET. IND.: 5. PLUP. IND.: 6. IMPF. SUBJ.:
AI used in Portugal, but quer is preferred under the new orthography.

1
316
7. FUT. SUBJ.: 8. PAST PART.:
sair, it s, salt', sairmos, sairdes, sairem saido Ser to be sou, es, e, somos, sois, sao seja, sejas, seja, sejamos, sejais, seam era, eras, era, eramos, ereis, eram fui, joste, 1 foi, fomos, fOstes, 1 foram fora, 2 foras, fora, fOramos, fore's, foram fosse, 2 fosses, fosse, fossemos, fosseis, fossem for, 1 fores, for, 1 formos, forties, forem Ter to have tenho, tens, tern, temos, tends, tem tenha, tenhas, tenha, tenhamos, tenhais, tenham tinha, tinhas, tinha, tinhamos, tinheis, tinhatn live, tiveste, (eve, tivemos, tivestes, tiveram tivera, tiveras, tivera, tiveramos tivereis, tiveram tivesse, tivesses, tivesse tivessemos, iivesseis, tivessem
7. FUT. SUBJ.:
317
tiver, tiveres, Over, tivermos, tiverdes, tiverem
Note: comer and other verbs formed from ter will have the same irregularities as ter.
Trazer to bring trago, /razes, traz, trazemos, trazeis, trazem traga, tragas, traga, tragamos, Iragals, tragam trouxe,i trouxeste, trouxe, trouxemos, trouxestes, trouxeram trouxera, trouxeras, trouxera, trouxeramos, trouxereis, trouxeram trouxesse, trouxesses, trouxesse, trouxessemos, trouxesseis, trouxessem trouxer, trouxeres, trouxer, trouxermos, trouxerdes, trouxerem trarei, traras trarci, traremos, trareis, trarelo traria, &arias, traria, trariamos, trarleis, trariam
,
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. IMPF. IND.: 4. PRET. IND.: 5. PLUP. IND.: 6. IMPF: SUBJ.: 7. FUT. SUBJ.:
1. PRES. IND.:
2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: 4. PLUP. IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.:
7. FUT. IND.: 8. COND.:
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. IMPF. IND.: 4. PRET. IND.: 5. PLUP. IND.: 6. IMPF. SUBJ.:
1. PRES. IND.:
2. PRES. SUBJ.:
Valer to be worth valho, vales, vale, valemos, valet's, valem valha, valhas, valha, valhamos, valhais, valharn
forte, fosses; for (Z.

2
No accent mark except in first and second plural forms (D.
In these verb forms x is pronounced like s in see.
318
I. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. PRET. IND.: 4. MVP. IND.: 5. IMPF. SUBJ.: 6. FUT. SUBJ.: 7. PAST PART:
Ver to see ve ves, vemos, vedes, 1 veers veja, yejas, veja, vejamos, vejais, vejam vi, vise, viu, vimos, vistes, viram vira, vitas, vita, viramos, vireis, viram visse, vises, visse, vissemos, visseis, vissem vir, vices, vir, Yirmos, virdes, virem visto Vir to come venho, vens, vem, yimos, vindes, vem venha, yenhas, venha, venhamos, venhais, venham yinha, vinhas, vinha, vinhamos, vinheis, vinham vim, vieste, vein, viers, viestes, vieram viera, vieras, viera, vieramos, vi refs, vieram viesse, viesses, viesse, viessemos, visse/s, viessem vier, vieres, vier, viermos, vier es, vierem vindo
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 1. FORMAL INVITATIONS AND REPLIES A.
319
Pedro Pereira Sousa e Maria Sousa tern o prazer de convidar V. Excia. e Exma. Fa ilia para assistirem ao enlace matrimonial de Oa) sua filha GlOria corn o Sr. Paulo Games, que se realizara na igreja de Santo AntOniol no dia 20 do corrente, as 18 horas. Depois da cerimonia,2 haves urea recepcao na casa dos pais da noiva, avenida Anchieta, 1529.
1. PRES. IND.: 2. PRES. SUBJ.: 3. IMPF. IND.: 4. PI T. IND.: 5. PL P. IND.: 6. IMPF. SUBJ.: 7. FUT. SUBJ.: 8. PAST PART.:
Peter Pereira Sousa and Mary Sousa take pleasure in inviting you to the wedding of their daughter Gloria to Mr. Paulo Domes, which will take place at St. Anthony's Church on the 20th of this month at 6 p. m. After the ceremony there will be a reception at the residence of the bride's parents, 1529 Anchieta Avenue.
B. Jose e Cecilia Silva cumprimentam o senhor e a senhora Carlos Guimarlies, e pedem clue os honrem jantando na sua companhia, na proxima segunda-feira, is oito horas. Joseph and Cecilia Silva extend their greetings to Mr. and Mrs. Charles Guimaries, and would be honored to have their company at dinner next Monday at eight o'clock.
Note: The present participle is also vindo. Note: convir to suit, to agree, and other verbs formed from vir, will have the same irregularities as vin.
I Antonio
vedes
2
cerimonia (f),
e.
320
321
senhor e a senhora Guimaraes, muito agradecidos, aceitam corn grande prazer o convite do senhor e da senhora Silva para jantarem juntos na prOxima segrunda-feira, as oito horas, e aproveitam o ensejo para cumprimenta-los cordialmente. Mr. and Mrs. GuimarAes will be delighted to dine with Mr. and Mrs. Silva next Monday at eight o'clock and take this opportunity to indicate their appreciation and to extend their kindest regards.
e :
will be most happy to attend the reception next Sunday.
C. Tomas e Margarida Freitas cumprimentam afetuosamente o senhor e a senhora Moreira da Silva e pedem que lhes &rem o grande prazer de participarem da festa corn que comemorario o aniversario de Oa) sua filha Ana, festa essa que tern lugar no proximo domingo, 19 de marco, 1 as nove horas da noite. Thomas and Margaret Freitas extend their warmest greetings to Mr. and Mrs. Moreira da Silva and request the honor of their presence at a party celebrating the birthday of their daughter Ana,. to be given on Sunday evening, March 19, at nine o'clock.
IN.s.1ss1ss
senhor e a senhora Guimaries cumprimentam o senhor e a senhora Silva, agradecem muitissimo o seu amavel convite para jantar na premix= segunda4eira, mas lamentam nao poderem aceita-lo em virtude de terem estabelecido um compromisso anteriormente, para a mesma data. Mr. and Mrs. Guimarles extend their greetings to Mr. and Mrs. Silva and thank them for the kind invitation to dine with them on Monday, but regret that they will not be able to come due to a previous engagement.
senhor e a senhora Moreira da Silva agradecem muito o amivel convite do senhor e da senhora Freitas, e expressam o seu grande contentamento por terem a oponunidade de participar da festa do proximo domingo. Mr. and Mrs. Moreira da Silva gratefully acknowledge the kind invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Freitas and 'Marco
322
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 3. BUSINESS =ER'S Rua Tobias Barreto, 1326 SA Paulo, S. P. 5 de julhol de 1965 Sr. Julio Matos Avenida Rio Branco, 213 Rio de Janeiro Estado de Guanabara
ilmo. Snr:
323
2 THANK-YOU NOTE 2 de abril1 de 1965

Minh a cara Ana, Escrevo-lhe nazi se, para cumprimenta-la, como tambem para agradecer-lhe o formoso vaso que me mandou de presence. Coloquei-o em cima do piano, e voce nap pole imaginar o lido efeito que faz. Espero ve-la, amanhA, na festa que di Carlota. Parece que essa reuniao vai ser muito animada. Meu desejo que voce e toda 2 a famffia estejam bern. Aqui, tudo sem novidade. Abraca-a (a) sua amiga dedicada. Maria
Junto remeto-lhe um cheque de CrS3.000,00 pan obtencio de uma assinatura anual da revista Branco 5.2 e Negro, que dirigida por Atenciosamente, Joao Carlos Martins
April 2, 1965
Dear Anna, I'm writing you not only to say hello, but also to let you know how much I appreciate the beautiful vase you sent me as a gift. I've put it on the piano and you can't imagine the beautiful effect. I hope to see you at Carlota's party tomorrow. I think it's going to be a very lively affair. I hope you and your family are well. Here, everything is fine.
Rua Tobias Barreto, 1326 Sao Paulo, S. P. July 5, 1965

Mr. Julio Matos Avenida Rio Branco, 213 Rio de Janeiro Guanabara State Dear Sir: Enclosed please find a check for 3000 cruzeiros for a year's subscription to your magazine Branco e Negro. Very truly yours, Joao Carlos Martins
Julho (D. 2 V. S. stands for Vossa Senhoria, a correspondence 4erm for "you."
Your friend, Mary

ardsNslaap
Abrit (e). 2 toda
324 A.
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE Lopes, Nunes & Co. Rua de Madalena, 154 Lisbon, Portugal May 2, 1965 Gomes, Lima & Co. Rua Nova dildrandega, 110 o Porto Gentlemen:
325
Lopes, Nunes & Cia. Rua de Madalena, 154 Lisboa, Portugal 2 de Maio' de 1965 Aos Snrs. Gomes, Lima Rua Nova d'Alfindega, 110 o Porto2 Prezados Senhores: Tern os satisfacio de aptesentar-lh.es o portador fiesta, o Sr. Alberto Rocha, nosso caixeiro viajante, que visitara as principals cidades dessa regiao. Nio 6 precis dyer-lhes que ficaremos iniensamente gratos pelas atencbes que the dispensarem. Aproveitamos a oportunidade para agradecer-lh.es antecipadamente o que fizerem pelo Sr. Rocha, e subscrevemo-nos muito atenciosamente. De VV. SS. Atos. e Obos. Lopes, Nunes & Cia. Joao Lopes Presidente
1ss.ssss
We have the pleasure of introducing to you the bearer of this letter, Mr. Alberto Rocha, our traveling salesman, who will be visiting the principal cities of your region. Needless to say, we shall greatly appreciate any courtesy you may extend to him. Thanking you in advance, we remain Very truly yours, Lopes, Nunes & Cia. Joao Lopes President
maio 2 Part.
326
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 4. INFORMAL LEERS 2 de fevereiro 1
327
February 2 Dear Joseph, I was very happy to get your last letter. Without further delay I'm going to spring the big news. We have finally decided to take the trip to Lisbon, where we expect to spend all of July. Naturally, Mary is delighted, being most anxious to visit the country of her grandparents and to meet you and your charming wife. I am sure that she and Helen will get along fine and that they will put their time to good use, visiting points of interest in the city, not forgetting, of course, the shops, where they can practice their shopping "art" We have much to talk about and I hope you will be able to free yourself of other engagements during that period. Business is good now and I hope we shall continue to have smooth sailing. I saw Al last week and he asked about you. I'd appreciate it very much if you could reserve a room for us in a hotel near the building in which you are staying. Write, letting me know what has been going on lately and what you think of the news. Give my regards to Helen. Yours, John
.M1s1 s11,1111,17.s
Meu car o Jose, Foi corn grande prazer que recebi a sua ultimo% carta. Para it direito ao assunto, you contar-lhe a grande noticia. Finalmente decidimos fazer a projetada (projectada) viagem a Lisboa, onde pretendemos ficar todo o mes de juiho. Naturalmente Maria esti encantada, muito ansiosa de visitor o pais dos seus aYdis e de conhecer voce e sua amtivel espOsa. 2 Estou certo de que eta e Helena se dark, be al, e que aproYeitarlo ttlidas 2 as horas, visitando Os pontos de interesse 2 da cidade, e Oro esquecendo, naturalmente, as lojas, onde se dedicarAo "arse" de fazer compras. Temos muitas coisas que comentar e espero que voce posse livrar-se de outros compromissos durante esses2 dies. Os negOcios vio be por agora e espero que continuem assim, de vento em popai 2 Na semana passada estive corn o Alberto, e 81e perguntou por voce. Ficarei muito agradecido se voce puder reservar-nos um quarto nun hotel, pertinho do predio em que mora. Escreva-me, contando o que teem acontecido Ultimamente, e o que the parece esta noticia. Mando lembrancas a Helena, e voce, receba urn abraco de (do) seu amigo Joao
Fevereiro 2 No accent mark in Portugal: masa, etc.

(.
328
CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE 5. USEFUL PHRASES FOR CORRESPONDENCE
329
A. FORMAL LETTERS 1. Salutations: Excelentissimo Senhor: Amigo e Senhor: Ilustrissimo Senhor: Prezado Senhor: Senhor: Senitora: Senhorita: Senhor Diretor:' Dear Sir: (Your Excellency) Dear Sir: Dear Sir: Dear Sir: Sir: Madam: Miss: Dear Director:
+2
Note: The above phrases can be used in the plural: Excelentissimos Senhores, Ainigos e Senhores, etc., and in the fetninine: Excelentissima Senhora, Amiga e Senhora, etc. They can also be used with names: Prezado Senhor Pereira: Dear Mr. Pereira: 2. Initial or opening statements: Acusamos o recebimento de (do) seu estimado favor de 12 deste 2 e aproveitamo-nos para We hereby acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 12th instant and take this opportunity to. . Agradecemos o seu atencioso favor, datado de 7 do mes corrente . We greatly appreciate your kind letter of the 7th of this month
Director 2 No accent mark in Portugal.
1
Cumpre-nos anunciar-lhes que . Please be advised that . corn grande prazer que respondo sua estimada , I take pleasure in answering your letter . . carta resposta carta de VV. SS. 1 de 28 do mes passado, cumpre-nos informar-lhes que . In answer to your letter of the 28th of last month, please be advised that... Estou em posse de (do) seu prezado favor de 22 de junho2 e cumpre-me avisa-lo que . I am in receipt of your letter of June 22 and am pleased to inform you that Muito grato ficaria a V. S. se me mandasse . I would appreciate it very much if you would send me . Recebi (a) sua estimada carta 'cle 15 do corrente e I have received your letter of the apresso-me a . 15th of this month and I hasten to . Temos a satisfacio de comunicar-lhe que . We are pleased to announce that .
. '
3. Closing statements: More formal: Apresento4hes os meus sinceros cumprimentos de muita estima Aproveitamos o ensejo para lhes renovarmos Os nossos protestos de elevada consideracao e estima
VV. SS. stands for Vossas Senhorias, "you" plural; de VV. SS. "your." 2 Junho (1).
1
e.
330
331
Corn os nossos protestos de sincera estima e elevado apreco, 1 subscrevemo-nos Subscrevemo-nos com alta estima e consideracAo Note: These are roughly the equivalent of "Sincerely yours." More commercial: Coin alta estima e consideracao Desde ji, muito gratos, somos, atenciosamente Somos corn Ode a consideracao Note: These amount to "Very truly yours." Corn os moss atenciosos cumprimentos our best regards . . With
Note: These are usually given in the abbreviated forms given to the right; the shortened forms vary, so Obrigado may appear as Obo., etc. The combinations also vary: Miuito Atentos e Gratos, etc. B. INFORMAL LETTERS 1. Salutations: Amigo Carlos Meu caro Alberto Meu pre ado Amigo Minha boa Carmen Minha filha querida Minim suerida Cecilia Prezado Amigo Prezado Alfredo Prezada Maria Querida Mamae Querida sobrinha My friend Charles My dear Albert My dear Friend My dear("good") Carmen My dearest daughter My dear Cecilia Dear Friend Dear Alfred Dear Mary Dearest Mother Dear Niece
Na expectativa de uma breve resposta . Hoping to hear from you soon . Na esperanca de recebermos seas comentarios favoravels . Hoping to receive a favorable response . Respeitosamente . Respectfully The above may be followed by phrses such as the following which correspond to our "Nrry truly yours," or "Sincerely ypurs": De Vossa Senhoria Atento e Obrigado De Vossas Senhorias Amigos e Muito Gratos
2. Complimentary closings: Abraca-o o amigo Aceite abraco muito sincero do amigo dedicado Aceite o cumprimentos sinceros do amigo Do amigo dedicado Envia-lhe um apertado abrago a sincera amiga Recebam um abrago do seu Scu amigo muito grato Um abraco do seu
De V. S. Ato. e Obgdo. De VV. SS. Amos. e Mto. Gtos.
332
333
Note: These phrases above amount to "Yours," "Affectionately yours," or corresponding expressions. Until I see you again Ate a vista Cordialmente Cordially Seu filho mmto dedicado Your loving son
limo. Snr. Jose Pereira Martins Rua Castilho, 73 LISBOA, PORTUGAL
6. FORM OF THE ENVELOPE

Lopes, Nunes & Cia. Rua de Madalena, 154 Lisboa Aos Srs. Gomes, Lima & Cia. Rua Nova d'Alrandega, 110 PORT 01
Joao Santos Praia do Flamengo, 376 RIO DE JANEIRO GUANABARA
Joao Carlos Martins Rua Tobias Barreto, 1326 Sao Paulo, S. P. Ilmo. Snr. Julio Matos Avenida Rio Branco, 213 RIO DE JANEIRO, Guanabara
OTHER EXAMPLES
Ex o. Sr. Dr. Carlos de Silveira Praca da Se, 379 SAO PAULO, S. P. Snra. Carmen Pereira Avenida Rui Barbosa, 322 RIO DE JANEIRO, GUANABARA Snrta. Maria da Silva Av. P. A. Cabral, 92 LISBOA, PORTUGAL
Porto S.

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THE LIVING LANGUAGE COURSES

'";'/AAZtwriafe CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE

Crown Publishers, In New York

BASIC PORTUGUESE VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

LESSON 17 35. NUMBERS

LESSON 15 (I. You. He, Cont.)

SUMMARY OF PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR

246 248 252 256 257 258

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPLETE

LIVING LANGUAGE COLRSE

SOUTH AMERICAN (Brazilian) vs. CONTINENTAL PORTUGUESE

almoco ele aquele

lunch he that one

acid Antonio diretor otimista

accao Antonio director optimista

action Anthony director optimist

How to Use Conversational Portuguese with the Living LanguageTM Cassettes

THE LETTERS AND SOUNDS

C. Now the names of some countries:

CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE homem homens man men

3. ci (used only before a, 0, or u) is like the c in face:

young man nation

4. g before e and i is like the s in measure: people gente slang giria

acompanhar to accompany agente agent

CONVERSATIONAL PORTUGUESE prOximo ice x in wax: taxi next 20.3

to dine 2. THE PORTUGUESE ALPHABET

9. qu before a or o is like qu in quota:

a be et de efe 11# aga

i Nei tie toe cue 6 PS qua

erre ease te u ye xis

quadro cone? barquinha

10. qu before e or i is usually like k:

eereja igreja fecha venho

cereja igreja fecha venho

cerj ea igreja fecha venho

cherry church he closes I come

NASAL SOUNDS 1. rn,

eampo field tentar to try cams bed linha line

tambem sempre bombs

to sing also always bomb manhi licoes Ike much

they speak he has good a, one morning lessons he puts

2. d, 6 are nasalized: 111 wool

SOME OTHER VOWEL COMBINATIONS

15 hospital hotel motor original regular total

animal capital central chocolate envelope favor

animal capital central chocolate envelope favor

hospital hotel motor original regular total

3. Compare: Elel esti aqui? Is he here? Lie esti aqui?

Lie esti aqui. He is here. Lie esti aqui.

phrase, sentence telephone sympathy theatre race rhythm system

3. Portuguese t = English th: actor author simpatia teatro autoridade - authority

attention cooperation description station

mitation information satisfaction translation political famous religious

10. Portuguese -o = English -al: etemo eternal politico

to announce course to found secretary remedy territory

6. USEFUL WORD GROUPS

um (masc.), uma (fem.) dois (masc.), dues (hem.}

18 fres quatro seas

red blue green black white yellow brown gray

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

spring summer autumn winter

NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST

norte sul leste oeste