Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology Circulatory System Maintains the distribution of blood flow throughout the body

body Includes: The Heart, blood vessels, Arteries, Capillaries, and veins Has two parts: The Pulmonary Circulation and The Systemic Circulation The Pulmonary Circulation: transports deoxygenated blood between the heart and lungs The Systemic Circulation: transports oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and cells, and returns oxygen back to the heart Collects waste from the body and cells Carbon dioxide is transported by the circulatory system from lungs, liver, kidneys Has Four Valves

The Heart Is made up of cardiac muscle The heart has four chambers Average beat is 60-100 bpm, 100,000 times daily Each time the cardiac muscle contracts, blood pushes through the body within blood vessels The heart is locate in the mediastinum( center of the chest cavity) About the size of a fist, shaped like an up-side-down pear The lower edge of the heart is called the apex The wall of the heart has three layers

Layers of the Heart 1. Endocardium: Inner layer of the heart Lines the chambers of the heart Reduces friction as the blood passes through the chambers

2. Myocardium: The middle layer Contractions help develops the pressure needed to pump blood through blood vessels

3. Epicardium: The outer layer

This layer is double-layer pleural-sac called pericarium The visceral pericardium: Inner layer The Perietal Pericardium: Outer layer

Fluid between the layers helps the sacs reduce friction as the hearts beats Pulse and Blood Pressure Blood Pressure is a measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessels. A Ventricular Systole: the blood is under a lot of pressure from contracting Systolic Pressure is the highest blood pressure reading Diastolic Pressure is the lowest blood pressure reading Pulse is the surge blood caused by the heart contraction

Chambers of the heart Two atria( upper chambers)

receiving chambers Two ventricles( lower chambers)

pumping chambers Both have a thick myocardium and contracts, ejects blood out of the heart into the arteries Interatrial Septum( right side) Interventricular Septum( left side)

Valves of the Heart

Four valves Restrains and controls the direction of flow of the blood They allow the blood to flow forward in direction only, by blocking the previous chamber

Valves Pulmonary Valve

(semi lunar valve) Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery Prevents the blood from returning to the right ventricles as it relaxes The Tricuspid (atrioventricular valve) Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle Once the blood enters the right ventricle, it cannot go back Has three leaflets

Blood Vessels( three types) Arteries: large, thick-wall vessels

Carries blood away from the heart Muscles can contract and relax to change size of the arterial lumen

Coronary arteries provides blood to capillaries Capillaries: thin-wall vessels

Has network of tiny vessels called capillary beds Allows diffusion of the oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the body tissues Blood flow does not flow as quick as the arteries and veins Veins: thin-wall vessels

Carries blood back to the heart Can collapse easily Prevents blood from back-flowing Ensure the blood flows toward the heart Blood Flow Through the Body 1. Deoxygenated blood pumps to the right atrium( the superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava 2. From the right atrium to the tricuspid valve 3. To the right ventricle 4. Blood pumps to the pulmonary valve 5. From the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery( this carries oxygen to the lungs) 6. To the left atrium( where it receives blood) 7. Returns blood to the heart, to the relaxed atrium( from the four pulmonary valves) 8. Left atrium contracts blood, sends blood to the mitral valve, and relaxed in the left ventricle 9. From the left ventricle to the aortic valve, to the aorta, and through out the rest of the body Pathologies of the Heart Hypertension: Blood pressure above the normal range Hypotension: Decrease in blood pressure Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of the vein, from blood clots in the vein Varicose Veins: swollen veins

Diagnostic Procedures Clinical Laboratory Tests: cardiac enzymes, serum lipoprotein level

Diagnostic Imaging: angiography, cardiac scan, venography Cardiac Function Tests: Cardiac Catheterization, Electrocardiography, Holter Monitor, Stress testing

Therapeutic, Surgical Procedures Defibrillation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Extracorporeal Circulation Pacemaker Implantation Aneurysmectomy Arterial Anastomosis Embolectomy Heart Transplantatiion Valve Replacement

Conclusion The Circulatory System is essential for the human body. It helps transport nutrients and oxygen through out the body. The heart alerts us that we are alive by contracting( beats). This is why we must take care of ourselves. By not smoking, drinking plenty of water, and get plenty of exercise to keep the heart strong.

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