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Outline
What is it? Why now? Cloud killer apps Economics for users Economics for providers Challenges and opportunities Implications
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Why Now?
Experience with very large datacenters
Unprecedented economies of scale
Other factors
Pervasive broadband Internet Fast x86 virtualization Pay-as-you-go billing model Standard software stack
Spectrum of Clouds
Instruction Set VM (Amazon EC2, 3Tera) Bytecode VM (Microsoft Azure) Framework VM
Google AppEngine, Force.com
Lower-level, Less management Higher-level, More management
EC2
Azure
AppEngine Force.com
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Resources
Resources
Capacity
Demand
Capacity Demand
Time
Time
Unused resources
Unused resources
Resources
Demand
Time
Resources
Lost revenue
Lost users
Extra benefits
Amazon: utilize off-peak capacity Microsoft: sell .NET tools Google: reuse existing infrastructure
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Adoption Challenges
Challenge Availability Data lock-in Opportunity Multiple providers & DCs Standardization
Data Condentiality and Encryption, VLANs, Auditability Firewalls; Geographical Data Storage
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Growth Challenges
Challenge Data transfer bottlenecks Performance unpredictability Scalable storage Opportunity FedEx-ing disks, Data Backup/Archival Improved VM support, flash memory, scheduling VMs Invent scalable store
Bugs in large distributed Invent Debugger that relies systems on Distributed VMs Scaling quickly Invent Auto-Scaler that relies on ML; Snapshots
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Infrastructure software:
Resource accounting, VM awareness
Hardware systems:
Containers, energy proportionality
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