essential grammar elements and functions (4 DR ORRALA GUERRERO)

ARTICLES
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

THE: definite .. as a determiner. A / AN: indefinite

THIS THESE

THAT THOSE

ADJECTIVES

NOUNS CAR HOUSE FATHER APPLE LOVE FRINDLYNESS GO

VERBS

ADVERBS

PREPOSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

FAST-SLOW BIG-SMALL GOOD-BAD TASTY

FAST-SLOWLY TO BE TO HARD-MUCH TERRIBLY IN ON BELOW UNDER FOR OF WITH IN ON AT UNDER

AND FOR OR NOR

WORK COOK

ONLY

ONLY

ONLY

HERE THERE

The fast car goes extremely fast to destination and to boxes after that. art adj noun verb adv adv prep noun conj prep noun adv noun SENTENCE VERB SUBJECT .. OBJECT
TRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ INTRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ.

Mr.Bauer plays golf.

SUBJ VERB OBJ

Mr. Bauer tells .(obj. is needed) Mr. Bauer exists. (obj. is not possible)

My car is blue.

PRONOUNS

That is his car. Our car is red, hers is green. That car is mine, his is brown. Marys car is pink, Johns is grey. Her cars pink, hiss grey. This key starts the engine. It starts it. person
singular1st singular2nd singular3rd SUBJECT I YOU HE-SHE-IT WE YOU THEY

He
SUBJ

plays

it.

VERB OBJ

PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE POS. ADJ/DET*. POSSESSIVE**

MY YOUR OUR YOUR THEIR MINE YOURS OURS YOURS THEIRS

OBJECT ME YOU US YOU THEM

REFLEXIVE myself yourself

HIM-HER-IT..SELF

HIS-HER-ITS HIS-HERS-ITS HIM-HER-IT

That machines key plural1st is here. plural2nd Its key is here. plural3rd That key is this machines That key is its.

ourselves yourselves themselves

* possessive adjectives/determiners, genitive pronouns

It is its. ** possessive pronouns Its key activates that machines device too. It activates it too. case: 2 objects in the same sentence ( direct object & indirect object ) John bought his wife flowers = John bought flowers to his wife. John bought her flowers = John bought flowers to her He bought her flowers = He bought them to her. He bought her them, He bought them her. (unappropiate)

QUESTIONS ?

relationship

always aux-subj ..purpose of them: YES / NO

SPECIFIC INFORMATION (thing, person, verb, place..)

(using interrogative pronouns) AUXILIARS (AUX) SUBJECT (always at the beginning of Qs)
(not in questions when the subj is asked missing information: WHO STUDIED?

TO BE (as if aux in present simple) the very same conjugated AM, IS, ARE

REST OF THE VERBS (in present simple) DO / DOES

Are you ok?

Yes, I am No, Im not Yes, she is. No, she isn't

Do you speak English?

Yes, I do. No, I don`t Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. interrogative pronouns WHICH WHERE WHEN HOW when questions are asked they expect object adverb of place adverb of time adverb of manner
adv,conj,noun

Is your sister fine? Does Mark speak English?

WHAT

WHO

WHY

object verb

person

reason because/for

What are you?

I`m a student

What do you eat in the morning?

I eat cereal

Where is your sister?

She is in the kitchen.

Where do you eat cereal in the morning?

I do at my mothers. (it replaces the verb/action in this cases)

I PLAY SOCCER SHE PLAYS SOCCER

negative:

I DONT PLAY SOCCER SHE DOESNT PLAY SOCCER

DO NOT= DONT DOES NOT= DOESNT

I AM RIGHT SHE IS RIGHT YOU ARE RIGHT

negative:

IM NOT RIGHT SHES NOT RIGHT (ISNT RIGHT) YOURE RIGHT

EXAMPLE: USE OF A TENSE TENSES:

SIMPLE
(all

PRESENT BE / REST OF VERBS CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)

verbs except "be")

-(in "bold", "negrita")DOES SHE PLAY TENNIS? YES, SHE DOES/ NO, SHE DOESNT WHAT DOES SHE PLAY? SHE PLAYS TENNIS. (-S: he/she/it)

AUX: DO/DOES(he,she,it) DO YOU PLAY TENNIS? YES, I DO/ NO, I DONT WHAT DO YOU PLAY? I PLAY TENNIS

WHO PLAY/PLAYS TENNIS? WE DO. / SHE DOES. (verb "be") AM=I / ARE=YOU,WE,THEY / IS=HE,SHE,IT ARE YOU A DENTIST? YES, I AM /NO, I`M NOT. WHAT ARE YOU? I AM (IM) A DENTIST. IS SHE A DENTIST? YES, SHE IS / NO, SHE ISNT. WHAT IS SHE? SHE IS (SHES) A DENTIST. (BE + VERB..ING) ....= ARE YOU COOKING? YES, I AM / NO, IM NOT. WHAT ARE YOU DOING? IM COOKING. WHO ARE/IS COOKING? WE ARE. SHE IS. IS SHE.. YES, SHE IS/.. WHAT IS SHE. SHE IS

WHO ARE/IS DENTISTS/A DENTIST? WE ARE./ SHE IS.