CHEMISTRY PAPER 1997

(One and a half hours) Answers to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will NOT be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper. The time given at the head of this paper is the time allowed for writing the answers. Section A is compulsory and attempts any four questions from Section B. The intended marks for questions or parts of questions, are given in brackets [ ]. SECTION I Question 1. (a) Name one element, in each case, to which the following descriptions could apply: (i) The molten metal which gives white fumes when reacting with chlorine; (ii) The burning metal which combines directly with nitrogen; (iii) The metal which combines directly with sulphur on heating; (iv) The non-metal which forms two compounds when reacting with chlorine. [4] Ans. (i) Aluminium (ii) Magnesium (iii) Iron (iv) Phosphorus (b) Name the gas that you can obtain in the laboratory from each of the following and write the equation for the reaction taking place in each case; (i) Ammonium nitrite; (ii) Ammonium chloride; (iii) Ammonium nitrate; [6] Ans. (i) Nitrogen gas NH4 NO2 2H2O + N2 (ii) Ammonia gas NH4 Cl + NaOH (iii) Nitrous oxide NH4 NO3 N2O Nitrous oxide NaCl + H2O + NH3 + 2H2O

(c) (i) Name the two crystalline allotropes of sulphur. For each allotrope give a sketch of the shape of its crystals. (ii) Which sulphur allotrope is stable at room temperature? [5] Ans. (i) Rhombic sulphur and Monoclinic sulphur

Rhombic Sulphur

Monoclinic Sulphur

(ii) Rhombic sulphur (d) (i) What is the mass of nitrogen in 1000 kg of urea [CO (NH2)2] ? (Answer correct to the nearest kg.) (H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16) (ii) Is it possible to change the temperature and pressure of a fixed mass of gas without changing its volume? Explain your answer [5] Ans. (i) CO(NH2)2 0= 2 N 60 = 28 60 kg urea contains = 28 kg nitrogen 1000 kg urea contains = 28 x 1000 60 = 467 kg (ii) Yes. With a constant volume of a gas, pressure varies directly as the temperature. If the temperature is increased, the pressure increases and vice-versa. (e) (i) What should be the physical state of lead bromide if it is to conduct electricity? (ii) What particles are present in pure lead bromide? (iii) Write the equations for the reactions which take place at the electrodes during the electrolysis of lead bromide. [6] Ans. (i) liquid (ii) Pb2+ and Br(iii) Pb2+ + 2ePb (At cathode) BrBr + e- (At anode) Br + Br Br2 (f) Three test-tubes contain calcium nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution and lead nitrate solution respectively. Each solution is divided into two portions (f) (i) and (f) (ii). Describe the effect of: (i) Adding sodium hydroxide solution to each portion in turn till it is in excess. (ii) Adding ammonium hydroxide to each portion in turn till it is in excess. [6] Ans. (i) Ca (NO3)2 + 2Na OH Ca (OH)2 + 2Na NO3 Zn (NO3)2 + 2Na OH Zn (OH)2 + 2Na NO3 Pb (NO3)2 + 2Na OH Pb (OH)2 + 2Na NO3 (ii) Ca (NO3)2 + 2NH4 OH Ca (OH)2 + 2NH4 NO3

Zn (NO3)2 + 2NH4 OH Pb (NO3)2 + 2NH4 OH

Zn (OH)2 + 2NH4 NO3 Pb (OH)2 + 2NH4 NO3

(g) State three tests by which you could identify a gas as being chlorine. [3] Ans. (i) Greenish-yellow gas with pungent smell (ii) Turns starch-iodide paper blue (iii) Bleaches moist litmus paper (h) Define or explain the meaning of the following terms : (i) Molar volume; (ii) Fixation of nitrogen; (iii) Acid salt; (iv) Vulcanisation; (v) Ore. [5] Ans. (i) Volume occupied by one mole of a gas at S.T.P. Its value is 22.4 litre. (ii) Conversion of free atmospheric nitrogen into useful nitrogenous compounds by natural or artificial methods is called fixation of nitrogen. (iii) Salts obtained by partial displacement of hydrogen of an acid are called acid salts. For example, sodium hydrogen sulphate (NaHSO4), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). (iv) Vulcanisation is a process in which sulphur is added to rubber and heated to improve the quality of rubber. (v) A mineral from which a metal can be extracted conveniently and profitably is called ore.

SECTION II Question 2. (a) (i) What is the purpose of the pH scale? (ii) What is the pH of pure water? (iii) A is a soluble acidic oxide; B is a soluble base. Compared to the pH of pure water, what will be the pH of? (1) A solution of A; (2) A solution of B. [4] Ans. (i) To know the acid-strength of a solution. (ii) 7 (iii) (1) Less than 7 (2) More than 7 (b) Taking sodium carbonate as an example, give the meaning of the following terms: (i) Water of crystallization; (ii) Anhydrous; (iii) Efflorescence. Ans. (i) It is the number of molecules of water that are associated with the substance in the crystal form e.g. Na2CO3. 10H2O. Here 10 H2O is water of crystallisation. (ii) On heating, this water of crystallisation might disappear Na2 CO3 . 10H2O Na2CO3 - 10H2O (Anhydrous sod. carbonate)

(iii) On standing for a long time, crystals lose water of crystallisation. This phenomenon is called efflorescence Na2 CO3.10H2O Efflorescence Na2CO3 -10H2O (c) (i) Barium chloride solution can be used to distinguish between a sodium sulphate solution sodium nitrate solution. How is this done? (ii) Write the equation for the action of heat on sodium nitrate. [3] Ans. (i) Sodium sulphate gives a white precipitate of barium sulphate whereas sodium nitrate does not give the precipitate on addition of barium chloride solution. (ii) 2 NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

Question 3. (a) Write equations for the following reactions: (i) Burning of ammonia in oxygen; (ii) Catalytic oxidation of ammonia. [2] Ans. (i) 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O (ii) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O (b) (i) What would you see in (a) (I) above? (ii) Name the catalyst used in (a) (ii) (iii) In the reaction referred to in (a) (ii) the catalyst glows red-hot. Why? (iv) What is the name of the industrial process which starts with the reaction referred to in (a) (ii)? [4] Ans. (i) Ammonia burns with a greenish-yellow flame to form nitrogen and water. (ii) Platinum (iii) The reaction is exothermic. A lot of heat produced turns the catalyst red hot. (iv) Ostwald's process. (c) (i) How soluble is ammonia in water? (ii) Give two reasons to show that the solution of ammonia in water contains hydroxide ions. (iii) Name a simple method you would employ to prepare ammonium salts in your laboratory Ans. (i) Extremely soluble. (ii) Ammonia solution in water turns red litmus blue. Ferric chloride, aluminium chloride solutions treated with ammonia solution give precipitates of Fe(OH)3 and Al(OH)3 respectively Fe Cl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl Al Cl3 + 3NH4OH Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl (iii) Ammonia solution reacts with acids to produce salts, for example 2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O Question 4. (a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound having 37.6% sodium, 23.1% silicon and 39.9% oxygen. (Work to two decimal places.) [O = 16; Na = 23; Si = 28] [3] Ans.

Element Percentage At. Mass AtomicRatio Na Si O 37.6 23.1 39.3 23 28 16 37.6/23 = 1.63 23.1/28 = 0.0825 39.3/16 = 2.45

Simplest Ratio 1.63/0.0825 = 2 0.0825/0.0825 = 1 2.45/0.0825 = 3

Thus the empirical formula is Na2 SiO3. (b) The empirical formula of a compound is C2H5. It has a vapour density of 29. Determine the relative molecular mass of the compound and hence its molecular formula. [2] Ans. Vapour Density = 29 Molecular Mass = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 29 = 58 Empirical formula mass = (2 x 12) + (5 x 1) = 29 Molecular Mass = 58 = 2 Emp. Formula mass 29 Therefore, the molecular formula is = (C2H5)2 = C4H10

(c) Solid ammonium dichromate (relative molecular mass - 252) decomposes according to the following equation: (NH4)2 Cr2 O7 N2 + Cr2 O3 + 4H2O (i) What volume of nitrogen, at STP, will be evolved when 63 g of ammonium dichromate is decomposed? (ii) If 63 g of ammonium dichromate is heated above 1000C, what will be the loss of mass? (H = 1; N = 14; O = 16; Cr = 52) [5] Ans. (NH-4)2 Cr2 O7 252 N2 + Cr2 O3 + 4 H2O 22.4 152 litre (i) 252 g ammonium dichromate produces = 22.4 litre at STP 3 g ammonium dichromate produces = 22.4 x 63 litre 252 = 5.6 litre (ii) Above 1000C, nitrogen and water vapours will escape leaving only Cr2O3 252 g substance loses = (252 - 152) g = 100 g 63 g substance loses = 100 x 63 252 = 25 g Question 5. (a) The following substances are put into the blast furnace when manufacturing iron: Iron ore, coke, limestone and hot air. (i) What is the name of the most common ore of iron and what is its chemical formula?

(ii) What is the purpose of using (1) the coke; (2) the limestone? (iii) Write the equation for the reduction reaction which produces iron. (iv) Name the two substances which separate at the bottom of the blast furnace. [7] Ans. (i) Haematite, Fe2 O3.2H2O (ii) Coke is used as a reducing agent and limestone is used as a flux. (iii) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 (iv) Molten iron; Slag of CaSiO3 (b) (i) What is the main impurity present in the iron produced in the blast furnace? (ii) By what chemical process is this impurity removed in steel-making? (iii) What is added to steel to make stainless steel? [3] Ans. (i) Carbon (ii) Bessemerization (iii) Chromium and nickel Question 6. (a) (i) Write the equation for the laboratory preparation of sulphur dioxide from sodium sulphite. (ii) How is the sulphur dioxide collected? (iii) What does the method of collection tell you about the density of sulphur dioxide? (iv) What do you see when sulphur dioxide is bubbled through an acidified solution of potassium dichromate? [4] Ans. (i) Na2SO3 + 2 HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 (ii) Upward displacement of air (iii) Sulphur dioxide is heavier than air (iv) Green precipitate is obtained. (b) Write one equation in each case to show the action of sulpur dioxide as: (i) a reducing agent; (ii) An oxidising agent; (iii) An acid anhydride. Ans. (i) K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 (ii) 2H2S + SO2 (iii) Ca(OH)2 + SO2 3S + 2H2O CaSO3 + H2O K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O Green

(c) (i) What is the similarly in the use of sulphur dioxide and chlorine as bleaching agents? (ii) When chlorine is involved in bleaching, what is the type of chemical reaction that changes the coloured compound to a colourless one? (iii) What is the reason for not using chlorine to bleach wool? [3] Ans. (i) Both produce bleaching in the presence of moisture. (ii) [Coloured Compound] + O [Colourless substance] (iii) Chlorine is a strong bleaching agent. It destroys wool tissues.

Question 7. (a) Outline the steps required to convert hydrogen chloride to anhydrous iron (III) chloride. Write the equations for the reactions which take place. [5] Ans. Fe + 2HCl Fe Cl2 + H2 HNO3 2HCl + O H2O + 2[Cl] FeCl2 + [Cl] FeCl3 Alternatively Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2Fe Cl3 + 3H2O (b) (i) What are the two steps necessary to change lead carbonate into lead chloride? (ii) Give the name of a soluble lead salt and write the equation for the action of heat on this salt. (iii) Write the equation for the preparation of nitric acid from potassium nitrate. [5] Ans. (i) PbCO3 PbO + 2HCl (ii) Lead nitrate 2Pb (NO3)2 2 PbO + 4NO2 + O2 Na HSO4 + HNO3 PbO + CO2 Pb Cl2 + H2O

(iii) KNO3 + H2SO4 2000