Chapter 5: Maintainability

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Outline

System Maintainability Repair Time MTTF vs MTBF System Availability Availability of Structures References

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System Maintainability

Denition

Maintainability is the ability of an item to be maintained. It pertains to the ease, accuracy, safety and economy in the performance of maintenance actions. According to MIL-STD-721C, Maintainability is the probability that an item will be retained in or restored to a specied condition within a given period of time, when maintenance is performed in accordance with prescribed procedures and resources. Maintainability is the probability of carrying-out a maintenance action within a given period of time with prescribed conditions.

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System Maintainability

Maintainability Measures

Mean time between maintenance (MTBM); Mean time between replacements (MTBR); Maintenance downtime (MDT): the total time during which the system is not in condition to perform its intended function. MDT may include active maintenance time, logistics delay time (LDT) and administrative delay time (ADT); Turn-around time (TAT): time needed to service, repair and /or check out an item for recommitment; Maintenance labor hours per system/product operating hour (MLH/OH); Maintenance cost per system/product operating hour (cost/OH).

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Repair Time

Repair Time Distribution

Maintenance downtime is, in general, decomposed into delay time and repair time. Delay time: sum of supply delay and maintenance delay; Repair time: sum of access, diagnosis, replacement or repair, verication and alignment times.
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Repair Time

Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)

Let T be the continuous r.v. representing the time to repair a failed unit, having pdf g (t) then the CDF of T and the mean time to repair (MTTR) are given by

MTTR =
0

xg (x)dx

Usual pdf for repair times: exponential, lognormal, gamma, etc. One of the objectives of maintenance is to improve the readiness and availability of systems.

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MTTF vs MTBF

MTTF vs MTBF
Some devices may go through several failures before they are scrapped. These devices are said to be repairable. For repairable devices, the MTTF represents the mean time to the rst failure. After it is repaired and put into operation again, the average time to the next failure is indicated by the mean time between failures (MTBF). The MTBF represents the average operating time from the point that a failed device is restored to operation to the point of time it becomes failed again. If each repair restores the device to as good as new condition, the repair is said to be perfect. Then, MTBF equals MTTF. With the aging eect, very often we see a decreasing MTBF as more failures are experienced by the device.

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System Availability

Steady-state Availability - UTR

The Steady-state availability or Up-Time Ratio a.k.a. the Inherent Availability is the proportion of up-times over an innite length of time.

AV (T ) = UTR = Ainh = MTBF =

X1 +X2 +X3 +X4 X1 +X2 +X3 +X4 +Y1 +Y2 +Y3

X1 +X2 +X3 +X4 T

lim A(t) =

MTBF MTBF + MTTR MTTR =

Y1 +Y2 +...+Ym m

X1 +X2 +X3 +...+Xn n

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System Availability

Availability vs Reliability

Instantaneous Availability A(t) Probability that the system is in operational state at any given instant t regardless of its previous states. At failure, a maintenance action is carried-out to restore the system to a working state.

Reliability R(t) Reliability is the probability that the system does not fail within the interval [0, t]. At failure, no maintenance action is carried-out. At failure, the reliability is equal to 0.

A(t) R(t)

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System Availability

Instantaneous Availability

System comprised of one component:

t

A(t) = R(t) +
0

R(t x)m(x)dx

where R(t) is the reliability function, m(x) is the renewal density function and m(x)dx is the probability that the last renewal occurs within [x, x + dx]. Renewal Function
t

M(t) = F (t) +
0

M(t x)f (x)dx

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System Availability

Instantaneous Availability (2)

System comprised of one component

t

A(t) = R(t) +
0

R(t x)m(x)dx

After applying the Laplace transform, we get A(s) = 1 F (s) s[1 F (s) G (s)] 1 F (s) 1 F (s) G (s)

UTR = Ainh = lim A(t) = lim s A(s) = lim

t s0

s0

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System Availability

Example
We consider one component with f (t) = e t and g (t) = e t .
Method 1 MTBF MTTR then UTR UTR = = MTBF MTBF+MTTR + = = 1/ 1/ A(t) and UTR =
t

Method 2 A(s) = = 1 F (s) s[1 F (s) G (s)] + e (+)t + +

lim A(t) =

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System Availability

Interval Availability

The interval availability is the probability that a system is available over an arbitrary interval [t1 , t2 ]: At2 t1 = 1 t2 t1
t2

A(t)dt
t1

If t1 = 0 and t2 = T , then we get the average percentage of time the system is available over [0, T ]: AT = 1 T
T

A(t)dt
0

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a Serial Structure

If a repair facility is always available for each component, then:

n

As (t) =
i=1 n

Ai (t)
n

UTR =
i=1

UTRi =
i=1

i i + i

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a 1-out-of-2 structure

1 out-of-2:G system with 1 repairperson Each component has constant failure rate and repair rate , then: P2 (s) = 22 s[s 2 + (3 + 2)s + (22 + 2 + 2)]

A(t) = 1 L1 {P2 (s)} UTR = 2 + 2 22 + 2 + 2

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a 1-out-of-2 structure

1 out-of-2:G system with 2 repairpersons Each component has constant failure rate and repair rate , then: 2 + 2 + ( + )2 +
2

A(t) =

2e (+)t e 2(+)t

UTR =

2 + 2 ( + )2

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a 1-out-of-n structure

1 out-of-n:G system with n repairpersons For n independent components:
n

As (t) = 1
i=1

[1 Ai (t)]

If each component has constant failure rate and repair rate , then:
n

UTR = 1
i=1

(1 UTRi ) = 1 1

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a k-out-of-n Structure

k-out-of-n:G system with n repairpersons Each component has constant failure rate and repair rate , then:
n

UTR =
j=k

n j

nj

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Availability of Structures

Availability of a 2-component Stand-by System

Stand-by System with 2 components and 1 repairperson The components have constant failure rate 1 and 2 . the repair rate is constant. 1 1 2 1+ + 2
1

UTR =

1+

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Availability of Structures

Steady-State Availability

Objective: UTR

1
t

UTR = Ainh = lim A(t) =

MTBF MTBF + MTTR

MTBF

MTTR

^ ^

_ _

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Availability of Structures

Availability Optimization

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References

References

C.E. Ebeling (1997). An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New-York, NY. B.S. Blanchard, D. Verma, E.L. Peterson (1995). Maintainability: a key to eective serviceability and maintenance management, Wiley, New-York, NY. W. Kuo, M.J. Zuo (2003). Optimal Reliability Modeling: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

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