American History Notes

Gilded Age
1876-1896
The Term Guilded Age was coined by Mark Twain. It refers to the condition of American society that was shiny gold on the outside (Such as in opportunity and riches of people like J.P. Morgan) while rusty on the inside (labor conditions, bad politics, etc). It is the period where American violence escalates. For example, there is violence against Indians, blacks, industry/farm/labor, assassinations, etc.

1. The South and its effects on Blacks

a. Economic i. Land vs. Labor 1. 13th amendment freed slaves 2. The effects of the War caused poverty in the south 3. There was plenty of land/crops, but all the labor was shifted and needed to be reorganized ii. Sharecrop System (colorblind) 1. People with land shared crop for labor 2. The ration depended on situation 3. Reunited Land and Labor iii. Crop Lein (Mortgage) System 1. Poor farmers would mortgage crops for necessary supplies at stores 2. Was only valid for Cotton 3. Drought, Bad season, bad luck Debt 4. Debt tied farmers to the land 5. This diminishes freedom iv. One Crop Dependency 1. The south only produced cotton until Panic of 93 because it was dependable and profitable 2. Later Tobacco took cottons place when cotton prices fell b. Social i. 14th Ammendment no state can deny person equal protection of the law ii. Jim Crow Laws enabled Racial Segregation iii. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) The Supreme court upholds segregation. Coins the phrase Separate but Equal 1. Actual trial was about railroad segregation iv. Atlanta Compromise 1. Booker T. Washington gave speech at Atlanta Convention 2. Gave black people three messages a. 1st Get an education b. 2nd Make Money

c. 3rd Let Whites control government until we are stronger c. Political i. 15th Amendment Black suffrage ii. Whites denied votes to blacks in many ways 1. Grandfather Clause if Grandfather could vote, you can 2. 8 Box Law each ballot in separate boxrequires ability to read 3. Poll Tax hurt poor blacks/whites alike 4. Residency Requirement 5. KKK - VIOLENCE a. Developed after War by confederate officers who wanted to preserve southern values b. Later fell into crime and violence against blacks 6. Crime Ineligibility a. If one was convicted of crimes such as arson they could not vote b. These were crimes which white juries would convict black men 7. Literacy Test a. You had to be able to read, write, and understand (biased) 2. Frontier place where population ceases a. Extra stuff i. Was the trans-Mississippi west ii. Legends of cowboys and Indians iii. World viewed all Americans as gruff frontiersmen iv. Frontier exemplified democracy and equality b. Indians i. By this point they had become nomads seeking buffalo ii. When buffalo populations decreased, they took to war iii. East saw the Indians as noble, the west saw them as a threat iv. We dealt with them as both foreigners (Dept. of State) and Insiders (Dept. of the Interior) v. Indian Wars - VIOLENCE 1. Col. Chivington killed Indians at San Creek 2. Custers Stand 3. Ended mainly in 1886 with Geronimos surrender vi. After subdued 1. Indians were exploited, subdued, given bad conditions 2. H. H. Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor, which had the same effect Uncle Toms Cabin had for Blacks 3. Led to Dawes Act, which gave the Indians individual plots of land and attempted to Americanize them vii. Other things throughout history 1. 1924 Indians get citizenship 2. 1960s Indians are granted greater control of their practices

c. Mining i. Background 1. Began with 49ers 2. Stopped during the War 3. Picked up again after War ii. The New Rushes 1. Colorado Pikes Peak 2. Nevada Comstock 3. Montana Anaconda Copper Company 4. Deadwood, Dakotas Silver strike 5. Tombstone, Arizona, which had boot hill 6. Death Valley compounds 7. Legend of Death Valley Scottie, who had secret gold mine that made him rich iii. Influences 1. Rise of Boom towns and relic Ghost towns 2. New specie to back currency 3. Raised currency controversy election of 1896 4. Clash with Indians led to Indian Wars 5. Effects of Big Business a. 1st The west epitomized the American dream, individualism b. Later is taken over by big business d. Cattle i. Legends 1. Legends of Trials like Goodnight and Scion 2. Cowboys and Indians ii. Effects of Cows 1. Ate public grass, was stealing from government iii. Big Business 1. Joseph McCoy combined railroad and cattle to transport to Chicago iv. Towns 1. Abelene cattle town 2. Always had wrong side of tracks where brothels, etc were v. Individual cattle trade ends in 1886 e. Sheep i. Rivalry between Cowboys and shepherds for grazing land

ii. Violence
1. Tonti Basin War f. Farming i. Farmers helped end the frontier ii. Fences 1. Fences were needed to define property lines and separate crops, as well as protect from cows 2. First Sod fences were used

3. Later, Barbed wire (invented by Glidden) was introduced iii. Cowboys clashed with farmers over grazing rights iv. Acts that helped Farming 1. Homestead Act 2. Desert Land Act more land if irrigate 3. Timber Culture Act more land if plant trees 4. All of these were corrupted by big business g. Literature i. Ned Buntline dime novalist of 6-gun heroes ii. Characters include 1. Wokine Marijuita 2. James Butler Hitcock 3. Calamity Jane 4. Bell Star 5. Dock Holiday 6. Billy the Kid

iii. Fredrick Jackson Turner

1. Historian that introduced idea of the frontier shaping American history 2. Turner noticed the end of the frontier in 1900 through the census 3. Wrote the book The Significance of the Frontier in American History 4. Turners Thesis a. The Existence of an area of free land and continuous expansion westward explains American development b. He disagreed that America was a rehash of solely European ideas c. Instead, he said that Democracy came from the Frontier 5. Some supported, some disagreed, but he led to a revolution in historic thinking 3. Railroad a. Philosophy of Laissez-Faire i. Background 1. This is the Second economic philosophy during American history 2. Its origin belongs to Adam Smith (English) who wrote Wealth of Nations ii. 3 points of Laissez-Faire 1. Government has no role in Economics 2. Natural Laws govern Economics a. Supply and Demand b. Competition i. Leads to monopolies c. Has bad effect on workers

i. An invisible hand will take care of workerd 3. Social Darwinism justifies it iii. Paradox of Laissez-Faire 1. The only way to maintain competition is government control 2. Therefore, government has a role in economics b. Construction i. Background 1. Destruction caused by Civil War 2. Start of the Transcontinental Line a. Government gave two charters to companies i. Union Pacific would build from Omaha, Nebraska to the border of California ii. Central Pacific would build from coast to border of California iii. The two would meet 1. Ended up meeting at Promontory Point in Ogden on b. This violated Laissez-Faire i. Government participation helped public interest ii. 4 Ways the government helped railroads 1. Gave railroads 400 foot right of way 2. Gave them any construction materials on right of way for free 3. Paid them for mileage complete a. $16,000/mile for level b. $32,000/mile for rough c. 48,000/mile for mountain 4. Gave 12,800 acres per mile in alternate sections iii. Problems 1. Indians a. Called it Iron Horse b. Hurt buffalo 2. Difficult Terrain 3. Cost 4. Labor a. Immigrants on bottom of Totem Pole b. Imported Chinese Yellow Peril iv. Results 1. Opens up national, common market 2. Stimulates trade with orient a. Now could land in CA and take railroad 3. Increased number of railroads a. Led to new systems and feeder lines 4. Stimulated Western expansion Note: railroads make money by commodity, not people traveling, and the railroads are private property

v. Technology changes 1. Railroad ties change 2. Rails improved to steel 3. Development of new cars a. Pullmans sleeping car 4. George Westinghouses air brake 5. Standard Gage width of railroad track standardized at 4 8 1/2 c. Consolidation i. Cornelius Vanderbuilt 1. Consolidated NY and built Grand Central Station, then connected to Chicago ii. Creation of railroad monopolies 1. People buy out competition 2. Slash rates to defeat them 3. Form Gentlemens agreements to unite iii. Northern securities Company 1. EH Harreman and J.J. Hill were competing to gain CB & Q (Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad) in order to get into Chicago 2. J.P. Morgan sides with Hill, but still not successful 3. Finally, the Three join together to form Northern Securities Company 4. They act as monopoly while giving the appearance of being separate iv. Abuse of railroads 1. railroad monopolies start to rip off public 2. Leads to government regulation of railroad a. Violates Laissez-Faire 3. 5 abuses a. Higher Rates b. Rebates to big shippers i. Rich paid less (got money back) c. Free Passes i. Rich, powerful, or government officials traveled for free d. Drawbacks rebates on competitors e. Long Haul/Short Haul Difference i. Cost more to go shorter distance if less demand or monopoly 4. Response a. Farmers form the Grange to counter railroad monopolies i. Economic weapons didnt work

ii. Political weapons did because the farmers had more votes 1. This brought government back to people b. Grange Laws i. Began in Illinois when many officials gained office based on stance of railroad regulation ii. Grange Laws state laws that regulated railroads c. Railroads court response i. Munn v. Illinois (1876) 1. Private Property that operates in the interest of the Public must submit to public control ii. Railroads argued that 14th amendment gave them protectionfailed iii. Wabash v. Illinois (1886) 1. Upheld governments right to regulate 2. Declared railroad interstate commerce a. This made state laws void iv. Interstate Commerce Act (1887) 1. Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 2. Provided that railroad rates must be reasonable and just 3. This was deliberately vague so that it could be avoided 4. ICC helped a little, but only a little 4. Big Business a. Information i. Was mainly in the N.E. Quadrant of the country b. Six Factors that Favor Growth i. Available Resources 1. All are within the nation, we are self-sufficient ii. Self-contained Market iii. European Technology 1. We could just steal Europes innovations iv. Investment Capital v. Social Mobility 1. Unlike Europe, Americans could change classes easily 2. This was somewhat of a myth, because we still had a somewhat defined class system 3. However, we still believed in social mobility and therefore we were willing to take more risks and had greater confidence of our success vi. Favorable Stance of the government 1. Supports Immigration for labor

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Land/Transport Regulations Banking Regulations Tariff major way government supported business Rarely regulated Big Business Didnt aid Labor Committed to Laissez-Faire

c. Industry i. We had large industrial force that was propelling the nation ii. Contained Entrepreneurs 1. Edison GE 2. Westinghouse Electric 3. Carnegie U.S. Steel 4. Rockefeller Standard Oil 5. Remington typewriter company 6. Duke Tobacco 7. Swift meat packing iii. 3 Technologies that helped Consumer goods 1. Assembly Line 2. Interchangeable parts 3. Mass Production d. Monopolies i. Trust way to enforce a monopoly 1. Generic word for Monopoly 2. Specific form of monopoly formed by Rockefeller and Standard Oil a. Six companies combined under board of trustees to act as a single body ii. Finance Capitalists 1. Used money to make money (Investing) 2. Werent interested in product, only profit 3. Inhibits Technological advances 4. Example JP Morgan 5. Leads to Public Debates a. Pro-Monopolies i. Said serves Public Interest by reducing waste/duplication ii. Could better respond to Supply and Demand iii. Prevent Depressions iv. Justified by Social Darwinism b. Con-Monopolies i. Says Supply/Demand doesnt impact company ii. Monopolies put profit above consumer needs iii. Didnt help depressions, stability c. Result i. Sherman Anti-Trust Ac (1890) 1. Designed to be ineffective

a. Said Combinations and Conspiracies in restraint of trade are illegal b. This actually hurt labor unions, not monopolies 2. U.S. v. E.C. Knight a. Dealt with sugar trust b. Upheld Sugar Trust despite the fact that they controlled 98% of the market 3. McKinley Act (1890) a. Raised tariffs even higher 5. Labor a. Conditions i. Problems 1. Atrocious, Bad, corruptalphabet goes on 2. Low wages, long hours 3. Dangerous machines 4. Laborer didnt own tools he became interchangeable part 5. Previous benevolent boss is replaced by strict manager who watches profit 6. Workers couldnt control their lives 7. Divisions of Labor a. Were divided by Age, Gender, race, and ethnicity (immigrants) b. No one would admit to being working classeverybody was moving up ii. Immigrants 1. Divisions of Immigrants a. Old Immigrants (17-18th Centuries) i. Came from Western Europe (Eng, Gr, Fr) ii. Similar languages and customs iii. Protestant b. New Immigrants i. Came from Easter Europe ii. Different languages and cultures iii. Catholic 2. Response to immigrants a. Creation of APA (1886) i. The American Protective Association was designed to protect WASPs b. Ghettoes i. Groups with common ethnicity combined to live in the urban developments c. Californias Response i. Tried to outlaw Chinese immigration

ii. U.S. stopped that but signed treaty with China to prevent immigration iii. Prohibited Contract Labor iv. Henry Cabot Lodge wanted Literacy Test d. 1924 Quota Act i. Defined quota for immigrants coming in 1. Total = 250,000 2. Discriminated against new immigrants through quotas. b. Consolidation i. Unions 1. Public opinion a. Foreign and Unamerican b. Violent 2. Workers opposed unions because a. Foreign b. Social Mobility 3. National Labor Union a. First union, radical, failed 4. Molly Maguires a. Formed by Irish coal miners in PA b. Were secret, but problem with secret vs. action c. Secret Agent Jamey McParlen found and reported the secret members, ended the union 5. Knights of Labor a. First successful union b. Formed by i. Terrance Powderly ii. Uniah Stevens c. Successful because i. Secret ii. Added bonus of cool stuff like secret knocks and handshakes iii. Eventually grew to .7 million and then became not secret iv. Open Membership to all who toil v. Diverse member ship d. Goals were radical, included things like prohibition and full equality e. Haymarket Square Riot (May 1886) i. Rally against McCormick factory ii. Someone threw a bomb Violence iii. Although KoL didnt do it, they are blamed and lose immediate popularity iv. Police arrested some anarchists to hang someone

v. Governor Paltgeld later pardoned them 6. ILGWU International Ladies Garment Workers Union 7. AFL a. Founded by Samuel Gompers b. AFL was a Federation, therefore it really combined Craft Unions that each had sets of members in to a federation of unions c. Unlike KoL i. Membership was limited to Skilled workers ii. Bread and Butter Union 1. This means they were only concerned with wages and hours 2. Was Conservative d. Like all successful unions, they used strikes 8. Industries reaction to unions a. Black list kept union workers from getting work anywhere b. Lockout kept strikers outside, unable to work c. Yellow Dog Contract forbid unions prior to employment d. Private Troops Violence e. Court most effective, discussed later 9. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) radical labor union a. President De leon b. American leaders i. Big Bill Heyward united mine workers ii. Eugene Debs 10. Pullman Strike (1894) a. Pullman ran factory like sharecroppers with company store/housing, etc b. Eugene Debs gets railroad men to refuse to use Pullman cars c. Government stops it, Debs is imprisoned (Where he becomes a socialist) c. Government responses i. Background 1. Gave Aid 2. Regulation ii. Created Beaureau of Labor (later became a dept.) 1. Established Government 8 hour day 2. outlawed child labor 3. Safety codes iii. Hurt Labor by 14th amendment and Sherman Act 1. Supreme court threw out laws to protect women

2. Supreme Court found labor unions to be conspirating in restraint of trade 3. Later the Clayton A-T Act excluded unions 6. Farming a. Background i. Always at bottom of economic ladder 1. Southern farmer is worst ii. Not helped by economic wealth of the country iii. Jeffersons ideal farming America is gone b. Conditions i. Technological changes 1. John Deere invents steel faced plow 2. McCormick Reaper 3. Many expensive machines ii. Big Business-ed 1. Need for capital to buy machines 2. Farm laborers become hired hands iii. Government 1. Morrill Act agriculture colleges 2. Department of Agriculture iv. Problems 1. Farmers are at the mercy of other factors a. Big Business b. Railroad c. Grain elevators d. Price changes 2. Disasters a. Fires b. Dust storms c. Heat/cold/climate d. Grasshoppers 3. Loss of Agrarian Independence c. Consolidation i. Grange 1. National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry 2. Founded by Oliver Kelly in 1867 3. Originally made to be educational, camaraderie 4. Grange Moves politically laws and lawsuits a. Necessary because they could not respond economically b. Proves that govt is the only thing that can protect government from big business 5. Changes a. Eventually becomes the North and South Alliances b. Finally the movement results in the Populist party 7. Politics

a. Stereotype party members i. Republicans 1. Big Business 2. Rich 3. North (Sectional) 4. Veterans (GAR is part of GOP) 5. Blacks 6. Protestant ii. Democrats 1. Farmers/working class 2. poor 3. Southern 4. Immigrants 5. Urban 6. Catholic 7. Were somewhat national because they drew from south and northern urban areas b. NYC i. NYC important because it usually decides national elections ii. Tammany Hall Democratic political machine in NYC iii. Thomas Nast cartoonist who satired Tammany Hall iv. Nast is responsible for the Republican elephant and the Democrat donkey c. Issues that Divide i. Tariff 1. Republicans want more, Democrats want less ii. Currency 1. R want Gold, D want Silver iii. Government Regulation 1. R opposes, D favor iv. Imperialism 1. R favors, D opposes d. Elections i. l876 1. R Hayes dfts D Tilden 2. Was the disputed election that led to compromise of 1877 3. Administration a. Hayes wife was Lemonade Lucy Hayes, and was a member of i. WCTU Womens Christian Temperance Union b. Hayes ended Reconstruction and held up compromise of 1877 ii. 1880 1. R Garfield/Arthur dfts D Winfield Scott Hancock

2. Republicans were divided into three factions, Stalwarts, Halfbreeds and Mugwamps a. Garfield was halfbreed and Arthur was Mugwamp 3. Administration a. Question of Patronage (spoils system) b. Guiteau shot Garfield after he refused to give Guiteau a job c. Arthur became president d. He adopted Pendleton Act i. Civil Service Reform Act ii. Required 3 things 1. That certain jobs be classified as civil service 2. These jobs were permanent 3. Created 3 man bipartisan Civil Service commission iii. However, each time a party lost office, they expanded the number of positions classified to lock in their guys iii. 1884 1. D Grover Cleveland dfts R James G. Blaine (Halfbreed) 2. Decided on character a. Cleveland i. Had good character ii. Accused of illegitimate child iii. A committee was formed to find out if he was involved b. Blaine i. Politically corrupt ii. Mulligan Letters showed that he had been involved in some scandals 3. Blaines NY speech a. Blaine called the democrats Rum, Romantisism, and Rebellious catholics b. This lost the NYC vote and thus the election 4. Clevelands Administration a. Interstate Commerce Commission iv. 1888 1. R Benjamin Harrison dfts D Cleveland 2. Was most corrupt campaign in American history 3. Democrats had won popular vote 4. Administration a. Harrison blew the surplus that Cleveland had managed to amass b. Passed many Acts i. Sherman Anti-trust act

ii. McKinley Act iii. Silver legislation v. 1892 1. D Cleveland dfts R Harrison and Populist Weaver 2. Administration a. Saw the Panic of 1893 b. Coxeys army i. Coxey led a group of unemployed veterans to march to Washington in protest ii. Cleveland sent army out c. Broke the Pullman Strike with government intervention d. Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act e. Sell out to Wall Street i. Cleveland made a deal with J.P. Morgan that he would sell American bonds, and at least half of them would be sold in Europe f. These things hurt his public opinion g. Marrying i. Cleveland married Francis ____ ii. They were the first couple married in white house iii. Had Baby Ruth vi. 1896 1. R McKinley (gold) dfts D Bryan (Silver) and Pop. Bryan with Tom Watson as Vice President nominee a. Populists expected both D and R to go Gold and they were going to go silver. This was spoiled by Bryans stance on silver. This marks the end of the populist party b. Republics were led by Mark Hanne and led Front Porch campaign c. Democrats were in disarray because of Cleveland, and Tillman They finally decide to nominate Bryan 2. McKinleys Administration a. Dingley Act new highest tariff b. Gold Standard Act eliminates silver currency c. Ends the Gilded Age

8. Interludes (insert in politics discussion) a. Currency i. Greenbacks

1. During Civil War, both the union and the confederacy had made greenbacks that were not backed with gold 2. The poor wanted cheap currency that was more accessible, while the debt collectors wanted gold backed money 3. Eventually, the greenbacks were backed with gold ii. Silver 1. Government eventually demonetized silver (Crime of 73) 2. Because the economy fell soon after, the public blamed the lack of silver and passed several acts 3. Acts a. Bland-Allison Silver Purchase (1876) i. Required Federal government to buy 2-4 million dollars worth of silver and then coin it ii. Had little effect because government always took the minimum b. Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) i. Required government to buy and coin 4.5 million ounces of silver a month b. Populist Party i. Started with Agrarian Protest ii. Was a reform program that suggested: 1. income tax 2. free silver coinage (16 silver to 1 gold) 3. national railroad 4. Immigrant restriction 5. veteran benefits 6. A single term president iii. Leaders 1. Ignatius Donnelly 2. Mary Elizabeth Lease 3. Sockless Jerry Simpson

Turn of Century - WWI

Turn of Century
1. Several different dates a. 1896 transition from Gilded Age to rise of power b. 1898 introduction in foreign affairs c. 1900 peoples turn d. 1901 technical turn of century e. After WWI maybe a little but too late 2. 7 Major Characteristics a. End of Civil war as an issue i. Ends bloody shirt, Southern Poverty ii. Veterans meet together, common experience b. End of Frontier i. Omnibus states Washington, Oregon, etc ii. Remember Turners thesis at about this time c. End of Laissez-Faire i. Government Aid 1. Tariff, railroads ii. Regulation 1. Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman A-T Act d. Prosperity i. Good old days e. Optimism i. Technology, railroad, money, prosperity, and peace ii. Something magical about 20th century f. Change in society i. Rural Urban ii. Agriculture Industry iii. Finally industry produces the bulk of American revenue iv. Cities define America g. Standardization of Society i. Sears/Roebuck catalogs make same items available internationally ii. Blends society and rich/poor iii. Mass market 3. Culture a. Education

b.

c.

d.

e.

i. Primary/Secondary school reform John Dewey Father of Progressive Education, said learn English and math before latin and philosophy ii. School teachers pay increase iii. Charles Eliot Harvard President, reformed college education and introduced electives iv. John Hopkins University improved Graduate education Philosophy i. Pragmatism 1. William James 2. Says there are no absolute truths, only relative truths Science i. Albert Michelson discovers speed of light ii. Growth of Darwinism that challenged theology Church i. Higher Criticism 1. German philosophy 2. Said that because bible was translated so many times that it accumulated errors 3. Moved for direct translation ii. New Groups 1. Mary Baker Eddy founds Christian Scientists 2. General Booth founds salvation army 3. Revarum Novarum by Pope urges helping the poor survive and then preaching on salvation iii. Revivalism 1. Dwight L. Moody with Ira Sankey, his song leader 2. Billy Sunday in South Press i. Joseph Pulitzer and William R. Hearst big business-ize press ii. Press unites 1. Assosciated press (AP) 2. United Press International (UPI) 3. These help bring distance events to almost every newspaper iii. Period of Yellow Journalism 1. Term comes from comic strips that appeared on separate yellow paper 2. Gave more lively or gruesome accounts of stories, less upper class oriented 3. Examples a. Lizzy Boredan accused of killing her stepmom and dad, eventually acquitted b. Oscer Wylies London trial 4. Stanley sent to find Dr. Livingston iv. Magazines 1. increased

2. Examples a. Ladies Home Journal b. Harpers f. Literature i. No new movement like Romanticism or Realism ii. People 1. Lou Wallis Ben Hur 2. Little Lord FontRoy stories give image of little boys 3. Horation Alger writes many books (including Ragged Dick) that describe the American dream and give evidences of American success g. Fine Arts i. Painting 1. James Whistler Whistlers mother 2. John Sergent painted the rich 3. W. Homer painted the coast, sailboats ii. Sculpture 1. War hero statues, not much else iii. Architecture 1. Victorian 2. Skyscrappers a. Defined America as a symbol of urban life 4. Side note, Groups such as Women and Blacks were still at bottom, but change would come in the not so distance future

Rise To World Power

1. Imperialism extension of control of one country to another a. Old vs. New Old Imperialism Category New Imperialism th 17-18 Centuries Time 19th centuries Eng, Fr, Sp, Port, Others Countries Eng, Fr, Am, Rush, Gr, Jap North America, South America, and India Territorial control Place that is Object Technique China, Pacific, and Africa Economic control and expansion

b. Writers i. Admiral Alfred Mahan 1. Wrote Influence of Sea Power on History 2. Was a social Darwinist 3. Believed in importance of naval strength ii. Reverend Josiah Strong 1. Wrote Our Country 2. Said that we needed to carry our blessings as white, democratic Christians to our yellow, red, black, and brown brothers c. Territories i. Samoa islands in Pacific 1. Am, Gr, and Eng all had a 1/3 of it 2. Gr and Eng annexed their parts 3. We had to annex ours ii. Hawaii 1. Many missionaries to China stopped in Hawaii a. Strong mission program 2. Discovered Sugar and fruits a. Strong Business interest 3. 1890 McKinley Tariff a. Business people overthrown queen Liluikalani, ask to annex the territory iii. Generalizations 1. Oppose a. Democrats, led by Bryan b. Violation of Tradition c. Threatens democracy by colonization/imperialization d. Plot of special interests Rich 2. Favor

a. b. c. d.

Republicans, led by BB Mahans Navy necessity Argument of Nationalism Once we got territory, we refused to give it back

2. Spanish-American War a. Background i. Ostend Manifesto Cuba ii. 1890s Cuban Revolution against spain iii. Somewhat like us vs. Britain b. Seven Causes i. Humanitarianism 1. Freedom from Tyranny 2. Bad Conditions ii. Yellow Press 1. Sensation Journalism 2. Hearst sends entire ship of journalist to cover the conditions iii. Traditional animosity toward Spain iv. BB 1. Business wants to trade with Cuba (closed by Spain) 2. Dumping ground/raw materials v. Strategic significance 1. Spain cant control Cuba, but German might vi. Nostalgia for Civil War 1. Generation that wants its own war in order to be brave vii. Provides divergence from domestic issues c. Incidents i. De Lome Letter 1. Spanish Ambassador wrote bad things about McKinley 2. Press got it and Public was insulted ii. Maine 1. American Battleship that was blown up 2. We blamed Spain 3. Today, we still dont know who did it d. War i. McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain to end war against Cuba ii. We pass Teller Amendment which says that the U.S. will not annex Cuba, we are only fighting for Cuban independence iii. Declared War in April, it was over quickly iv. Bad organization v. We won easily vi. Heroes 1. Rough Riders TR 2. Fighting Joe Wheeler vii. Side effects 1. Philippines

a. We chase Spanish to Philippines b. Comm. George Dewey wins at Manilla Bay against Emilia Aquinaldo, the leader of Filipino movement e. Results i. Treaty of Paris 1898 1. Independence of Cuba 2. We Take Puerto Rice and Guam 3. We pay $20 million for Philippines ii. We annex Hawaii iii. We are now Part of the World:

3. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1901-1914

a. 5 Characteristics GROUP i. Prosperity 1. The good old days money ii. Optimism 1. All things seemed possible iii. Reform** 1. Fixing the Flaws of the country iv. Urban 1. Reform focused on urban areas v. Government Agent of Reform 1. People organized and used the Government to attack problems b. Aims and Accomplishments of the progressive era i. Political Power to the People 1. Seven Major Political Aims a. Direct Primary i. People directly select the candidates of the political parties ii. State level b. Direct Election of United States Senators i. 17th Amendment to the Constitution c. Secret Ballot i. Australian Ballot ii. Sneaky Foreigners iii. Ballots are secret and covers lots of problems like Bribery and Intimidation iv. It keeps the sanctity of the ballot v. State Level d. Womens Suffrages i. Issue since the 19th Century

ii. Eager to promote the vote for women iii. In Wyoming, they let people vote for School boards iv. Marches of Sufragetts. v. WWI brings the vote to women. When the men were drafted to war, the women took their jobs. So now women were given the right to vote. vi. 19th Amendment vii. No Support for Blacks*** viii. Not only does the progressive era not choose to acknowledge them, they rationalized it by saying that if nothing is done for them it is the most progressive thing to do. e. Corrupt Practice i. State 1. No alcohol is sold while voting poles are open f. Initiative, referendum, recall 1. People can initiate legislation 2. People can vote directly on issue (referendum) 3. Process that allows people to remove people from their office before their term is up (Recall). g. Urban Reforms 1. Local or State 2. City Manager a. Professionalism the administration of the city government. 3. Short Ballot a. Less public elections. b. Governor should appoint people to new offices c. **Restructuring state legislature to break rural control. 4. Urban Leaders a. Tom Johnsom** b. JP Altgell c. Robert La Fallette 2. Economics a. Used Political solutions to solve economic problems b. 7 Ways i. Better Monopoly Regulation 1. Clayton A-T Act

ii.

iii.

iv.

v. vi.

vii.

a. Fixed the problems of the Sherman A-T Act b. Magna Carta of Labor Regulated Railroads 1. Hepburn Act 2. Elkins Act 3. Mann-Elkins Act Tariff reform 1. Reform means lower tariff 2. Progressive is not partisan 3. Underwood Tariff lowered tariffs Conservation 1. Prior to now, We used Slash/burn farming, and other wasteful practices 2. 1890s Turners Thesis led to more conservation of resources 3. Newlands Act Pure Food/Drug Act 1. Result of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Income Tax 1. Previously only paid Property Tax a. This meant that rich would pay little or no tax 2. Gap between rich and poor grew wider 3. Led to 16th Amendment which legalized income taxes 4. What kind of Rate? a. Flat rate charges everybody the same percent b. Progressive rate charges a larger percent as total income increases c. We used Progressive Prohibition 1. Temperance Movement 2. Needed to be sober to make good reform 3. Roots a. Anti-Saloon league, led by women 4. Leaders a. Carrie A. Nation 5. WWI was high mark of Progressive Era, and it also brought about Prohibition 6. Recap of Amendments a. 13 15 Reconstruction Amendments i. 13 Freedom

b.

c. d. e.

ii. 14 Citizenship iii. 15 Suffrage 16-19 Progressive Amendments i. 16 Income Tax 17 Direct Election of Senators 18 Prohibition 19 Womens Suffrage

viii. Labor 1. Results a. Wage increases b. 8-Hour work week c. Safety codes/inspectors d. Child labor e. Clayton A-T Magna Carta of Labor, said unions not prosecuted under any A-T Act. 3. Leaders a. Populists b. Writers many i. Henry George Progress and Poverty 1. Single Tax 2. Belief that a single tax on unearned increment in value of land 3. Socialist idea that labor creates value 4. Therefore, we shouldnt tax labor ii. Edward Bellamy Looking Backward 1. Socialist 2. Describes perfect socialist world iii. Upton Sinclair The Jungle 1. Socialist 2. Describes horrible capitalist world 3. Leads to Pure Food and Drug Act and FDA c. Muckrakers i. Pilgrams Progress described a man digging in dirt as a muckraker ii. TR used this term to describe a group of journalists iii. Refers to: 1. Journalists 2. Wrote sensational exposes 3. Were accurate iv. Leaders 1. Ida Tarbell McClures Magazine

a. History of Standard Oil Corporation 2. Lincoln Steffens urban problems 3. Lewis Brandise Banking and financing d. Political Leaders i. TR ii. Taft iii. WW c. Presidents i. TR 1. Background Information a. Born in 1855, first post war president b. Combined N and S because dad was N and mom was from GA c. Harvard d. Married Alice Lee e. Republican f. NY Legislature g. Wife and Mother died h. Fought a duel over honor i. Goes westhas 3 results i. Rough Riders ii. Conservation iii. Publication of Book Winning of the West j. Eventually governor of NY k. Election of 1900 i. R McKinley/TR defeat D Bryan ii. McKinley is soon assassinated l. Election of 1904 i. R TR defeats D Alton B. Parker Note TR only elected once 2. Characteristics a. Modern President i. National, not N/S ii. Activist iii. Manipulates press iv. Slogan Square Deal v. Broad view of Constitution 3. Domestic a. Trust Buster i. Attacked Northern Securities Company ii. TR doesnt actually break up that many, instead he breaks up Bad ones iii. Similar to Supreme Court Rule of Reason size isnt enough b. Tariff

i. Doesnt do anything c. Regulating railroads i. Hepburn and Elkins Acts 1. Both Broaden the ICCs authority a. Max Rates b. Adherence to Public rates i. No rebates/drawbacks c. Given power to control pipelines d. Conservation came from TR in west i. Gifford Pinchot chief forester ii. Newlands Act 1. Removes some land for preservation 2. Sets aside raw materials for public use iii. Teapot Dome Scandal iv. Navy needed oil, so some oil became government controlled e. Pure Food and Drug Act FDA f. Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 i. United Mine Workers led by John Mitchell ii. Opposed by Owner Baer iii. TR invites both sides to White House iv. Arbitrating committee decides the case v. TR appears as a president of the people g. Bankers Panic of 1907 i. Henry Clay Frick, pres. of U.S. Steel goes to TR ii. He says that if TR promises not to take A-T action, then this will overt the panic iii. It does h. Miscellaneous i. Muckrakers ii. Teddy Bears iii. Phonetic Spelling iv. Nature Fakers 1. Argues with childrens book writer over faking nature i. Black Americans i. Brownsville Incident 1. Military was segregated 2. A black man in army killed someone while drunk, and they didnt know who it was, so TR dishonorably discharged everyone ii. Booker T. Washington 1. TR invited BTW to has despite congressional disapproval 4. Foreign Policy Big Stick Diplomacy

a. Caribbean Canal Diplomacy i. Platt Amendment 1. Gives U.S. Veto power over Cuban foreign policy 2. Gives us a naval base at Guantanamo Bay ii. Insular Cases 1. Puerto Rico 2. Does constitution follow the flag?No, we said 3. territories are only governed, they dont get citizen rights iii. Panama Canal 1. 1850 Clayton-Bulwar Treaty a. Am-Br b. Says that if there is gonna be a canal, we will both build it 2. France beat us to it, but never finished 3. John Hay a. Hay Paunceforte Treaty nullifies Clayton-Bulwar treaty b. We choose Panama over Nicuragua for canal because of Nicuraugan stamps showing volcano c. Hay-Herran Treaty gives us the right to build. We accept it but Colombia denies it 4. Panama revolution a. They revolt and we support so Panama becomes a country b. Hay Burneau-Vanilla Treaty gives us a stretch of land 10x10 miles long 5. This overthrow of Colombia leads to hostility towards Americans and the phrase Colossus of the North iv. Roosevelt Correlary to Monroe Doctrine 1. Caused by Venezuelan debt to Britain and Germanywe didnt want them coming over here to collect it 2. Says we have policing right b. Pacific Balance of Power i. Russio-Japanese War 1. If either wins, balance is disrupted

2. TR offers to mediate the war, and invites them to Portsmouth, NH. 3. Rus and Jap agree 4. Treaty of Portsmouth 5. TR gets Nobel Peace Prize ii. Philippines 1. TR announces policy of eventual independence 2. We keep control until they are ready iii. Great White Fleet 1. TR sends white fleet of ships around world on peace tour 2. Congress opposed it because a. Threatening b. Old Ships 3. Is successful iv. Open Door Policy John Hay 1. American foreign policy with China in progressive era 2. We are concerned about Philippines 3. John Hays Open door letters a. Respect Chinas territorial integrity b. Respect mutual economic spheres of interest 4. End Result: a. Everyone signs as part of diplomacy 5. Boxer Rebellion a. Chinese nationalists launch revolution, but lose 6. Open Door remains the world policy until China overthrows its dynasty c. Europe i. If Europe fights, it endangers our colonies ii. Algeceras Congress in Spain 1. Settles French/German territorial dispute in Africa 2. We attend American presence iii. Alaskan Border Sewards Ice Box 1. 1898, gold is discovered 2. Boundary finally determined by 3 man committee of Br, Am, and Can 3. Br sides with us and we get favorable boundary d. Conclusion

i. TR places unique stamp on Foreign Policy ii. Power, Navy, and American presence ii. Tafts Administration 1. Background a. Election of 1908 i. R Taft defeats D Bryan 2. Characteristics a. Narrow view of constitution i. Was more legally minded b. No political experience c. No press d. Sandwiched in between TR and WW 3. Domestic Policy no slogan a. Insurgents Revolt i. Insurgents are new progressives in Congress ii. They revolt against Speaker of House Joe Cannon because he had to much power iii. They are successful in restructuring the power of the house iv. Taft does nothing b. Payne Aldrich Act i. Tariff reform ii. Payne passes reform tariff through House iii. Aldrich in Senate amends the bill to even raise tariffs iv. Taft describes it as the finest tariff in American History Bad c. Trusts i. Breaks up many trusts ii. Tries to break up U.S. and Tennessee Coal and mining company, which TR had promised to allow d. Ballinger Pinchot controversy i. Ballinger sells mining reserves to companies, Pinchot is upset and has Congress investigate ii. They find nothing iii. Taft fires Pinchot because he continues to push the issue iv. Pinchot complains to TR e. Miscellaneous i. Mann Elkins Act ii. Pensions for GAR iii. 16 and 17th amendments iv. New Mexico and Arizona enter as states f. In conclusion, Taft has alienated progressives and TR 4. Foreign Policy no real slogan, but Dollar Diplomacy

a. Philippine Independences b. Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine i. Says no country can have a port in the Americas 5. Conclusion a. Taft thinks he is a progressive, but others dont see him that way iii. Woodrow Wilson 1. Background a. Election of 1912 i. D WW defeats R Taft and Prog TR b. New Nationalism i. TRs campaign 1. TRs confession of Faith speech ii. Points 1. Expands Government 2. Welfare 3. National Planning c. New Freedom i. WW ii. Points 1. More State power 2. Use government to limit private interests 2. Characteristics a. Born in VA, raised in SC Southern b. Presbyterian c. Demanded loyalty d. Quickly moved through ranks from Gov. of NJ to president e. President of Princeton 3. Domestic Policy New Freedom a. Background i. WW plays a very short part of the progressive era because of WWI ii. WW marks the high point of the progressive era b. State of Union Address i. Starts to make public speech c. Underwood Act i. Tariff Reform ii. 1st ever reduced iii. WW had personal involvement to defeat Aldrich iv. All Democrats and Progressives wanted a lower tariff d. Clayton A-T act i. Reforms Sherman A-T ii. Magna Carta of Labor iii. Federal Trade Commission FTC

iv. Prohibits unfair business practices e. Federal Reserve Act i. Divides Nation into 12 Federal reserve districts 1. Forces Decentralization of money ii. 7 man Federal Reserves Board reports to president iii. Regulates interests rates f. No Black Legislation g. Miscellaneous i. Appointment of Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court ii. 18th and 19th Amendments iii. Labor Reform 4. Foreign Policy Missionary Diplomacy a. Caribbean i. Virgin Islands acquired ii. Mexico Watchful Waiting 1. We dont want to mess with them unless there is a problem 2. 2 Events: a. Tampico Naval port in gulf i. Some U.S. soldiers caused some problems on shore, led to diplomatic problems. ii. Way too extreme for just an accident iii. ABC powers arbitrate Argentina, Brazil, and Chile b. Pauncho Villa i. Villa takes a group of marauders and attacks in Texas and Arizona ii. JJ Pershing chases after him and defeats him b. Pacific i. Philippine Independence ii. Recognize the China Republic 1. Begins shift form Japan to China iii. Supports Big Navy c. Europe i. Bryan is Secretary of State ii. He signs Cooling off treaties with Europe that say that they wont start a war until having time to cool off

World War I
1. Causes (In Europe) a. 5 Long Range Causes i. Imperialism ii. Nationalism 1. Italy, Austria, and Germany all recently formed iii. Militarism iv. Propaganda v. Diplomatic system 1. Bismarck had created the Triple Alliance with Gr, A-H, and It (Was DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE) b. Immediate Causes i. The assassination of the Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand c. Other mentioned things i. Kaiser Wilhelm was born without a left arm and hated English because of it ii. 1907 Drednot brought Br and Gr naval strengths about equal iii. Alliances switch during war 1. It becomes allied and Jap and U.S. join 2. Turkey joins Central Powers 2. American Causes a. Background i. Initially, WW had said America was Neutral in thought as well as in deed but several things changed us to ally with the British ii. WW sends Colonel House to mediate the war, calling for peace without victory, but Gr and Br both refuse to quit iii. Election of 1916 1. D WW dfts R Charles E. Hughes b. Long Term Causes i. Propaganda 1. Both Br and Gr used propaganda a. English want us to join with them, Germany just wants neutrality 2. British have advantage a. Similar language and kinship b. Recent ties (marriages) c. Lords write us d. German atrocity stories e. Sabotage, etc 3. Germany tried to educate us instead of playing Br as the bad guy

4. Professor Albert head of German spies in America a. He left behind his briefcase with spy info that we later found ii. Economic 1. Financially we cant afford to have Britain lose the war a. We have a lot of trade, especially with the war b. We loan money we might not get back if Britain loses iii. Neutral Rights on the High Seas 1. Both Britain and Germany violate NR a. Britain tries continental blockade b. German U-boats 2. Lusitania (1915) British ship that went from NY-London a. Germans sunk it b. It carried American passengers that died c. WW writes ugly letter (Bryan resigns as Secretary of State and Lansing is appointed) 3. Sussex French Ship a. Also sunk, Americans die b. Germany fears U.S. entering and thus signs the Sussex Pledge c. Sussex Pledge says that Gr promises to leash their subs in order to keep us from entering c. Short Term Causes i. Repeal Sussex Pledge 1. On February 1, 1917, Germans repeal the Sussex Pledge 2. This was a gamble that Germany could starve England before America could mobilize ii. Zimmerman telegram 1. Gr letter to Mexico that says if U.S. fights and German wins with Mexican help, then Mex. Would get back territory (Tx and CA) iii. Russian Revolution ends Russian participation iv. WW calls for War, using good rhetoric 1. War to End all Wars 2. Make the World Safe for Democracy 3. Mobilization a. Draft (conscription i. Selective Service Act ii. Many Americans were idealistic about joining the war iii. We noticed many problems while drafting: 1. illiteracy 2. poor nourishment iv. This led to Education and Health reform after war b. Labor for those who remained at home i. We needed more people to produce ii. Blacks and Women got more/better jobs

c.

d.

e.

f.

iii. AFL 1. Gompers of AFL offers a no-strike policy 2. Govt gives Labor the right to strike iv. War Labor Conference Board arbitrates between management and labor v. 8 hour days Business i. WIB War Industry Board Bernard Baruch 1. Was responsible to president 2. Planned Economy a. Standardization b. Fixed prices c. Allocated materials d. Controlled govt purchases, etc ii. Dollar a year men rich men worked for free, practically Finance i. 16th amendment income tax ii. Borrowing 1. 4 Liberty Bonds 2. 1 Victory Bond iii. Average American discovers the benefits of investment and this leads to normal people in the stock market Propaganda i. CPI Committee on Public Information ii. Espionage Act and Sedition Act restrict public speaking against the government iii. A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up foreigners and causes problems Miscellaneous i. Shipping ii. Food Herbert Hoover Wheatless Mondays iii. Temperance save grain for war iv. Railroad William McAdoo heads govt regulation

WWI - WWII
World War I
4. Causes (In Europe) a. 5 Long Range Causes i. Imperialism ii. Nationalism 1. Italy, Austria, and Germany all recently formed iii. Militarism iv. Propaganda v. Diplomatic system 1. Bismarck had created the Triple Alliance with Gr, A-H, and It (Was DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE) b. Immediate Causes i. The assassination of the Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand c. Other mentioned things i. Kaiser Wilhelm was born without a left arm and hated English because of it ii. 1907 Drednot brought Br and Gr naval strengths about equal iii. Alliances switch during war 1. It becomes allied and Jap and U.S. join 2. Turkey joins Central Powers 5. American Causes a. Background i. Initially, WW had said America was Neutral in thought as well as in deed but several things changed us to ally with the British ii. WW sends Colonel House to mediate the war, calling for peace without victory, but Gr and Br both refuse to quit iii. Election of 1916 1. D WW dfts R Charles E. Hughes b. Long Term Causes i. Propaganda 1. Both Br and Gr used propaganda a. English want us to join with them, Germany just wants neutrality 2. British have advantage a. Similar language and kinship b. Recent ties (marriages)

c. Lords write us d. German atrocity stories e. Sabotage, etc 3. Germany tried to educate us instead of playing Br as the bad guy 4. Professor Albert head of German spies in America a. He left behind his briefcase with spy info that we later found ii. Economic 1. Financially we cant afford to have Britain lose the war a. We have a lot of trade, especially with the war b. We loan money we might not get back if Britain loses iii. Neutral Rights on the High Seas 1. Both Britain and Germany violate NR a. Britain tries continental blockade b. German U-boats 2. Lusitania (1915) British ship that went from NY-London a. Germans sunk it b. It carried American passengers that died c. WW writes ugly letter (Bryan resigns as Secretary of State and Lansing is appointed) 3. Sussex French Ship a. Also sunk, Americans die b. Germany fears U.S. entering and thus signs the Sussex Pledge c. Sussex Pledge says that Gr promises to leash their subs in order to keep us from entering c. Short Term Causes i. Repeal Sussex Pledge 1. On February 1, 1917, Germans repeal the Sussex Pledge 2. This was a gamble that Germany could starve England before America could mobilize ii. Zimmerman telegram 1. Gr letter to Mexico that says if U.S. fights and German wins with Mexican help, then Mex. Would get back territory (Tx and CA) iii. Russian Revolution ends Russian participation iv. WW calls for War, using good rhetoric 1. War to End all Wars 2. Make the World Safe for Democracy 6. Mobilization a. Draft (conscription i. Selective Service Act ii. Many Americans were idealistic about joining the war iii. We noticed many problems while drafting: 1. illiteracy

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

2. poor nourishment iv. This led to Education and Health reform after war Labor for those who remained at home i. We needed more people to produce ii. Blacks and Women got more/better jobs iii. AFL 1. Gompers of AFL offers a no-strike policy 2. Govt gives Labor the right to strike iv. War Labor Conference Board arbitrates between management and labor v. 8 hour days Business i. WIB War Industry Board Bernard Baruch 1. Was responsible to president 2. Planned Economy a. Standardization b. Fixed prices c. Allocated materials d. Controlled govt purchases, etc ii. Dollar a year men rich men worked for free, practically Finance i. 16th amendment income tax ii. Borrowing 1. 4 Liberty Bonds 2. 1 Victory Bond iii. Average American discovers the benefits of investment and this leads to normal people in the stock market Propaganda i. CPI Committee on Public Information ii. Espionage Act and Sedition Act restrict public speaking against the government iii. A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up foreigners and causes problems Miscellaneous i. Shipping ii. Food Herbert Hoover Wheatless Mondays iii. Temperance save grain for war iv. Railroad William McAdoo heads govt regulation

7. War a. Navy i. Convoy 1. Navel vessels accompany transport ships to keep them safe b. Army i. AEF American Expeditionary Force 1. Led by JJ Pershing 2. Notice that we fight as a nation with Br and Fr, not as an allied force together

ii. We arrive saying La Fayette, we are here c. Russia i. Kerenskys government falls to the Communist revolution under Lenin ii. They sign a separate peace with Germany d. Germanys final thrust fails e. November 11, 1918 the Armistice is signed i. Armistice means no more fighting ii. Germany thought that with WW 14 Points that they would be treated ok after the war..wrong

Peace after the War

1. WW and the peace negations before the treaty a. WW i. He is convinced that he gets part of the peace ii. 14 Points WW vision of a peaceful world b. Errors in conference i. Paris not a neutral site ii. Held too soon iii. Everyone is invited (winners) iv. Losers (Gr) is not invited c. American Problems i. WW went, first president to ever leave ii. Takes no Republicans iii. Takes no Senators d. Conference of 10 (each major country had 2 delegates i. Br David Lloyd George 1. Naval Supremecy 2. Revenge Khakis election squeeze germany 3. Reparation ii. U.S. WW 1. Self Determination World safe for Democracy a. Each ethnic group needs to have its own government b. Especially Austria Hungary should be split 2. League of Nations War to end all wars iii. Fr Clemenceau Little Tiger 1. Revenge 2. Security 3. Return of Alsace-Lorraine iv. It Orlando 1. Money 2. Irredentia Italian areas that werent part of Italy v. Jap 2. Treaty of Versailles a. Territory i. Self Determination ii. Alsace Lorraine iii. Cause problems 1. Ethnic minorities 2. Polish corridor gave Poland the Dansig in order to have a seaport, Thus splitting Germany into two parts b. Colonies i. Mandates gave the colonies to the league of Nations which gave them back to the winning powers

c. Military i. WW wanted disarmament ii. Germany only was demilitarized, no more than 100,000 in the army iii. Demilitarized the German side of the Rhine iv. Kaiser Wilhelm declared a war criminal d. #231 and #232 i. 231 1. Germany is Totally responsible for causing the war ii. 232 1. B/c Germany caused the war, they must pay the total cost of the war 2. Reparations was coined to refer to this payment e. League of Nations i. WW sacrifices many things to put the LoN in the treaty 3. Treaty in America a. 3 Factions i. Democrats for the treaty ii. Bitter Enders opposed the treaty, led by William Borah iii. Reservationalists wanted amendments, led by H.C. Lodge b. Debate focuses mainly on the League of Nations c. WW goes on tour, has stroke, and never really recovers. In a sense, he gave his life to the League of Nations d. We never sign the Treaty of Versailles

Age of Normalcy
1. 10 Major Characteristics a. Disillusionment i. By Progressive reform that fixed everything and yet nothing ii. About War, because we went to war to end wars, and now we have bickering and red scare b. Isolationism i. Including refusal to join LoN c. Prosperity i. Republicans Prosperity ii. Farmers still excluded d. Republican control i. Big Business and Laissez-Faire 1. Bruce Barton The man who nobody knows portrayed Jesus as a businessman 2. High Tariff 3. Profiteering the money BB got from the war effort ii. Anti-Labor 1. Boston Police Strike a. CC sends telegram to Gompers saying they have no right to strike against the public interest anytime, anyplace iii. Anti-Foreign 1. Rise of nativism 2. WASPs 3. Quota System 4. Red Scare a. Result of Russian Revolution b. A. Mitchell Palmers Raids 5. Sacco-Vanzetti case a. Two Italian atheist, pacifist, anarchists were accused of robbing a man near Boston. b. Judge Webster Thayer was prejudiced against them c. They were executed d. Was a big deal, miscarriage of justice 6. KKK a. Anti-black b. Anti-foreign c. Upheld Moral Code of America e. Prohibition i. Background 1. 18th Amendment 2. Noble Experiment

f.

g.

h.

i.

3. Outlawed the manufacturing, sale, or consumption of alcohol ii. Evading law 1. Speakeasies replaced saloons (called Blind Tigers in Charleston) 2. Izzy and Moe (Federal Agents) were sent to find the speakeasies iii. Degradation of Legal system 1. Evading law 2. People would vote for it and still didnt obey iv. Bootleggers, usually Big Business, smuggled the alcohol Crime i. Rise of Gang Wars ii. Al Capone iii. Provided other things, drugs, prostitution, etc Automobile i. Henry Fords Model T made it possible for everyone to get a car ii. Governmental changes 1. Need for Highways, infrastructure 2. Need for Laws and rules iii. Economic changes 1. Stimulated industry rubber, steel, petroleum 2. Service stations 3. Car industry iv. Social changes 1. Suburbs a. Cities became more democrat, poor b. Suburbs republican, rich 2. People moved more 3. Courting a. Dating replaced coming to call 4. Sunday Drive 5. Movement of institutions farther away, especially churches New Woman i. 19th amendment vote ii. ERA Equal Rights Amendment didnt pass iii. War helps Blacks and Women 1. Women consolidate their gains, blacks lose it iv. Still some discrimination, but less v. Change in appearance 1. Bobbed hair comes from word barbor 2. Flappers 3. High skirts Cultural Renaissance i. Literary America emerges on world stage 1. Writers a. F Scott Fitzgerald Great Gatsby, TSOP

b. Earnest Hemmingway Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls c. Sinclair Lewis Mainstreet, Babbit d. John Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath 2. Southern Writers a. Thomas Wolfe Look Homeward Angel b. William Faulkner Sound and Fury c. Margaret Mitchell Gone with the Wind d. Earson Caldwell Tobacco Road 3. Poets a. Robert Frost Wall, Road diverged in the woods b. Carl Sandburg Chicago c. T.S. Elliot Old Possums book of Practical Cats 4. Harlem Renaissance a. Langston Hughes poems, Raisin in the Sun 5. Plays a. Eugene ONeil 6. H.L. Mencken Literary Critic and Newspaperman (??) ii. Fine Arts 1. Gutson Berghum sculptor, carved Mt. Rushmore 2. Jazz The sound heard round the world a. Louis Armstrong j. Conformity of the Mind Example: Scopes Monkey Trial i. Defense 1. John T. Scopes, a Bio teacher in Tennessee 2. Darrow Defense Lawyer 3. scientists from U of Chicago ii. Prosecution 1. William Jennings Bryan as lawyer 2. Bishop Usher, calculated the world was created about 4004 BC iii. Judge threw out many of Darrows witnesses, Darrow crossed Bryan, who died 2 days after trial iv. Verdict: Guilty 2. Foreign Policy (ESSAYS: Foreign Policy Between the Wars or F.P. in Decade of Normalcy. Between the wars includes FDR) a. Umbrella of Isolationism LoN flag on topon top because we didnt join, and not isolationist b. 4 Exceptions to Isolationism i. Disarmament WW idealism 1. Public thinking a. For: Moral virtue and Economic burden of army b. Con: Preparedness, ability to defend, spending helps econ., National security 2. Acts and Treaties a. Many meetings between 1919-35 b. Washington Conference of 1921 NAVAL

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

i. Pushed by Charles Evans Hughes ii. Treaty Points 1. Places limit on big ships 2. Established the ration of 5:5:3 (Br, U.S., Jap) Other nations got 1.75 iii. 10 Year naval holiday iv. All the Number Power Treaties (4 Power, etc) c. London Treaty i. Extended Naval holiday for 5 years ii. Said if any nation cheated, the others could build up in retaliation d. Geneva Conference i. HH suggests that everyone should reduce their military by 1/3 ii. Big Powers oppose it War Debts / Reparations 1. War Debts a. They are what the allies owe us for loaning them money b. Allies didnt want to pay us b/c they thought that we were an ally, and therefore our money was our contribution to the war effort. Obviously, we thought it was a loan 2. Reparations a. They are what Gr owes the allies for the war b. Germany is almost backrupt 3. Acts a. Dawes Plan i. We loan Germany money (we get a mortgage on the railroad) ii. Forms a nice little circle, where we pay Gr, Gr pays allies, and allies pay us b. Young Plan (1929) i. Said if U.S. reduced the War Debts then Allies would reduce the Reparations ii. Finally sets the price of reparations c. Hoover Moratorium i. Provides one year suspension for debts, in response to the Great Depression Kellogg-Briand Pact (Paris Peace Pact) 1. 62 nations renounce war as an instrument of national policy makes war illegal Stimson Doctrine 1. In response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2. Said U.S. will not recognize territory seized by force FDR (before 35) [Ends the essay of Normalcy, but is included in other essays]

1. Good Neighbor Policy a. Reverses the TR corollary b. Says we well help in South America, but only to intervene when asked too 2. Recognizes USSR a. Only diplomatic step, not improvement of communism b. Lets us open trade 3. Tydings-McDuffie Act Provides Philippine Independence in 10 years a. Really happens in 46, because of WWII 3. Domestic Policy in the Decade of Normalcy a. Harding i. Background 1. Election of 1920 a. R Warren Harding with CC as VP dfts D Cox/FDR and Soc. Debs 2. Normalcy coined by Harding, was an error ii. Characteristics 1. Mediocre 2. Professional Republican 3. Scandals a. Mixed Blood Rumors b. Nan Harding The Presidents Daughter 4. Bad Grammar iii. Foreign Policy 1. Washington Conference 2. Unknown Soldier 3. Apologized to Colombia for Panama iv. Domestic Policy 1. Budget Bill headed by Dawes 2. Quota Act 3. Vetoes Bonus bill (WWI Veterans benefits in 10 years) which passes over him 4. Fordney McCumber Act Raises Tariff 5. Scandals a. Ohio Gang b. Veterans Bureau c. Treasury Prohibition, bootlegging d. Teapot Dome oil reserve that Pinchot set aside that was given to the Dept. of the Interior and then passed to oil companies e. Elkhill, similar to Teapot Dome f. Harding died before the scandals came out b. Calvin Coolidge i. Background 1. Became president after Harding

2. Election of 1924 a. R CC/Dawes dfts D John Davis/Charlie Bryan and CPPA La Follette i. CPPA is Committee for Progressive Political Action ii. Democratic Primary was deadlocked between Al Smith (N, Cath) and William McAdoo (S, Prot) ii. Characteristics 1. Indian Blood 2. Governor Mass. 3. Boston Police strike 4. Not Corrupt 5. Quiet Silent Cow iii. Foreign Policy 1. War Debts Dawes Act and Young Act 2. Kellogg-Briand Pact iv. Domestic Policy 1. No Important Measures Passed 2. Vetoed: a. McNary Haugen Bill Later AAA i. Farm Support Bill, Federally subsidized farmers b. Mussel Shoals Bill Later TVA i. Would have built dams to make Mussel-Shoals in TN navigatable c. Herbert Hoover i. Background 1. Election of 1928 a. R HH dfts D Al Smith b. Radio is used c. South Breaks with the Democrats, votes republican ii. Characteristics 1. Orphan 2. Did the Food thing during WWI 3. Organizational ability 4. Never Previously elected 5. Quaker iii. Foreign Policy 1. Stimson Act 2. Hoover Moratorium iv. Domestic Policy [Before The Great Depression] 1. Harley-Smoot Tariff Highest tariff ever even to present day

The Great Depression

1. Causes a. Long Range i. Bad Distribution of Income 1. 5% owned 1/3 ii. Technological Unemployment 1. Caused by machines replacing man-labor iii. Corporate Structure 1. Stock manipulation gave false information iv. No Government Regulation v. International Trade 1. G.D. was not unique to us, it was a world-wide depression b. Immediate i. Collapse of the Stock Market in 1929 1. Kinds of people affected a. Some companies were just made of air b. Even sturdy companies fell c. The stock market was encouraged by the war bonds 2. Margin buying on credit 3. Way it crashed a. People buying on margins could pay b. Brokers couldnt collect c. Banks couldnt collect d. Savers couldnt collect e. Less Purchases Econ down Unemployment f. Was a vicious cycle 2. Hoovers Response a. Voluntary Response b. BEF Bonus Expeditionary Force veterans want their benefits, McArther puts them down c. RFC Reconstruction Finance Corporation gives aid to business and banks d. Difference in theories between FDR and Hoover i. Drip Theory (Hoover) He wanted to give BB money that would drip to the people through investment and employment ii. Peculator Theory (FDR) He wanted to give money to the people who would spend it, thus business would pick up, etc iii. Pump-Priming Concept They would put Primer into the economy which would result in pump flow e. Election of 1932 i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HH

FDR and The New Deal

1. Background a. Election of 1932 i. D FDR/John Garner dfts R HH b. Election of 1936 i. D FDR/Garner dfts R Alf Landon ii. First ever poll iii. FDR shifts toward the left 2. Politics New Democratic Coalition a. Was a switch from the Republican control from 1860-1932 to the Democratic control until the more or less present day b. Contained many different groups: i. Rural South ii. Urban North iii. Elite Brain Trust iv. Farmers v. Black Americans 1. Switched as FDR had a more colorblind administration and black leaders in politics. Also, his action with Marian Anderson, a operatic soprano vi. Unions 1. AFL led by William Green a. Still craft union 2. UMW John Lewis a. Favored industry-wide unionism b. Unskilled workers 3. CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations John Lewis, again 4. Achievements: 44hour work week, $.25 minimum wage, and child labor legislation c. His cabinet reflected all of these groups i. Cordell Hull Secretary of State, from TN ii. Tim Farley Postmaster General iii. Francis Perkins Secretary of Labor iv. Henry Wallace Secretary of Agriculture d. 2 Political errors i. Court Packing Bill 1. Because the Supreme Court killed many of his bills, he proposed a plan that said if a justice was over 70, he could put others in to help them do their duty ii. Midterm Elections of 1938 1. FDR goes into states and supports certain democrats 2. Ex. SCs Cotton Ed Smith

e. 3 Ways of Looking at New Deal i. Revolution 1. That the New Deal was the 3rd American revolution a. The 1st was in 1776 and the 2nd was the Civil War 2. Expanded government, federal authority, and understanding of being an American ii. Evolutionary 1. Every proposal had previous roots in politics iii. John Maynand Keynes 1. British Economist 2. Introduced Keynesian economics, the 3rd (and last) economic style of American history 3. 3 Points: a. Government is responsible for economic stability b. During a Depression, the government should spend into prosperity, or use deficit spending, or pump priming c. Manipulate interest rates f. Administration characteristics i. 3 Rs Relief, Recovery, and Reform ii. 100 Days the first 100 days of FDRs administration where a lot of legislation was passedplays off of Napoleons hundred days iii. 3. Characteristics a. Wealthy NY, became NY Governor b. Married Eleanor, a distant cousin c. Ran with Cox in 20 d. Polio st 4. 1 New Deal (100 Days) a. Early Amendments i. 20th Lame Duck amendment - Changes inauguration date to January instead of March ii. 21st End Prohibition b. Banking Legislation i. Declares Bank Holiday ii. FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1. Federal Govt guaranteed safety of banks 2. Revolutionary b/c it was govt in business 3. Evolutionary b/c govt should do it iii. SEC Securities and Exchange Commission 1. Regulates stock market 2. guarantees information about stock market 3. regulates margins iv. RFC Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1. Held over from HH Evolutionary c. CCC Civilian Conservation Corps

i. Put young men from cities to do rural conservation work if they sent half of their money back home ii. Most uncontroversial of all legislation iii. E/R 1. Rev. 2. Evo. Newlands act d. AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act i. 1st Domestic Allotment program ii. Limited the production of certain products in order to raise prices for farmers iii. Guaranteed price supports iv. Also happened with livestock v. Declared unconstitutional in U.S. v. Butler 1. Similarity at local conditions doesnt justify breaking states rights vi. Later, the second AAA passed e. NIRA (NRA) National (Industrial) Recovery Act i. Provided aid to BB, provided cooperation not competition un-L-F ii. Codes 1. Manufactures had business codes that encouraged cooperation 2. Participants got to show Blue Eagle iii. Section 7A 1. Guaranteed labor the right to bargain collectively 2. Guaranteed wage/hour limits iv. Schecter case declared it unconstitutional 1. Sick Chicken case ruled not under interstate commerce 2. The act was not later passed again, however the Wagner act replaced Section 7A v. Rev/Evo 1. Rev SupC threw it out 2. Evo WIB f. TVA Tennessee Valley Authority i. Builds dams on the TN river to provide 1. Electricity 2. Navigation 3. Flood Control 4. Conservation 5. Recreation ii. Providedd the yard stick by which private companies rates could be measured for reasonable rates iii. Was government competing against private companies iv. Rev/Evo 1. Rev almost socialistic 2. Evo everything besides power is just internal improvements 5. Thunder on the Left 3 Men that challenged FDR to shift left a. Francis Townsend

i. The Townsend Plan 1. Would give old people 200 each month as long as they spent it within that month ii. Affected both old people and their children b. Huey Long LA Kingfish i. Wanted to make every man a king by a new tax program ii. It would soak the rich and distribute it to the people robin hood motif iii. Assassinated in 1935 c. Father Caughlin Catholic priest, new-populist i. Wanted populist reform 6. 2nd New Deal (leftward) a. Social Security i. Old age pensions 1. Dole money was almost pity money from government 2. SS is tied to work, not Dole, so it is not charity ii. Aid to children/disabled iii. Provided unemployment insurance 1. If you lose your job by no fault of your own, the govt guarantees money for a limited period iv. R/E 1. Rev 2. Evo life, liberty, pursuit of happiness b. WPA i. Program of work relief 1. Employment of last resort 2. Bulk of money went into salaries 3. Criticized for boon doggling, just doing busy work ii. Arts program employs artists, actors, writers 1. writers did states history 2. artists painted walls everywhere iii. NYA National youth Administration 1. provided jobs for kinds in college for tuition c. New Deal ends in 1938 as WWII leads to a more Conservative swing

1. FDRs Foreign Policy before the War a. Good Neighbor Policy i. Recognized USSR

ii. Tyding-McDuffey Act b. Isolationism i. Nye Committee investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the cause of it was munitions manufactures and BB ii. Neutrality legislation 1. No loans without WWI debts paid No munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and get it yourse

WWII
Leading up to WWII 2. FDRs Foreign Policy before the War a. Good Neighbor Policy i. Recognized USSR ii. Tyding-McDuffey Act b. Isolationism i. Nye Committee investigated the causes of WWI, concluded that the cause of -it was munitions manufactures and BB ii. Neutrality legislation 1. No loans without WWI debts paid 2. No munitions unless cash/carry (Pay with cash, not loans, and get it yourself) 3. Causes of WWII (Europe a. Long Term i. Economic Problems reparations and the depression ii. Failure of League of Nations iii. Failure of Disarmament iv. Failure to revise the Treaty of Versailles v. Ethnic Minorities vi. Rise of Nationalism 4. Rise of Isms a. Types i. Communism-0+9 1. Appealed to poor 2. Revolution 3. Equality 4. State Ownership 5. Internationalism ii. Fascism 1. Appealed to Rich 2. Legitimate 3. Elite 4. State Capitalism 5. Nationalism iii. Both result in a police state b. In Countries i. Russia Communist under Stalin 1. Revolution led by Lenin, later Stalin became the leader 2. 5 year plans, purges, etc ii. Italy Fascism under Mussolini 1. Fascism was in response to Communism by bourgeoisie 2. March on Rome: when Mussolini takes govt (or king gives it, not violent)

3. Mussolini made the trains on time, fixed drainage, and reconciled with the Pope iii. Germany Nazis under Hitler 1. Came up through legitimate election 2. Wanted 3rd Reich a. 1st was Charlemagne and HRE b. 2nd was Bismarck before WWI 3. Hitler added ethnic superiority iv. Japanese Fascists under Tojo (?) 1. Ethnic superiority a. Wanted to create Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, leads to U.S. Stimson Doctrine c. Formation of Axis and Allies i. Axis Italy, Japan, Germany ii. Allies Russia, Britain, France, and the U.S. d. Spanish Civil War i. Overthrew Alfonzo the XIII ii. Spanish Republic (new govt) redistributed the land/wealth, alienating the rich (clergy, nobility, and military) iii. Franco leads the Nationalists (old govt??, rich?) iv. We form the NIC Non-intervention Committee v. Gr and It help Franco, Rus helps Republic vi. U.S. responds with Neutrality 5. Hitler-Steps to War a. Rearms Gr i. Army and Navy ii. Violates Treaty of Versailles iii. We (meaning mainly Fr and Br) dont act because: 1. Depression 2. We realize that the Treaty may have been unfair and understand why Germany might do these things 3. Alternative was War iv. Appeasement Policy 1. Every time Hitler did something bad we just disapproved but did not stand up b. Remilitarized the Rhine c. Anschluss (Union with Austria) i. Germany wanted to annex Austria because they were ethnically Gr ii. Gr sends in troops, has vote, and, surprise, Austria wants to join Germany, so they are annex iii. Also violates Treaty d. Sudetenland i. Munich Conference appeasement 1. Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, Fr PM, but not Czech

6.

7.

8.

9.

e. Poland (Polish Corridor) f. Hitler and Stalin signed non-intervention treaty i. Ends communist push in America g. Sept. 1939 Hitler invades Poland i. He takes it quickly, USSR takes some land too h. Br and Fr declare war WWII Before the U.S. a. Period of Phony War i. Fr hide behind Maginot line b. Hitler attacks France by going around Maginot line, takes it in 6 weeks i. Dunkirk Evacuation: Br saved Fr and Br army ii. Vichy government takes over in lower France, they collaborate c. Japan i. Taking China ii. Blows up a U.S. ship iii. We freeze Japanese assets American Response to War a. Hemispheric solidarity Policy of North America and South America sticking together b. Effort at Neutrality: legislation i. Cash/Carry ii. No loans c. Isolationism i. FDRs quarantine speech 1. suggests quarantining aggressor nations ii. America First Committee 1. Responded to by Committee to Save America by Aiding the Allies d. Election of 1940: D FDR/Henry Wallace dfts R Wendell Wilkie (Me Too Republican) Measures Short of War a. Exchange of Battleship for naval bases in Greenland b. Peacetime Draft (1st ever) c. Lend/Lease Program i. FDR proposes that U.S. sell/loan/provide material for anti-axis-forces ii. We become arsenal for the allies d. Atlantic Charter i. Churchill/FDR ii. Proposal for postwar world We enter the War a. December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor b. Political decision says that our priority is in Europe, despite Pearl Harbor i. By this time, Hitler has invaded Russian and they are our allies ii. Unlike WWI, there is an allied supreme command, headed by Eisenhower iii. We are only one to really fight Japan

10. WWII with America a. Background i. Can be divided up into two periods: Axis victory (1939-1942) and Allied Victory (1942-) b. Pacific i. Axis Victory 1. Pearl Harbor 2. Phillipines attacked, we lose it 3. Doolittle Raid 4. Battle of Midway turns the tide of the war, we destroyed their carrier fleet and broke several codes 5. Guadalcanal 1st American offensive ii. Ally Victory 1. Leaders a. Nimitz and Halsey admirals b. McArther General 2. Liberate Philippines 3. Attack Japan a. Iwo Jima island, 1st attack on traditional Japanese territory i. We bomb, eventually land and raise the flag on the mountain b. Okinawa enormous casualties 4. Nuclear Bombing a. The bomb i. Manhattan project was the Nuke project ii. Oak Ridge place A-bomb was developed iii. Trinity place A-bomb tested b. Truman decides to do it because: i. Waning American support for war ii. Casualties iii. Soviet Union had promised to help us in Pacific: we dont want them polluting any more countries c. Europe: Western Front i. Axis Victory 1. Fall of France 2. Hitler attacks London, doesnt work a. RAF Royal Air Force ii. Ally Victory 1. Invasion of Italy 2nd Invasion a. Choosing the site: Sicily or Sardenia i. Man who never was disguised as a chief agent ii. We strike in Sicily b. Emmanual kicks out Mussolini, but Mussolini still leads in the north

2. Invasion of France: 3rd Invasion, D-Day a. Operation Overload or the invasion of Normandy b. Again Gr guesses wrong c. We liberate Paris and push them back 3. Defeat of Germany a. Battle of the Bulge- Gr fails to break a line into the sea b. Russians take Berlin first c. V-E Day Early May d. Europe: Eastern Front i. Axis Victory 1. Attack of Russia 2. Siege of Stalingrad: 4 million casualties a. Failure to take marks some end in Eastern front ii. Ally Victory 1. Russians start pushing Gr back 2. Guerrillas attack Nazis supported by Russia leads to conflict after the war e. North Africa i. Axis Victory 1. Gr attacks Fr and Br 2. Rommel leads Afrika Korps against Montgomery 3. Battle of El Alimaine, Br hold them ii. Ally Victory 1. Operation Torch, the 1st invasion led by Eisenhower 2. Practically no resistance in desert 11. Home Front a. Mobilization i. Draft and Recruitment 1. GI Bill vets, opportunity and free education, speciall loans for home/businesses 2. WACS Womens Auxilary Corps 3. Blacks ii. Business 1. WPB War Production Board 2. Labor: no strike policy iii. OPA Office of Price Administration 1. freezes wages/prices 2. system of rationing gas/tires/food 3. Black markets develop 4. Encourages Victory Gardens iv. Technology 1. development of synthetic rubber, nylon, and margarine 2. Medical advancements v. OCP Office of Civil Defense 1. Practice drills if we were to be attacked 2. air raid sirens

vi. Propaganda 1. Disney 2. Movies vii. Question of Civil Liberties 1. Relocation of Jap-Am, especially in California 2. redressed later by SupC 12. Mobilization for Peace a. Background i. Big Four (Three) FDR, Churchill, Stalin and (Chiang Kia-sheck) b. Atlanta Charter FDR and Churchill c. Casa Blanca i. Program of Unconditional Surrender ii. Churchill-FDR d. Yalta Conference i. Partition of Gr ii. Controversial b/c of concessions to Stalin e. Potsdam in between V-E and V-J i. Truman Atlee (U.S. Br) f. San Francisco Conference of 1945 i. UN

After WWII
1. Background a. El 2. Foreign Policy a. Background i. Truman and Eisenhower were the presidents b. Truman i. Containment 1. Contain communism 2. This was passive, not active because it prevented expansion ii. U.N. iii. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1. Mutual Defense 2. USSR countered with Warsaw Pact iv. MP Marshall Plan 1. Provided that America would give money to any country to rebuild after the war 2. This contrasted to the war debts and Dawes loans v. Truman Doctrine 1. Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey to fight communism vi. Trumans Point 4 1. Gives aid to 3rd World countries to fight communism vii. Miscellaneous 1. Division of Germany into 3rd US, Br, and USSR) and then Br and US give Fr a share, too 2. Occupation of Japan by US only a. Demilitarization b. McArthur c. We provide the military for Japan d. We dont sign peace treaty until 1951 3. Philippine Independence 4. Russians get A-bomb and end our nuclear monopoly 5. Chinese Revolution a. Nationalist Chiang Kiasheck loses war to Mao Tseng and flees to China b. We refuse to recognize Mao as the leader 6. Israel 7. Nuremberg War Criminal Trials a. Grew out of Holocaust b. At what level can you blame people? viii. Berlin Crisis - 1948 1. West Berlin was a Window on the West 2. Berlin Blockade closed railroads and Highways

a. If we do nothing, we look bad b. Europe is also afraid that we will respond excessively 3. Berlin Airlift every 3 minutes a plane lands giving food, clothing, etc to the people 4. Allies make united West Germany with a capital at Bonn 5. This solidifies our position with the Allies ix. Korean War 1. North and South Korea were divided at the 38th parallel a. N was communist b. S was not th 2. 25 June, 1950 Korean war began (VN was gradual) 3. Again, the communists assumed that the U.S. wouldnt fight 4. Truman presented it to the U.N and a joint force (unlike VN) declared North Korea an aggressor nation and had U.N peace keeping force sent 5. US sends the most troops, and McArthur leads it 6. Limited War a. Purpose Limited: only push communists out of SK, not surrender b. Power Limited: we cant nuke them 7. McArthur wanted Chinese invasion, Truman fires him 8. China comes into NK, we pump more in, have a war, etc c. Eisenhower i. Background 1. John Foster Dulles Secretary of State a. brinkmanship brink of nuclear war to keep peace b. Theory of Massive Retaliation ii. End of Korean War iii. Creation of SEATO 1. South East Asia Treaty Organization 2. This included Indo-China (VN) and Formosa (Taiwan) iv. Eisenhower Doctrine 1. Promises aid to middle east to fight communism v. Death of Stalin 1. Replaced by Krushchev, leads to a thaw in the Cold War 2. Spirit of Geneva hopeful period vi. Hungarian Revolution 1. We didnt support the anti-communist revolution, because it was in already communist areas vii. Sputnik 1. Led to education reform 2. Race for Space viii. Cuba 1. Rise of Fidel Castro who turned out to be Red 2. Limits of Power

3. Our policy really didnt fit into Containment b/c Cuba was having an internal revolution, not inspired by Russia ix. U-2 1. A spy play shot down by the Russians 2. Francis Gary Powers pilot 3. Russia cancels the summit 3. Domestic Policy a. Background i. Elections 1. El 1944 a. D FDR/Truman dfts R Tom Dewey b. FDR dies soon 2. El 1948 a. D Truman dfts R Tom Dewey/Warren, Dixiecrat Thurmond, and Progressive Henry Wallace b. Dixiecrats and Progressives split from Democrats c. Was an extremely close election 3. El 1952 a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson 4. El 1956 a. R Ike/Nixon dfts D Stevenson (dj vu) ii. Amendments 1. 13 15: Reconstruction 2. 16-19: Progressive 3. 20-22: New Deal, just kinda random 4. 23rd DC electors equal to that of the smallest state 5. 24th Poll tax eliminated 6. 25th Presidential Succession a. Designed to provide what would happen if a president or Vice President were to die b. Had 2 points: i. President can appoint a Vice President with the consent of Congress ii. If the President is unable to function (declared by himself or a special committee) then the Vice President takes over until he is able to function 7. 26th 18 to vote, response to VN 8. 27th payment for Congress b. Trumans Policy Fair Deal i. 1st Term 1. Republican congress doesnt pass any Fair Deal legislation 2. Taft-Hartley Act Slave labor act a. Says that all labor unions must be anti-communist and they cannot contribute to political campaigns or parties b. Declares unfair labor practices c. Section 14B lets states have right-to-work laws

i. These laws meant not having to join a union to gain employment ii. 2nd Term 1. Fair Deal continues 2. Red Scare!! a. McCarthy and McCarthyism i. Condemned without evidence ii. Guilt by Association b. Acknowledged espionage c. People i. Alger Hiss accused ii. Rosenbergs Russian spies 3. Civil Rights Legislation philibustered by Thurmond 4. Scandals 5. HH commission reorganizes branches of the government c. Eisenhowers Domestic Policy i. Background 1. Military Industrial Complex warning 2. Middle of the Road Republican (kind of Me Too Republicanism) ii. Alaska and Hawaii enter as states iii. Civil Liberties 1. McCarthyism a. HUAN House of Un-American activities committee b. McCarthy vs. the Army ends McCarthyism iv. Civil Rights 1. Desegregated the Army (really under Truman) 2. Jackie Robinson 3. Adam Clayton Powell Jr public letter by Black republican criticizing DCs segregation 4. Brown v. Topeka, Kansas Board of Education a. NAACP ran it b. Earl Warren is the judge c. Says that Separate is inherently unequal: eliminates segregation, and calls for it to happen with all deliberate speed d. Response: white citizens councils try to evade the court e. Briggs v. Elliot is SC case that is incorporated into Topeka case 5. Orval Faubes a. Defies courts desegregation order b. Ike sends in federal troops (1st time since Whiskey Rebellion) 6. Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott a. Rise of MLK Jr. and SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference

b. Civil Disobedience c. Brought National attention to the south

Sixties and Onward

1. Background a. El 1960 i. D JFK/LBJ dfts R Nixon b. El 1964 i. D LBJ/Humphrey dfts R Goldwater (AuH2O) c. El 1968 i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts Humphrey and Am George Wallace Dimes worth of difference ii. Eugene McCarthy challenges LBJ on peace issue, and his success makes LBJ pull out, then RFK assassinated iii. Chicago police at Dem. Convention d. El 1972 i. R Nixon/Agnew dfts D George McGovern (peace in VN campaign/ (xEagleton) Shriver ii. Watergate election e. El 1976 i. D Jimmy Carter dfts R Ford f. El 1980 i. R Reagan dfts D Carter and I Anderson g. El 1984 i. R Reagan dfts D Mondale/Ferraro (1st woman on National ticket) h. El 1988 i. R Bush dfts D Dukakis i. El 1992 i. D Clinton dfts R Bush and I Perot j. El 1996 i. D Clinton dfts R Dole k. El 2000 i. R Bush Jr dfts D Gore 2. Domestic Policy a. JFK New Frontier i. Space race ii. Labor iii. Civil Rights 1. MLKs march on Washington and I have a Dream b. LBJ Great Society i. 1st Term: Civil Rights Act of 1964: first Civil Rights since Reconstruction ii. War on Poverty 1. HEW House Education and Welfare 2. HUD Housing and Urban Development

3. Medicare through Social Security, medical care for old people 4. Medicaid medical care for poor iii. Civil Rights 1. CR Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act a. In any state where less than 50% of eligible voters dont vote, we assume that it is because they are discriminated against b. Federal intervention, cant be changed 2. MLK Jr. Assassinated a. Violence 3. Watts Riot a. Violence b. Black Violence against Black Property c. Caused by rising expectations that things would get better, but they didnt for the average person d. Leads to Long Hot Summer c. Nixon Imperial Presidency, Law and Order i. Court Decisions of Earl Warren 1. Civil Rights a. Brown v. TB of Edu 2. Civil Liberties a. Giddeon v. Wainwright 6th Am - says you have the right to a lawyer, to know that right, and state providing a lawyer b. Miranda v. Arizona 5th Am no person can be forced to testify against themselves Right to remain silent and that you cannot be penalized for it 3. 1 man, 1 vote cases a. Baker v. Carr i. The State House of Representatives must represent approximately equal populations b. Reynalds v. Simms i. Same thing, Senate c. These increase Black and Urban Representation ii. Watergate 1. Incident involving break-in at Dem. Convention 2. Bernstein and Woodward pursued the story 3. CREEP Committee to RE-Elect the President, Att Gen was chairman 4. Pentagon Papers commentary on VN that were given to press 5. Spearo Agnew accused of taking bribes, resigns 6. Gerald Ford Vice President 7. Nixon resigns, Ford President d. Ford i. Presidential Pardon for Nixon

ii. Chooses Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President iii. WIN effort to fight stagflation e. Carter i. OPEC oil crisis 1. High prices 2. Limits of Power ii. Economy 1. High Inflation f. Reagan New Federalism i. Economic 1. Reaganomics supply side econ or trickle down theory with a safety net at the bottom 2. Cut taxes business invests trickles down safety net supports people from falling through the cracks 3. Helped eliminate inflation, but increased Federal defecit ii. Immigration iii. AIDS iv. Family Emphasis v. Moral Majority vi. Attempted assassination g. Bush Sr. i. Read my lips, no new taxes h. Clinton i. Medical reform ii. Its the economy, stupid 3. Foreign Policy a. JFK i. Space Race (military) ii. Peace Corps iii. OAS Organization of American States iv. Cuba 1. Bay of Pigs a. Makes U.S. look bad internationally b. Colossus of the North 2. Cuban Missile Crisis a. Confrontation with Major Powers b. Blockade of Cuba c. Hotline between President and USSR v. Berlin 1. Berlin Wall was erected 2. Limits of Power b. LBJ i. VN 1. Began in 1954 under Ike a. Indochina divided 2. Differences with Korea

a. No specific start or event b. Guerilla campaigns c. Not a war but a civil struggle d. Only U.S., not U.N. 3. Trauma and dissention a. Favored i. Containment 1. Domino Theory ii. Patriotism b. Opposed i. Civil War not real war ii. Cost of Victory too high iii. Politicians and military are lying to us iv. Change country when it is wrong is patriotic v. Rich mans war, poor mans fight vi. Humanity/War crimes 4. TV showed killings in living color c. Nixon i. ii. d. Ford i. ii. Visits Red China and recognizes it Has Secret Plan to end war

VN gets to be a smaller problem, Vietnamization Kissinger Secretary of State, Policy of Dtente moving to a relaxed state in the Cold war iii. Middle East e. Carter i. Human Rights ii. SALT II iii. Returns the Panama Canal iv. Camp David accords Israel and Egypt v. Iranian Hostages f. Reagan i. Grenada Invasion 1. Off coast of South America 2. Makes Latin America uneasy ii. Nicuragua 1. Contra-Sandinista conflict iii. Iran Hostages released on Reagans inauguration iv. Star Wars defense system v. Gorbechev and the fall of the Soviet Union 1. Communism mixed 2. more freedom vi. Lebanon g. Bush Sr. i. Berlin wall ii. Panama Noreiga

iii. Desert Storm in Middle east h. Clinton i. Bosnia

Themes of the 60s and 70s

1. Civil Liberties a. McCartyism b. Protests c. Police anything they do is right (or wrong) 2. Civil Rights a. Dem. Convention of 1948 b. Population shift (Blacks move north) c. Legislation d. Violence e. MLK Jr. 3. Violence a. CR b. Black Demonstrations c. Wh Bl and Bl Bl d. VN e. Assassinations RFK, JFK, MLK 4. TV a. Army v. McCarthy b. El 1960 Debates c. MLKs march on Washington d. Violence and VN 5. VN 6. Generation Gap a. Patriotism in VN Canada and Draft card burning b. Protests c. Parents remembered depression d. Hippies marijuana e. Sexual Revolution