Samuel Kim Odori, AP World History Period 3 December 8, 2011

Chapter 19 Study Questions

1. The function of the griot in sub-Saharan African Culture was to transfer cultures through oral communication. They were often professional singers and storytellers that told oral traditions including stories, histories, epics, and other accounts. The story of Sundiata was told by the griots. 2. The introduction to bananas encouraged a fresh migratory surge. The cultivations of bananas increased the food supplies available and allowed the Bantus to expand more rapidly. The arrival of camel quickened the pace of communication and transportation across the Sahara. Camels could travel long distance without having to drink water and thus made them useful beasts of burden in an arid region. 3. Kin-based societies are governments throughout the Bantu people through family and kinship groups. Male heads of families constituted a ruling council, which decided public affairs. The best of the family heads became chiefs. These societies focused on ethnic loyalty and negotiated with only two or more villages. 4. Both Kingdom of Kongo and Kingdom of Ghana were states. The government of Kongo consisted of a king and officials who oversaw affairs and beneath the king and officials were six provinces administered by governors. Chiefs governed the local villages. They were famous for their tight centralized government. The kingdom of Ghana was famous for their trade in gold. Thus they became the most important commercial site in West Africa and became the wealthiest kingdom in Africa. 5. Islam first entered into sub-Saharan Africa due to the kings of Ghana converting to Islam. This improved relations with Muslim merchants from north Africa as well as Muslim nomads. Unlike the north Africa and southwest Africa imposing Islam forcibly on their society, the kings of Ghana let the people observe traditional religious customs. However, the faith attracted many converts, mostly people that had relations with the Muslim merchants. 6. The Mali Empire controlled and taxed almost all the trade passing through west Africa. Also, its capital attracted Muslim merchants seeking to enter the gold trade. The rulers honored Islam, which gave comfort to merchants. Mansa Musa was greatly inspired by his pilgrimage to Mecca and Islam was highly spread during his realm. After the fall of the empire, the tradition of centralized government and Islam continued to survive in the African society. 7. Kilwa was first a place where Bantu people relied mostly on fishing and engaged in little amounts of trade. Soon they started trading pottery and relied more on agriculture. By the thirteenth century, it was a thriving city trading with distant lands and mostly relying on trade.

Samuel Kim Odori, AP World History Period 3 December 8, 2011

8. Sex largely determined work roles. Mostly men worked as blacksmiths, leather tanner, or anything that required a special skill. Women enjoyed high honor compared to other societies. Sometimes, women rose to power or even engaged in combat. Age groups would usually help and provide labor for community projects. 9. During the early ninth century, slaves were often captives from war, witches, or people in dept. As distant lands needed slaves, they started trading slaves through the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Trade networks. As demands for slaves rose, slave raiding began. This set the stage for the Atlantic slave trade to come. 10. Both Christianity and Islam did appeal to the sub-Saharan people, but they did no replace their native religions. Some adapted to Islam when in trade, but returned to their traditional customs when they returned. The conversion of Christianity and Islam has started for the various advantages that it made available to them.

Chapter 20 Study Questions

1. The journeys of the Polos represented the missionary efforts of the western Christian church which brought cultural and religious unity throughout Europe. During the high middle ages, the Europeans built a vibrant and powerful society on the political, economic, and cultural foundations laid in the early middle ages. 2. The Holy Roman Empire was the Christian revival of the earlier Roman empire. The name refers to the expansion of Christianity throughout the lands. However, whenever the emperors tried to expand their influences beyond Germany, they were resisted by the popes. Also independent monarchies fought with each other. 3. The monarchies in France started out slowly where they conquered land little by little, while the monarchies in England were basically created by Vikings also known as Normans when they invaded England. Both monarchies faced external challenges, but they also ruled with a more tightly centralized government. 4. The expansion of agricultural production would yield higher taxes and increase the lords wealth. They started cultivating beans due to beans be able to fix nitrogen in the soils. It served as a dietary protein as well. New technologies such as the horseshoes and horse collars made it possible to increase more land to be cultivated in a lesser amount of time. 5. Textile industry in the European economy during this period helped fuel economic development throughout Europe. Products such as wool were traded throughout trade networks. 6. The centers of the trade networks for Europe were at the Mediterranean basin. The Mediterranean trade networks embraced many regions such as Genoa, Pisa, Naples, and

Samuel Kim Odori, AP World History Period 3 December 8, 2011

other Italian cities. Also, colonies were established near the Mediterranean which then they were able to deal with Muslim merchants and led to the trade with India, SE Asia, and China. 7. Chivalry was a code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles. When a young man becomes a knight during a ritual, he places his sword upon a shurch altar and pledges his service to God. Nobles changed from seeking wealth and power to order, piety, and the Christian faith. 8. Troubadours consisted of aristocratic women that spread the chivalric code. They promoted refined behavior and tender, respectful relations between the sexes rather than the codes religious dimensions. They went to Poitiers and encouraged manners to the nobles. Over time, these efforts softened the manners of the nobility. 9. Scholasticism was the theology that sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. It reflected the harmonization of Aristotle with Christianity and the synthesis of both reason and faith. The commoners neither knew nor cared about Aristotle. Christianity was a religion that was important because it gave meaning to lives and it bound them together so formal doctrine and theology did not appeal to them. 10. Europe was expanded by crusades in the Middle East. Church officials encouraged crusaders to conquer pagan and Muslim people in Baltic and Mediterranean lands. The important expansion took place in Eastern Europe where Germanic people pushed out into Slavic and Baltic areas which processed conversion, conquest, and colonization.

Chapter 21 Study Questions

1. The Mexica people established their authority over the people of central Mexico by military conquest. Prisoners from war were often sacrificed to the gods and they demanded tribute from the newly conquered lands. 2. Mexica developed the chinampa systems of agriculture in which they made plots of land from the dregs of the lake. During the dry season, they tapped water from the lakes to grow crops. This turned out to be very productive because the land was very fertile and there were plentiful crops in order to eat. 3. Typical items that Mexica traded were textiles, fur blankets, embroidered clothes, jewelry, and obsidian. Luxury items like translucent jade, emeralds, tortoise shells, jaguar skins, and vanilla beans and cocoa were traded among the elites. The Spanish marveled at many of the items and gems the Aztecs owned as well as their markets and temples.

Samuel Kim Odori, AP World History Period 3 December 8, 2011

4. Mexica society was rigidly hierarchical with public honors going to military elite. Due to this, most elites were showered in luxury and had a nice life. Priests were also highly respected. Women had little role in society. Their main role was to bear children, but they also wielded influence in their families. 5. Men are supposed to become great and honored warriors while women are supposed to bear the children and raise them. Men are to grow up and go into war and receive a gift if they live. Women are to perform many of the tasks around the households such as to get water and to grind maize. The speech from page 545 shows that men often went to war and the women waited for them pleadingly while raising their children. 6. Mexicas adopted religious traditions from the Olmec. They had two principle godsTezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl. They were the gods that gave and took away life; as well as supporting arts, crafts, and agriculture. They believed that the gods had set the world in motion through acts of individual sacrifice. They did this to appeal the gods and in order to maintain a steady agricultural season. 7. The Iroquois people had developed settled agriculture by the fifteenth century in North America. They began to cultivate maize and beans. 8. Distinctive features of the agriculture and animal husbandry to emerge in the ades were the cultivation of potatoes and the herding of llamas and alpacas which were camel like beasts. 9. One distinctive feature of the Inca society was that trade fell under the supervision of the central government rather than independent merchants ruling the economy. The ruling elites which were considered rulers a deity descended from the sun owned everything in the Inca. Also quipus were mnemonic aid to keep track of responsibilities. As for religion, the sun was their major deity. They also served nature deities, which helped them when they were in need. 10. The Incas made many achievements during their time. They first conquered the Andes Mountains by either war or peaceful assimilations. They flattened the top of a mountain by terracing to allow farming. They connected the whole empire by using an elaborate system of roads. The invention quipus, which was the start of their ways of communication. Lastly, they built the biggest empire in the South America with a strong centralized government.