My

Additional

Mathematics
Module Form 4
(Version 2010)

Topic 2:

Quadratic Equations
by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH)

2.1

QUADRATIC EQUATION AND ITS ROOTS

PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DAN PUNCANYA

Quadratic Equations in General Form (Bentuk Am Persamaan Kuadratik) 1. The general form of a quadratic equation is given by ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are constants, a 0 and x an unknown. Bentuk am bagi persamaan kuadratik adalah ax 2 + bx + c = 0 di mana a, b, dan c sebagai pemalar, a 0 dan x
sebagai anu.

Examples of quadratic equations in general form

Contoh-contoh persamaan kuadratik dalam bentuk am ialah:

3x2 12x + 5 = 0; 2.

k2 2k = 0;

4m2 25 = 0

Observe the examples, the highest degree (power) of the unknown of the quadratic euations is 2.
Perhatikan contoh di atas, kuasa tertinggi anu persamaan kuadratik ialah 2.

3. 4. 5.

The roots of a quadratic equation are values of the unknown that satisfy the equation.
Punca persamaan kuadratik adalah nilai bagi anu yang memuaskan persamaan itu.

A quadratic equation can only has the highest of two roots.

Persamaan kuadratik mempunyai selebih-lebihnya dua punca sahaja.

The primitive method to determine the roots of a quadratic equation is by substitution or trial and error method
Cara yang paling primitif untuk menentukan punca-punca suatu persamaan kuadratik ialah dengan kaedah penggantian dan pemerinyuan (kaedah cuba-cuba).

Exercise 2.1 1. (a) Write each of the following quadratic equation in general form.
Tuliskan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dalam bentuk am.

x ( 2 + x) = 5

(b)

x( x 4) = 3x( 2 5 x)

(c)

2( x + 3) 2 = 13

(d)

x2 =

x 6 2

2.

Write whether the value given in each of the following quadratic equations is the root of the quadratic equation.
Tentukan sama ada nilai yang diberikan ialah punca bagi persamaan kuadratik berikut

(a)

x 2 5 x + 4 = 0; x = 4

(b)

3x 2 + 7 x + 2 = 0; x =

1 3

(c)

5 x 2 = 17 x 6; x =

2 5

(d)

x(6 x 7) = 1; x =

1 6

2.2

SOLUTION of QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(PENYELESAIAN PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK)

1. 2.

To solve a quadratic equation means to find the roots of the quadratic equation.
(Menyelesaikan suatu persamaan kuadratik bererti mencari punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik itu).

(a) (b) (c)

Generally, there are threes methods to determine the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ; Secara amnya terdapat tiga cara dalam menentukan punca suatu persamaan kuadratik ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ; Factorisation, (Pemfaktoran) Completing the square, (Penyempurnaan Kuasa Dua) Quadratic Formula. (Rumus kuadratik) (A) 1. Solution by Factorisation (Penyelesaian secara Pemfaktoran). To determine the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , factor completely the expression ax 2 + bx + c to the form (mx + p)(nx + q) with m, n, p and q are constants. (Untuk menentukan punca persamaan kuadratik berbentuk ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , faktorkan selengkapnya ungkapan kuadratik
ax 2 + bx + c kepada bentuk ( mx + p )( nx + q ) dengan m, n, p dan q sebagai pemalar).

Example 1. Solve each of the following quadratics equations. (Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik yang berikut) (a) (b) x 2 3 x = 18 ( x + 1)(2 x 3) = 12 x

Solution: (Penyelesaian) (a) x 3 x = 18 2 x 3x 18 = 0 ( x + 3)( x 6) = 0

2

+3

+3x

-6 -18

-6x -3x

Therefore, (Maka),

x+3= 0

x = 3

or

x6 = 0
x=6

x2
-3 -6x +5 -15 +5x -x

Solution: (Penyelesaian) (b) ( x + 1)(2 x 3) = 12 2 x 2 x 3 = 12 2 x 2 x 15 = 0 ( x 3)(2 x + 5) = 0

2x

Therefore, (Maka),

x3 = 0

or

2x + 5 = 0

2x

x=3

x=

5 2

Exercise 2.2:

Solve each of the following quadratic equation by factorization.

(Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan keadah pemfaktoran).

(a)

x2 x 6 = 0

(b) x 2 + 13x + 40 = 0

(c)

x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0

(d) 2 x 2 + 7 x 4 = 0

(e)

15 x 2 + 7 x 4 = 0

(f)

8 x 2 10 x + 3 = 0

(g)

21x 2 2 x 3 = 0

(h) 6 x 2 + 41x 7 = 0

(i)

8x 2 2 x 3 = 0

(j)

10 x 2 21x + 2 = 0

(B) 1.

Solution by Completing the Square Method

(Penyelesaian secara Penyempurnaan Kuasa Dua)

Completing the square method is most suitable to be used if factorization method cannot be employed or when the values of a, b and c are large. (Kaedah amat sesuai digunakan jika keadah pemfaktoran tidak dapat difaktorkan atau nilai a, b dan c dalam persamaan
kuadratik agak besar).

2.

b (a) To do a completing the square to the expression of ax 2 + bx , the term 2a 2 added up to the expression ax + bx. [Ungkapan
ax 2 + bx boleh dijadikan kuasa dua sempurna dengan menambahkan sebutan

is

b ]. 2a

ax 2 + bx = x 2 +
2

b x a
2 2

b b b = x + x+ a 2a 2a b b ax + bx = x + 2a 2a
2 2 2

(b) Similarly, to do a completing the square to the expression ax2 + bx + c , the term 2 b is added up to the expression ax2 + bx + c 2a [ Keadaan yang sama, ungkapan ax 2 + bx + c boleh dijadikan kuasa dua sempurna dengan menambahkan

b ] sebuatan 2a
ax 2 + bx + c = x 2 + = x2 + b c x+ a a
2 2

b c b b x+ + a a 2a 2a
2 2

b c b =x + + 2a a 2a Example 2:

Express the following quadratic expression in the form of completing the square.
(Ungkapkan ungkapan kuadratik berikut dalam bentuk kuasa dua sempurna).

(a)

x 2 + 4x

(b)

2 x 2 3x

Solution: (Penyelesaian): (a ) 4 4 x 2 + 4x = x 2 + 4x + 2 2 = x 2 + 4 x + ( 2) 2 ( 2) 2 = ( x + 2) 2 4
2 2

(b) 2 x 2 3x = x 2 = x2

3 3 3 x + 2 4 4 2 3 9 =x 4 16

3 x 2

Example 3: Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square.

(Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut secara penyempurnaan kuasa dua).

(a) (b) (a)

x 2 3x 5 = 0 2 x 2 + 2 3x4 5 = 0 x 3x =

(b)

2x2 + 3x = 4

Solution: (Penyelesaian): 3x = 5 x 22 2 3 3 x2 3x + = 5 + 2 2

x2 + 3 x+ 2

3 4 x= 2 2
2
2

x2 +

3 3 x = 5+ 2 2
=

3 3 = 2+ 4 4
2

20 + 9 4 29 4

3 x+ =2 + 4
=

3 4

32 + 9 16 41 16

3 29 x = 2 4 x= 3 29 2 4 3 29 + 2 4

3 41 x+ = 4 16 3 41 x= 4 16 3 41 x= + 4 16 x = 0.8508 #
or

x=

x = 4.193 #
or

3 29 x= 2 4
x = 1.193 #

3 41 x= 4 16 x = 2.3508 x = 2.351 #

Exercise 2.3 Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square method.
(Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua).

(a). x 2 + 6 x + 4 = 0

(b). x 2 10 x 3 = 0

(c). 2 x 2 4 x + 1 = 0

(d). 2 x 2 = 3( x + 1)

(e). 3x 2 5 = 4 x

(f). 2( x + 2) + 4 = 3 x( x 1)

Example 4: Solve the quadratic equation 4x2 8x + 1 = 0 using quadratic formula. (Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik 4 x 2 8 x + 1 = 0 secara (C) 1. Solution by Quadratic Formula
(Penyelesaian secara rumus kuadratik) rumus kuadratik).

Solution: (Penyelesaian). Beside factorisation and completing the square methods, quadratic equation can be solved by using quadratic formula. 2 (Selain daripada kaedah pemfaktoran dan penyempurnaan 4 x 8 x sesuatu 0 kuasa dua, + 1 = persamaan kuadratik boleh juga diselesaikan secara rumus kuadratik). a = 4, b = 8, c =1 2. The quadratic formula is obtained by completing the square method as shown below. (Rumus kuadratik diperolehi dengan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua persamaan kuadratik seperti ditunjukkan di b b 2 4ac bawah). Using quadratic formula, x = 2a 2 ax + bx + c = 0 b c x + x+ = 0 a a
2

x=

(8) (8) 2 4(4)(1) 2(4) 8 64 16 8 8 48 8

x=
x=

x2 +

b c x= a a
2 2

x2 +

b c b b x+ = + a 2a a 2a b b2 c x+ = 2 2 a 4a a = b 2 4ac 4a 2
2

Therefore,

8 48 8 6.928 = 8 8
8 + 6.928 8

b b 2 4ac x+ = 2a 2a b b 4ac 2a
2

14 .928 8

x = 1.866

x=

or
x=

8 6.9 8 2 8

1.0 2 7 = 8 x =0.1 4 3

3. Quadratic formula x =

b b 2 4ac 2a can be use to solve any quadratic equation even though the equation can be solve by either factorisation or completing the square methods. (Rumus Kuadratik x =
boleh digunakan 2a untuk menyelesaikan sebarang persamaan kuadratik tanpa mengira sama ada persamaan itu boleh diselesaikan dengan menggunakan kaedah pemfaktoran dan penyempurnaan kuasa dua atau tidak). b b 2 4 ac

Exercise 2.4 1. Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula.
(Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah rumu)

(a).

2 x 2 + 5x = 4

(b). 3 x 2 + 4 x + 11 = 0

(c).

x 2 + 8 x = 3

(d). 3( x 2 + 1) = 7 x

(e). 2 x

4 =3 x

(f). ( x 2) 2 = 3( x + 9)

2.3

FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ROOTS

PEMBENTUKAN PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DARIPADA PUNCA-PUNCANYA

1. 2.

If ( x )( x ) = 0 , then x = 0 or x = 0 and the roots are and .

Jika ( x )( x ) = 0 , maka x = 0 atau x = 0 dan punca-puncanya ialah dan .

On the other hand, if given dan as the roots of a quadratic equation, then,
Sebaliknya, jika diberi dan ialah punca-punca persamaan kuadratik, maka,

Method 1: Step to form a quadratic equation is,

(langkah membentuk persamaan kuadratik ialah)

( x )( x ) = 0 x ( + ) x + = 0
2

where, 3.

+ is the product of roots (POR) (ialah Hasil Tambah Punca [(HTP)] is the sum of roots(SOR) (ialah Hasil Darab Punca [(HDP)]
(Langkah-langkah untuk membentuk persamaan kuadratik daripada punca-punca ialah;)

Method 2: Steps to form a quadratic equation are; (i) Determine the POR, (Hitungkan HTP), (ii) Determine the SOR, and (Hitungkan HDP, dan), (iii) Form the quadratic equation by, (Bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang dikehendaki iaitu) x2 (SOR)x + POR = 0
x
2

( HTP ) x + HDP = 0

If given the equation as ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , then the x coefficient need to be expressed into the value of 1. 2 (Jika diberi ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , perlu diungkapkan dahulu pekali x supaya menjadi satu, iaitu)

x2 +

b c x+ =0 a a
(Hasil tambah Punca,
(Hasil darab Punca, HTP = + = c a b a )

Then, (maka), Sum of roots, SOR = + =

b a c Product of roots, POR = = a

2 + 2 = ( + ) 2

HDP = =

4. ATTENTION:
PERHATIAN :

2 + 2 = ( + ) 2 2 is an important and useful indentity

2 ialah satu identiti penting yang berguna.

Example 4:

Form the quadratic equation in the form of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 which has the following roots;
(Bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang mempunyai punca-punca berikut dalam bentuk ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ).

(a) 4 dan 9 Solution:

(b)

-3 only.

(a) Given 4 and 9 as the roots of the quadratic equation; Then, SOR = 4 + (9) = 5 POR = 4(9) = 36 Then, the quadratic equation, x 2 ( SOR ) x + POR = 0 x 2 ( 5) x + ( 36) = 0 x 2 + 5 x 36 = 0

(b) Given -3 as the only root of the quadratic equation; Then SOR = (3) + (3) = 6 POR = (3)(3) = 9 Then, the quadratic equation, x 2 ( SOR ) x + POR = 0 x 2 ( 6) x + 9 = 0 x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0

Example 5. If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x 2 2 x 5 = 0 , form the quadratic equation which has the following roots. (a)

2 2 and

(b) 2 and 2

Solution: Given the quadratic equation, 3x 2 2 x 5 = 0 a = 3, b = 2 and Then, The roots of the quadratic equation are dan Then,

c = 5

SOR = + =

b 2 2 = = a 3 3 c 5 POR = = = a 3 2 2 and
2

(a)

The new roots are Then, SOR = 2 +

2 + 2

POR =

2 2

2( + )

= =

The new quadratic equation formed,

x 2 ( SOR ) x + POR = 0

2 2 3 = 5 3 4 = 5

4 5 3 12 5

4 12 x 2 x + = 0 5 5 5 x 2 + 4 x 12 = 0

(b)

The new roots are 2 dan 2

SOR = 2 + 2 = ( + ) 2 2 2 2 5 4 10 = 2 = + 3 3 9 3 = 34 9

POR = ( 2 )( 2 ) = ( ) 2 25 5 = - = 9 3 2

The new quadratic equation formed;

x 2 ( SOR ) x + POR = 0 x2 =0 9 9 9x2 34x + 25 = 0 34 x+ 25

Exercise 2.5 1. Form the quadratic equation from the given roots as shown in the table: Roots Quadratic Equation Method 1 Method 2

a.

2 and -3

b.

3 and 4

c.

-2 and -5

d.

3 and 6 4

e.

2 1 and 3 5

f.

2k and -4

g.

h and 5 5

2. Find the value of m and k for each of the following quadratic equations with the roots given.
(Cari nilai m dan nilai k bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik dengan puncanya diberi).

(a)

3x 2 + mx + k = 0 with roots -5 dan

1 . 3

(b) 2 x 2 + mx k = 0 with roots 1 dan

1 . 2

(c) 2 x 2 9 = ( k 1) x with roots -3 and

m . 2

(d) 3x 2 + 3 = 5 x with roots m 2 and k + 1 .

3.

Find the value of p for each of the following quadratic equations.

(Cari nilai p bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut ).

(a) One of the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 px + 54 = 0 is twice of the other root.
(Satu daripada punca persamaan 3 x 2 px + 54 = 0 ialah dua kali punc yang satu lagi).

(b) One of the roots of the quadratic equation x2- px + 12 = 0 is thrice of the other root.
(Satu daripada punca persamaan x tiga kali punc yang satu lagi). 2 px + 12 = 0 ialah

(c) One of the roots of the quadratic equation 27x2 + px 8 = 0 is square root of the other root.
(Satu daripada punca persamaan 27x2 + px 8 = 0 ialah kuasa dua punca yang satu lagi).

(d) One of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 12x = 2p 9 is square of the other root.
(Satu daripada punca persamaan 2x2 + 12x = 2p - 9 ialah dua kali punca yang satu lagi.

3.2

CONDITION FOR TYPES OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(SYARAT UNTUK JENIS PUNCA PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK)

1.

Types of roots of Quadratic Equations ax2+ bx + c = 0 depend to the value of b2- 4ac which b b 2 4ac derived from x = 2a (Jenis punca persamaan kuadratik ax 2 + bx + c = 0 bergantung kepada nilai b 2 4ac yang wujud daripada rumus
kuadratik , x = b b 2 4 ac ). 2a

2.

The foolowing table shows the types of roots of quadratic equations.

(Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sifat punca persamaan kuadratik).

b 2 4ac > 0 Two different roots

(Dua punca berbeza)

b 2 4ac = 0 Two equal roots

(Dua punca sama)

b 2 4ac < 0 No root

(Tiada punca nyta)

tangen Straight line intersects the curve at two different Straight line meet the curve at points. point. Straight line does not (Garis lurus menyilang garis (Garis lurus menyentuh lengkung pada satu intersect, touch or meet the lengkung pada dua titik yang titik sahaja). curve. berlainan). b 2 4ac 0 Two distinctive roots (Dua punca nyata) 3.

(Garis lurus tidak menyilang atau menyentuh lengkung).

When the condition of roots of a quadratic equation is known, the value or range of values of unknown of the quadratic equations could be determined.
(Apabila syarat untuk keadaan punca persamaan kuadratik diberi, maka nilai atau julat nilai anu dalam persamaan kuadratik itu dapat ditentukan).

Example 6 Determine the type of roots of each of the following quadratic equations without solving the equation.
(Tentukan jenis punca bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik yang berikut tanpa menyelesaikan persamaan itu).

(a)

2x 2 7x + 4 = 0

(b)

x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 (b) Given x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 Then, a = 1, b = 3, c = 5 Then, b 2 4ac = (3) 2 4(1)(5) = 9 20 = 11 Since b 2 4ac < 0 , The equation does not have any root.
(Persamaan itu tidak mempunyai punya nyata).

Solution: (a) Given 2 x 2 7 x + 4 = 0 Then, a = 2, b = 7, c = 4 Then, b 2 4ac = ( 7) 2 4(2)(4) = 49 32 = 17 Since b 2 4ac > 0 , The equation has two different roots.
(Persamaan itu mempunyai dua punya nyata yang berbeza).

Example 6: Find the possible values of m if a straight line y = mx 1 is the tangent to a curve y = x2 7x + 7m. (Carikan nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi m jika garis lurus y = mx 1 ialah tangen kepada lengkung y = x 2 7 x + 7 m. ) Solution:

y = x 7 x + 7 m.
2

y = mx 1

Given,

y = mx 1 ..(1) y = x 2 7 x + 7m. (2)

Subtitute (2) dalam (1) Then, x 2 7 x + 7 m = mx 1 2 x 7 x mx + 7 m + 1 = 0 x 2 (7 + m) x + 7 m + 1 = 0 And then, a = 1, b = 7 m, c = 7 m + 1

Since the straight line is a tangent which meet the curve only at a point, therefore the condition of the solution is b2 4ac = 0.
(Oleh kerana tangen garis lurus hanya menyentuh lengkung pada satu titik, maka penyelesaian b 2 4 ac = 0 ).

b 2 4ac = 0 (7 m) 2 4(1)(7 m + 1) = 0 49 + 14m + m 2 28m 4 = 0 m 3 14m + 45 = 0 (m 5)(m 9) = 0 m = 5 or m = 9 Therefore, the possible values of m are m = 5 or m = 9
(Maka, nilai m yang mungkin ialah, m = 5 atau 9)

Exercise 2.6 1. State the condition of the roots for each of the following quadratic equations
(Tentukan keadaan punca bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut).

Quadratic Equation

Value of b 2 4ac

Condition of the Roots

a. x 2 2 x 5 = 0

b. x 2 6 x + 9 = 0

c. x 2 = 3x 6

d. 3x 2 = 8 x + 3

e. (2 x 1)( x + 1) + 2 = 0

f. x( x 5) = 5(3x + 5)

g. x(1 4 x) = 3

2.

If the following quadratic equations have two equal roots, determine the possible value of p.
Jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca yang sama, cari nilai yang mungkin bagi p.

(a)

px 2 + 2 x + p = 0

(b)

px 2 8 x + 2 = 0

5. Express a relationship between p and q if the following quadratic equations have two equal roots.
(Terbitkan suatu perkaitan antara p dengan q jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca yang sama).

(a)

px 2 9qx + 4 p = 0

(b)

px 2 + 5qx + 9 p = 0

3.

Determine the range of p values if the following quadratic equations that have two distinctive different roots.
Cari julat nilai p jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca yang berbeza.

(a) x 2 + 4 x + 1 p = 0

(b) x 2 2 x p + 2 = 0

6. Express a relationship between hand k if the following quadratic equations have two distinctive different roots.
(Terbitkan suatu perkaitan antara p dengan q jika persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca yang berbeza).

(a)

4hx 2 2kx + h = 0

(b) 5kx 2 + hx + 5k = 0

4.

Find the range of k values if the following quadratic equations do not have any distinctive root.
Cari julat nilai k jika persamaan kuadratik berikut tiada punca.

(a) x 2 + 3x k = 0

(b) 2 x 2 4 x + 3 + k = 0

7. Express a relationship between p and q if the following quadratic equations do not have any root.
(Terbitkan suatu perkaitan antara p dengan q jika persamaan kuadratik berikut tidak mempunyai punca yang nyata).

(a) 2 px 2 + 2( p + q ) x + q = 0

(b)

px 2 + (2 p q ) x + 2 p + q = 0