CHAPTER-1 OFFICE MONITORING SYSTEM 1.

1 DESCRIPTION
The Office Monitoring System consists of a voltage regulator (7805), eight-input priority encoder (CD4532), shift register (74LS96), triple three-input OR gate (CD4075), BCD to seven segment decoder (74LS47), common anode seven segment display (LTS542), melody generator (UM66), and a speaker along with some discrete components. The block diagram is as follows,

POWER SUPPLY SECTION

INPUT LOGGING SECTION

REGISTER AND CONTROL SECTION

DISPLAY SECTION

MELODY SECTION

Fig.1.1 Block Diagram Of Office Monitoring System The circuit can be divided into four sections. They are: Power Supply Section Input Logging Section Register and Control Section Display and Melody Section

POWER SUPPLY SECTION: The circuit requires a 5V power supply. Hence to drive the power supply for the circuit a 9V battery with a voltage regulator 7805 is used. The IC 7805 is used to regulate the 9V supply to the 5V since it is a 5V voltage regulator. The regulated 5V obtained is used to power the circuit. INPUT LOGGING SECTION: Switches S1 through S7 are interfaced as input to the system through IC 4532. For loading the input data through switches to the IC2, enable interrupt (EI) pin5 of IC2 must be high. REGISTER AND CONTROL SECTION: It is used to store the binary output of the encoder until it is reset. To reset the data stored on the shift register, press reset switch S8 momentarily. For controlling the input data, a three-input OR gate IC CD4075 is used. The high output of IC4 is used for switching transistors T1 and T3. Transistor T3 is used to control the display LTS542 (DIS1) and transistor T1 is used to latch input data by keeping pin 5 of IC2 LOW. DISPLAY AND MELODY SECTION: It is built around decoder driver 74LS47, a common anode seven-segment display LTS542 and melody generator IC UM66. DIS1 is driven by IC5. The input of a particular location is shown on DIS1. IC6 and transistor T2 are used to drive the loudspeaker. The audio output is obtained from the loud-speaker when we press any switch from S1 through S7.

1.2 WORKING
The working of the circuit is simple. When any of the seven callers presses the switch (S1 through S7), respective binary code is generated at the output of IC2 which is further given to IC3. These binary codes at data pins 2, 3 and 4 of IC3 ensure that at least one of its output pins 13, 14 or 15 is high. This makes the output pin 6 of OR gate (N1) high, which performs three tasks:

1. Provides power supply to seven-segment display DIS1 to display callers number

through transistor T3.

2. Blocks the acceptance of further input due to low voltage at EI pin 5 of encoder IC2,
as transistor T1 conducts.
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3. Provides input power supply to IC4 to produce sound to alert the attendant.
After the attendant responds and presses reset switch S8 momentarily, all the outputs IC2 go low. This makes the output of OR gate IC4 low. This, in turn, results in cutting off the power supply to the seven-segment display and melody generator IC6. The encoder IC2 is permitted to accept next input through switches S1 trough S7 by providing high voltage to its EI pin 5. The circuit diagram is as follows,

Fig.1.2 Circuit Diagram Of Office Monitoring System

1.3 APPLICATIONS
This system can be used in offices or hotels to call an attendant from seven different locations. Hence the manual energy can be saved. In offices in order to call for an attendant this system is used so that the attendant responds quickly and the work can be done without delay.

1.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

There are some advantages for this system. They are:

With the help of this system the response of the attender is fast and exact to the
particular initializer.

The major advantage is there wont be any misplacements occur because this system
is completely electronic.

The cost for this system is less when compared to other facilities regarding this field
like intercom.

The equipment required is also less as it requires only one system and the number of
switches increases if the number of locations increases.

DISADVANTAGES
Not only advantages there are some disadvantages to this system as following: If the display and the melody generator are not working properly, then there wont be any indication for the attender. Hence care should be taken while choosing the components to avoid such problems.

CHAPTER-2 POWER SUPPLY SECTION

This section mostly consists of a 9V battery and a 5V voltage regulator. The circuit requires 5V hence the generated by a 9V battery is regulated to a 5V by using a 7805 Voltage regulator. This 5V power is used for the circuit operation.

2.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (7805)

Voltage Regulator usually having three legs converts varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated output voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs. It is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. The 78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the 79XX series is designed for negative input. Examples: 5V DC Regulator Name: LM7805 or MC7805 -5V DC Regulator Name: LM7905 or MC7905 6V DC Regulator Name: LM7806 or MC7806 -9V DC Regulator Name: LM7909 or MC7909

Fig.2.1 Voltage Regulator IC

In this project we have used a LM7805 voltage regulator in order to have 5v constant dc voltage supply. The LM78XX series typically has the ability to drive current up to 1A. For application requirements up to 150mA, 78XX can be used. As mentioned above, the component has three legs: Input leg which can hold up to 36V DC common leg (GND) and an output leg with the regulators voltage. For maximum voltage regulation, adding a capacitor in parallel between the common leg and the output is usually recommended. Typically a 4.7uF capacitor is use. This eliminates any high frequency AC voltage that could otherwise combine with the output voltage.

2.1.1 TYPES OF REGULATORS

Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: Series Regulators Shunt Regulators Series regulators are the more common form. The series regulator works by providing path from the supply voltage to the load through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the top half of the voltage divider). The power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to the power supply output current times the voltage drop in the regulating device. The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the bottom half of the voltage divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is, however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage reference diode, and is used in very low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of concern. This form is very common for voltage reference circuits. All linear regulators require an input voltage at least some minimum amount higher than the desired output voltage. That minimum amount is called the drop-out voltage. For example, a common regulator such as the 7805 has an output voltage of 5V, but can only maintain this if the input voltage remains above about 7V. Its drop-out voltage is therefore 7V 5V = 2V. When
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the supply voltage is less than about 2V above the desired output voltage, as is the case in lowvoltage is low-voltage microprocessor power supplies, so-called low dropout regulators (LDOs) must be used.

2.1.1.1 SIMPLE ZENER REGULATOR

The image shows a simple zener voltage regulator. It is a shunt regulator and operates by way of the zener diodes action of maintaining a constant voltage itself when the current through it is sufficient to take it into the zener breakdown region. The resistor R1 supplies the zener current Iz as well as the load current IR2(R2 is the load). R1 can be calculated as R1 = (VS - Vz)/(Iz + IR2) Where, Vz is the zener voltage, and IR2 is the required load current.

Fig.2.2 Simple Zener Voltage Regulator This regulator is used for very simple low power applications where the currents involved are very small and the load is permanently connected across the zener diode (such as voltage reference or voltage source circuits). Once R1 has been calculated, removing R2 will cause the full load current (plus the zener current) to flow through the diode and may exceed the diodes maximum current rating thereby damaging it. The regulation of this circuit is also not very good because the zener current (and hence the zener voltage) will vary depending on V s and inversely depending on the load current.

2.1.1.2 SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Adding an emitter follower stage to the simple zener regulator forms a simple series voltage regulator and substantially improves the regulation of the circuit. Here, the load current IR2 is supplied by the transistor whose base is now connected to the zener diode. Thus the transistors base current (IB) forms the load current for the zener diode and is smaller than the current through R2. This regulator is classified as series because the regulating element, viz., the transistor, appears in series with the load. R1 sets the zener current (IZ) and is determined as R1 = (VS VZ)/(IZ+K.IB) Where, VZ is the zener voltage, IB is the transistors base current and K = 1.2 to 2 (to ensure that R1 is low enough for adequate IB). IB = IR2/hFE(min) Where, IR2 is the required load current and is also the transistors emitter current (assumed to be equal to the collector current) and hFE(min) is the minimum acceptable DC current gain for the transistor.

Fig.2.3 Simple Series Voltage Regulator This circuit has much better regulation than the simple zener regulator, since the base current of the transistor forms a very light load on the zener, thereby minimizing variation in zener voltage due to variation in the load. Note that the output voltage will always be about 0.65V less than the zener due to the transistors VBE drop. Although this circuit has good regulation, it is still sensitive to the load and supply variation. It also does not have the capability
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to be adjustable. Both these issues can be resolved by incorporating negative feedback circuitry into it. This regulator is often used as a pre-regulator in move advanced series voltage regulator circuits.

7805 INTERCONNECTIONS

Fig.2.4 7805 Interconnections

2.1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

The 7805 series has several key advantages over many other voltage regulator circuits which have resulted in its popularity: 7805 series ICs do not require any additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical, and also efficient uses in circuit board real estate. By contrast, most other voltage regulators require several additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switching power supply) can require not only a large number of components but also substantial engineering expertise to implement correctly as well. 78XX series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They also have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78XX devices can

provide protection not only for the 78XX itself, but also for other parts of the circuit it is used in preventing other components from being damaged as well.

DISADVANTAGES
The 78XX devices have a few drawbacks which can make them unsuitable or less desirable for some applications: The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount (typically 2V). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from certain types of power sources. As they are based on a linear regulator design, the input current required is always the same as the output current. As the input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage, this means that the total power going into the 78XX will be more than the output power provided. The extra input power is dissipated as heat. This means both that for some applications an adequate heat sink must be provided, and also that a portion of the input power is wasted during the process, rendering them less efficient than some other types of power supplies. When the input voltage is significantly higher than the regulated output voltage (for example, powering a 7805 using a 24 volt power source), this inefficiency can be a significant issue. Even in larger packages, 78XX integrated circuits cannot supply as much power as many designs which use discrete components, and therefore are generally not appropriate for applications which require more than a few amperes of current.

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CHAPTER-3 INPUT LOGGING SECTION

This section mostly consists of an encoder 4532. This encoder is used to generate a binary output.

3.1 8-INPUT PRIORITY ENCODER (4532) 3.1.1 DESCRIPTION

The HCC4532B (extended temperature range) and HCF4532B (intermediate temperature range) are monolithic integrated circuit, available in 16-lead dual in-line plastic or ceramic package and plastic micro package. The HCC/HCF4532B consists of combinational logic that encodes the highest priority input to a 3-bit binary code. The eight inputs, I7 through I0 , each have an assigned priority. I7 is the highest priority and I0 is the lowest. The priority encoder is inhibited when the chip-enable input EI is low. When EI is high, the binary representation of the highest priority input appears on output lines O2-O0, and the group select line GS is high to indicate that priority inputs are present. The enable-out (EO) is high when no priority inputs are present. If anyone input is high, EO is low and all cascaded lower-order stages are disabled.

Fig.3.1 Pin Diagram Of 4532

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In this project, 4532B is in usage with considering 7 inputs D1 through D7 of pins 11, 12, 13, 1, 2, 3, 4 and pins 6, 7, 9 as 3 outputs and 5th pin is the EI pin. Along with these pins 16 and 8 are also must as power supply and ground connections are must for operation of an IC

3.1.2 LOGICAL FUNCTIONING

The logical diagram is as follows,

Fig.3.2 Logic Diagram Of 4532

Truth Table:

Here, in the above truth table H = High State(more positive voltage) L = Low State(low positive voltage)
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X = State is immaterial

Logic Equations:

3.1.3 APPLICATIONS
The 8-input priority encoder is having some applications. The 4532 IC is also used to build the following circuits: 0 to 9 key board encoder 16-level priority encoder Digital to Analog converter

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CHAPTER-4 REGISTER AND CONTROL SECTION

This section mostly consists of a shift register 74LS96 and a 3-input OR gate (4075). The shift register is used to store the binary output of the encoder until it is reset. For controlling the input data, a three-input OR gate IC CD4075 is used

4.1 SHIFT REGISTER (74LS96)

There are several families of logic ICs numbered from 74XX00 onwards with letters (XX) in the middle of the number to indicate the type of circuitry, e.g. 74LS00 and 74HC00. The original family had no letters, e.g. 7400. The 74LS and 74HCT families require a 5V supply so they are not convenient for battery operation. The 74LS(Low-power Schottky) family uses TTL(Transistor-Transistor Logic) circuitry which is fast but requires more power than later families. The 74 series is often still called the TTL series even though the latest ICs do not use TTL. The 74HC family has Highspeed CMOS circuitry, combining the speed of TTL with the very low power consumption of the 4000 series. They are CMOS ICs with the same pin arrangement as the older 74LS family. Note that 74HC inputs cannot be reliably driven by 74LS outputs because the voltage ranges used for logic 0 are not quite compatible, use 74HCT instead. The 74HCT family is a special version of 74HC with 74LS TTL compatible inputs so 74HCT can be safely mixed with 74LS in the same system.

4.1.1 DESCRIPTION
The 96 is a 5-bit shift register with both serial and parallel data entry. Since the 96 has the output of each stage available as well as D-type serial input and ones transfer inputs on each stage, it can be used in 5-bit serial-to-parallel, serial-to-serial and some parallel-to-serial data operations.The 96 is five master/slave flip-flops connected to perform right shift. The flip-flops change state on the LOW-to-HIGH transistion of the clock. The serial input is edge-triggered and must be stable only one set-up time before the LOW-to-HIGH clock transistion. The pin configuration is as follows,
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Fig.4.1 Pin Diagram Of 7496 In this project, 74LS96 is used with 2,3,4 pins as inputs and 13,14, 15 pins are outputs. The 8 pin is the preset enable (PE) and the 16th pin is the clear. Along with these pins power supply and ground are must, here 5th is the supply and 12 th pin is the ground.
th

4.1.2 LOGIC DIAGRAM

Each flip-flop has asynchronous set inputs, allowing them to be independently set HIGH. The set inputs are controlled by a common active HIGH Preset Enable (PE) input. The PE input is not buffered, and care must be taken not to overload the driving element. When the PE is HIGH, a HIGH on the preset (A-E) inputs will set the associated flip-flops HIGH. A LOW on the A-E inputs will cause no change in the appropriate flip-flops. The asynchronous active LOW clear is buffered. When LOW, the clear overrides the clock and clears the register if the PE is not active. The Preset inputs override the clear, forcing the flip-flops HIGH if both are activated simultaneously. However, for predictable operation, both signals sould not be deactivated simultaneously. The logic diagram is as follows,

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Fig.4.2 Logic Diagram Of 74LS96

4.1.3 FEATURES
74LS family and its TTL characteristics are: 1. Supply to this chip must be in range 5V+0.25V. It must be very smooth, a regulated supply is best. 2. In addition to the normal supply smoothing, a 0.1uF capacitor should be connected across the supply near the IC to remove the spikes generated as it switches state, one capacitor is needee for every 4 ICs. 3. Inputs float high to logic 1 if unconnected, but do not rely on this in a permanent circuit because the inputs may pick up electrical noise. 1mA must be drawn to hold inputs at logic 0. 4. Outputs can sink up to 16mA, but they can source only about 2mA. To switch largaer currents you can connect a transistor. 5. Fan-out: one output can drive up to 10 74LS inputs, but many more 74HCT inputs. 6. Gate propagation time: about 10ns for a signal to travel through a gate. 7. Frequency is up to about 35MHz. 8. Power consumption is a few Mw

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4.2 THREE INPUT OR GATE (CD4075) 4.2.1 DESCRIPTION

The CD4075 IC provides the positive triple 3-input OR function. The outputs are fully buffered for highest noise immunity and pattern insensitivity of output impedance. The pin configuration is as follows,

Fig.4.3 Pin Diagram Of CD4075 In this project, CD4075 IC is used with 3,4,5 pins as input pins and the 6 th pin as output pin. Along with these pins the 14th and 7th pins are the must which are the power supply and ground pins respectively. The logic diagram of 3-input OR gate consists of a NOR gate followed by an inverter. It is having three inputs and one output. The logic diagram is as follows,

Fig.4.4 Logic Diagram Of 3-Input OR Gate

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4.2.2 FEATURES
IC CD4075 is having the following features: High-Voltage Types (20V Rating) Medium speed operation: -tPHL, tPLH = 60ns at 10V 100% Tested for quiescent current at 20V Maximum Input Current of 1uA at 18V over full package temperature range; 100nA at 18V and +250C Standardized symmetrical output characteristics Noise Margin (Over Full Package Temperature Range): 1V at VDD = 5V 2V at VDD = 10V 2.5V at VDD = 15V

5V, 10V and 15V Parametric Ratings

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CHAPTER-5 DISPLAY AND MELODY SECTION

This section mostly consists of a seven segment decoder, a seven-segment display and a melody generator.

5.1 SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER (74LS47) 5.1.1 DESCRIPTION

The 74LS47 are Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder consisting of NAND gates, input buffers and seven AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer active LOW, high sink current outputs for driving indicators directly. Seven NAND gates and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to the seven decoding AND-ORINVERT gates. The remaining NAND gate and three input buffers provide lamp test, blanking input/ripple-blanking output and ripple-blanking input. The circuits accept 4-bit binary-coded-decimal (BCD) and, depending on the state of the auxiliary inputs, decodes this data to drive a 7-segment display indicator. The relative positivelogic output levels, as well as conditions required at the auxiliary inputs, are shown in the truth tables. Output configurations of the 74LS47 are designed to withstand the relatively high voltages required for 7-segment indicators. These outputs will withstand 15V with a maximum reverse current of 250uA. Indicator segments requiring up to 24mA of current may be driven directly from the 74LS47 high performance output transistors. Display patterns for BCD input counts above nine are unique symbols to authenticate input conditions. The 74LS47 incorporates automatic leading and/or trailing-edge zero-blanking control (RBI and RBO). Lamp test(LT) may be performed at any time which the BI/RBO node is a HIGH level. This device also contains an overriding blanking input (BI) which can be used to contrel the lamp intensity by varying the frequency and duty cycle of the BI input signal or to inhibit the outputs.

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Lamp Intensity Modulation Capability (BI/RBO) Open Collector Outputs Lamp Test Provision Leading/Trailing Zero Suppression Input Clamp Diodes Limit High-Speed Termination Effects

The pin configuration is as follows,

Fig.5.1 Pin Diagram Of 74LS47 In this project, 74LS47 IC is used with 7,1,2 as input pins where 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 pins are the output pins. Other than these pins the 16th and 8th pins are must which are the supply and ground pins respectively. As we are using only 3 inputs the other input pin i.e., 6 th pin is also grounded.

5.1.2 FUNCTIONING
The 74LS47 decodes the input data in the pattern indicated in the truth table and the segment identification illustration. If the input data is decimal zero, a LOW signal applied to the
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RBI blanks the display and causes a multi digit display. For example, by grounding the RBI of the highest order decoder and connecting its BI/RBO to RBI of the next lowest order decoder, etc., leading zeros will be suppressed. Similarly, by grounding RBI of the lowest order decoder and connecting its BI/RBO to RBI of the next highest order decoder, etc., trailing zeros will be suppressed. Leading and trailing zeros can be suppressed simultaneously by using external gates, i.e. by driving RBI of a intermediate decoder from an OR gate whose inputs are BI/RBO of the next highest and lowest order decoders. BI/RBO also serves as an unconditional blanking input. The internal NAND gate that generates the RBO signal has a resistive pull-up, as opposed to a totem pole, and thus BI/RBO can be forced LOW by external means, using wired-collector logic. A LOW signal thus applied to BI/RBO turns off all segment outputs. This blanking feature can be used to control display intensity by varying the duty cycle of the blanking signal. A LOW signal applied to LT turns on all segment outputs, provided that BI/RBO is not forced LOW. The logic diagram is as follows,

Fig.5.2 Logic Diagram Of 74LS47

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NUMERICAL DESIGNATIONS-RESULTANT DISPLAYS

5.2 SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAY 5.2.1 DESCRIPTION

A seven segment display or seven segment indicator is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals. A seven-segment display may have 7,8, or 9 leads on the chip. Usually leads 8 and 9 are decimal points. The figure below is a typical component and pin layout for a seven segment display.

Fig.5.3 Pin Diagram Of 7-Segment Display

The light emitting diodes in a seven-segment display are arranged in the figure below
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Fig.5.4 Diode Placement In 7-Segment Display There are two types of displays available. They are: Common Anode Common Cathode

The wiring for a common anode is shown below,

Fig.5.5 Common Anode Internal Wiring The wiring for a common cathode is shown below,

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Fig.5.6 Common Cathode Internal Wiring Here in our project we are using common anode seven segment display.

5.2.2 APPLICATIONS
Seven-segment displays are having many applications as follows: They are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices to display numerical information. A seven-segment display illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel.

5.3 MELODY GENERATOR (UM66) 5.3.1 DESCRIPTION

The UTC UM66TXXL series are CMOS LSI designed for using in door bell, telephone and toy application. It is an on-chip ROM programmed for musical performance. Produced by CMOS technology, the device results in very low power consumption. Since the UTC UM66TXXL series include oscillatiom circuits a compact melody module can be constructed with only a few additional components. The pin configuration of UM66 is as follows,

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Fig.5.7 Pin Diagram Of UM66

The UM66 is a 3 pinned IC. In this the 1st pin is the output pin, 2nd pin is the input pin where as the 3rd pin acts as common pin and given to the ground. The melody generator gives beautiful tune through 4 or 8 speaker. This UM66 IC looks like a transistor, but its CMOS type IC. So that reason it uses very less power. It has been consist of a Read Only Memory (ROM). This is main part of tone generator and Music tone is stored in there. Q1 transistor is use as an output amplifier. You can give dc power supply between 1.5V to 4.5V, but dont exceed 4.5V. Dont connect directly low impedance speakers to output pins of IC, its harmful to your IC. Use good quality PCB to build this circuit for best performance. Now, you can select your IC using this song list of UM66 IC.

IC No UM66T05L UM66T19L UM66T32L

Song Home sweet home For Alice Coo Coo Waltz

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5.3.2 FEATURES
The following are the features of an UM66 IC: 64-Note ROM memory. 1.5V-4,5V power supply and low power consumption. Dynamic speaker can be driven with external NPN transistor. OSC resistor hold mode. Power on reset:melody begins from the first note. Built in level hold mode.

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CHAPTER-6 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

An electronic component is a basic electronic element and may be available in a discrete form having two or more electrical terminals. A component may be classified as active or passive. Passive components are ones which cannot introduce net energy into the circuit they are connected to. They also cannot rely on a source of power except for what is available from the AC circuit they are connected to. These components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors e.t.c. Active components rely on a source of energy and are usually able to inject power into a circuit although this is not part of the definition. This includes amplifying components such as transistors, tunnel diodes e.t.c The major electronic components we used in our project are speaker, diodes, transistors, switches.

6.1 SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other types exist. Where accurate reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, and in public address systems.

6.1.1 TYPES OF SPEAKERS

There are different types of speakers in usage. They are:
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Horn loudspeakers Piezoelectric speakers Magnetostrictive speakers Electrostatic loud speakers Ribbon and planar magnetic loudspeakers Bending wave loudspeakers Flat panel loudspeakers Plasma arc speakers Digital speakers

Speakers are divided into 3 categories based on frequency ranges. They are:

Full-range: A full-range driver is designed to have the widest frequency response possible. These drivers are small, typically 3 to 8 inches (7.6 to 20 cm) in diameter to permit reasonable high frequency response, and carefully designed to give low-distortion output at low frequencies, though with reduced maximum output level. Full-range drivers are most commonly heard in public address systems, in televisions, small radios, intercoms, some computer speakers, etc. In hi-fi speaker systems, the use of wide-range drive units can avoid undesirable interactions between multiple drivers caused by noncoincident driver location or crossover network issues Mid-range: A mid-range speaker is a loudspeaker driver that reproduces middle frequencies. Tweeter: A tweeter is a high-frequency driver that reproduces the highest frequencies in a speaker system. Many varieties of tweeter design exist, each with differing abilities with regard to frequency response, output fidelity, power handling, maximum output level, etc. Soft-dome tweeters are widely found in home stereo systems, and horn-loaded compression drivers are common in professional sound reinforcement.

In our project we used a round speaker which is of diameter 30mm, power 0.5w and 4 ohm impedance.

Fig.6.1 Speaker

6.1.2 FEATURES
The following are the features of a round speaker which we used in the project: Its impedance is of 4 ohms.
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The related power is 0.5w. The shape of the speaker is round. Its diameter is 30mm. Its resonant frequency is around 1000+20%Hz.

6.2 DIODES
Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. A diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohms law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check value. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

Fig.6.2 PN Junction Diode Structure

6.2.1 TYPES OF DIODES

There are different types of diodes. They are: Junction diode Zener diode Tunnel diode Schottky diode Varactor diode DIAC (Diode A.C. Switch) TRIAC (Triode A.C. Switch) SCR Light emitting diode Photo diode
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In our project we used a 1N4148 diode and a 3.1V zener diode.

1N4148 Diode:
The 1N4148 diode is a fast, standard small signal silicon diode with high conductance used in signal processing. The diode 1N4148 is very useful at high frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no more than 4ns. This permits rectification and detection of radio frequency signals very effectively, as long as their amplitude is above the forward conduction threshold of silicon (around 0.7V) or the diode is biased.

Fig.6.3 1N4148 Symbol The following are the characteristics of a diode,

Fig.6.4 Characteristics Of A Diode

Zener diode
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage.
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Fig.6.5 Zener Diode Symbol The Zener voltage of a standard diode is high, but if a reverse current above that value is allowed to pass through it, the diode is permanently damaged. Zener diodes are designed so that their zener voltage is much lower. When a reverse current above the Zener voltage passes through a Zener diode, there is a controlled breakdown which does not damage the diode. The voltage drop across the Zener diode is equal to the Zener voltage of that diode.

Fig.6.6 VI-Characteristics Of Zener Diode With a zener diode connected in the forward direction, it behaves exactly the same as a standard diode with current flowing through pretty much unrestricted. In the reverse direction however there is a very small leakage current between 0V and the Zener voltage - i.e. just a tiny amount of current is able to flow. Then, when the voltage reaches the breakdown voltage, suddenly current can flow freely through it. Since the voltage dropped across a Zener Diode is a known and fixed value, Zener diodes are typically used to regulate the voltage.

6.2.2 APPLICATIONS
A diode can be used in several applications. Some of them are mentioned below: A diode is used in a rectifier circuit. It rectifies an ac voltage, so that it can be smoothed and converted into a dc voltage. A zener diode is used in a voltage regulator. It is connected in parallel to the load and is used to keep the output voltage of a circuit at a constant value.
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It is also used in the clamper circuits where it is used to add a dc voltage level to a signal.

6.2.3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The following is a list of some of the special safety precautions that should be taken into consideration when working with diodes: Never remove or insert a diode into a circuit with voltage applied. When testing a diode, ensure that the test voltage does not exceed the diodes maximum allowable voltage. Ensure a replacement diode into a circuit is in the correct direction.

6.3 TRANSISTOR (BC547)

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices.

6.3.1 TYPES OF TRANSISTORS

There are different types of transistors. Some of them which are mostly used are mentioned below: 1. Bipolar Junction Transistor Hetero Junction Bipolar Transistor Schottky Transistor Avalanche Transistor Darlington Transistor Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Photo Transistor

2. Field-Effect Transistors Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)

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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Inverted-T Field Effect Transistor (ITFET)

3. Diffusion transistor 4. Uni-Junction Transistors In our project we used a BC547 transistor, which is a common transistor used in almost every circuit. The pin diagram of transistor is as follows,

Fig.6.7 Pin Diagram Of A Transistor

6.3.2 APPLICATIONS
Transitors are having several applications as they play a major role in the operation of a particular circuits: In some cases transistors acts as a switch It is also used as an amplifier Transistors are used in receiver circuits They are also used in regenerative circuits

6.4 SWITCH
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
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The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non -conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (pushfor "on" or push-for "off") type. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines. Switch is a component that can pass current or break the flow of current. Switch- manually operated switch. Electrical description: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, NPNT(general) Technology: slide switches, toggle switches, rocker switches, rotary switches, pushbutton switches.

Keypad- array of pushbutton switches DIP switch- small array of switches for internal configuration settings Footswitch- foot-operated switch Knife switch- switch with unenclosed conductors Micro switch- mechanically activated switch with snap action Limit switch- mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion Mercury switch- switch sensing tilt Centrifugal switch- switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation Relay- electrically operated switch Reed switch- magnetically activated switch Thermostat- thermally activated switch Humidistat- humidity activated switch Circuit breaker- switch opened in response to excessive current, a resettable fuse

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RESULTS

OFFICE MONITORING SYSTEM CIRCUIT

BEFORE PRESSING THE SWITCH

AFTER PRESSING THE SWITCH

OFFICE MONITORING SYSTEM

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CONCLUSION
Our project Office Monitoring System is a system which is of low cost and an easy way to call an attendant from different locations. The equipment used is less and the circuit is also less complex. So, the misplacements in the circuit can be easily rectified.

FUTURE SCOPE
By using this circuit, one can call an attendant from different locations. This is mostly used in offices and hotels. In this circuit we used a melody generator to give an audio indication through speaker and a seven-segment display to give a video indication of the particular location. We can expand this circuit in future by using an LED instead of a seven-segment display. Using the LED display we can display the name of the particular person who is calling the attendant where as this seven-segment display displays only the number alloted to that particular location. This case is mostly useful when the number of locations are increased and it will be easy to identify by displaying the name.

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REFERENCES www.datasheet4u.com www.circuitstoday.com www.freewebs.com www.forum.allaboutcircuits.com

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