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II. Advantages Compared with high-layer stations, middle-layer stations can utilize frequency resources more efficiently. Compared with low-layer stations, middle-layer stations can absorb traffic more efficiently. ventinel Page 8
II. Functions The high-layer stations must be as fewer as possible but be as effective as possible. They mainly provide services to the fast-moving subscribers in cities. & Note: The coverage of high buildings is realized by indoor distribution systems.
II. Relationship between carrier number and bearable traffic Erl traffic model can calculate the traffic that a network can bear. The call loss ratio can be 2% or 5% according to actual conditions. Table 5-7 describes the relationship between the number of carriers and the traffic that a network can bear according to Erl B table. According to Erl B table, the larger the number of carriers and the call loss ratio are, the greater the traffic that each TCH bear, and the greater the TCH utilization ratio is (the channel utilization ratio is an important indicator of the quality of network planning and design). If the number of subscribers of a base station is small, you can consider delaying the construction. Because restrictions on the coverage area of a cell and the bandwidth of the available frequencies, you must plan a reasonable capacity for the cell. If good voice quality is ensured, you must take measures to enhance the channel utilization ratio as much as possible. For the construction of the dual-band network, you can use the frequencies with wider bands to enhance channel utilization ratio, which is helpful for traffic sharing. In actual applications, when the traffic on each TCH accounts for 80-90% of total given by Erl B table (the call loss ratio is 2%), the congestion ratio in this cell rise greatly. Therefore, we generally calculate the traffic that a network can bear by taking the 85% of the traffic given by Erl B table as a reference.
III. Example The capacity of a local network needs to be expanded. According to the service development, population growth and mobile popularity, the subscribers in this area are expected to reach 100,000 in 2 years. If only the followings are considered: - Roaming factor (according to the development trend of traffic statistics) = 10%. - Mobile factor (the subscriber moves slightly within the local network instead of roaming) = 10%. ventinel Page 14
II. Bass station sensitivity This section further introduces the base station sensitivity and the functions of the tower amplifier. Receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum signal level needed to by the input end of the receiver when the certain bit error rate (BER) is met. The receiver sensitivity detects the performances of the following components: Receiver analog RF circuit Intermediate frequency circuit and demodulation Decoder circuit Three parameters are used to measure the receiver bit error performance. They are frame expurgation rate (FER), residual bit error rate (RBER), and bit error rate (BER). When a fault is detected in a frame, this frame is defined as deleted one. Here, FER indicates the ratio of the deleted frames to the total received frames. For full rate voice channels, the FER is present when the 3-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) detects errors or bad error indication (BFI) is caused. For signaling channels, the FER is present when the fire code (FIRE) or other packet codes detect errors. The FER is not defined in data services. FBER indicates the BER that are not announced as deleted frames, namely, it is the ratio of the bit errors in the frame detected as good to the total number of bits transmitted in good frames. BER indicates the ratio of the received error bits to all transmitted bits. Because BER occurs at random, the statistical measurement is mainly applied to measure receiver error rate. That is, sample multiple measuring points on each channel and when the number of measuring points is certain, if the BER of each measurement is within the required limit, the BER of this channel meets the BER as required. However, the number of sampled measured points and the limit value of the BER must meet the following conditions: For each independent sampled measuring point, the times for it to pass a bad unit must be as fewer as possible, that is, the probability must be smaller than 2%. For each independent sampled measuring point, the times for it to pass a good unit must be as more as possible, that is, the probability must be greater than 99.7%. The measurement has vivid statistical features. The measuring time must be reduced to the minimum. As a result, you can measure the receiver sensitivity through measuring whether the receiver BER has reached the requirement while entering sensitivity level to the receiver. Enter the reference sensitivity level to the receiver in various propagation environments. For the data produced after receiver demodulation and channel decoding, the indexes for FER, RBER. ventinel Page 19
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II. Planning methods The base station address can be planned based on standard girds, or it can be planned from a specific area. (1) Plan base station address based on standard grids First you set the base stations in the coverage areas according to the distance of the standard grids, and then adjust the address layout and project parameters according to the estimated coverage results to meet the coverage requirement. After that, continue the planning according to the following instructions: If a satisfying address layout is obtained, you must analyze the capacity of the base stations to be planned according to this layout, and determine the reasonable number of base stations. When designing the capacity, you must calculate the number of TRXs needs to be configured for each base station, and then analyze and adjust the configuration of the base station according to the number of the configured TRXs. The adjustment of the configuration of the base station is determined by subscriber distribution. If the number of base stations in some areas does not meet capacity requirement, another base stations must be added. (2) Plan base station address based on a specific area According to this method, you are required to start the planning from the areas where the subscribers are most densely distributed or the planning work is quite hard to be performed. As a result, you must fully survey the subscriber distribution, landforms, and ground objectives within the coverage area to position the key coverage area where the center base stations should be planned. And these center base stations function as ensuring the coverage and capacity in important areas. After the layout of these center base stations is determined, you can plan other base station addresses according to coverage and capacity target. And this is how the final layout of the base station addresses come from. After the overall solution is determined, the subsequent steps are performed according to the first planning method. & Note: The difference of the traffic intensity and the abnormality of the landforms and ground objectives result in irregularity of the radio coverage. Therefore, the distance between base stations varies. Generally, this distance is smaller in the areas where traffic intensity is great. In some hot areas, you can ensure the system capacity by using micro cells and distributed antennas to provide multi-layer coverage. For restrictions from frequency resources are present, you must consider avoiding interference while ventinel Page 24
I. Environment for antenna installation The environment for antenna installation can be divided into the environment near the antenna and the base station. For the environment near the antenna, you must consider the isolation between antennas and the effect of iron tower and buildings against the antenna. For the environment near the base station, you must consider the effect the high buildings within 500 meters against the base station. However, if the height of the buildings is properly used, you can obtain the intended coverage area. If a directional antenna is installed on the wall, the radiation direction of the antenna is perfectly perpendicular to the wall. If its azimuth angle must be adjusted, the included angle between the radiation direction and the wall is required to be greater than 75. In this case, if the front-to-back ratio of the antenna is greater than 20 dB, the effect of the signals reflected by the wall in reverse direction against the signals in the radiation direction is quite slight. When installing an antenna, you must consider whether large shadows will be present within the coverage area of the antenna. The shadows are produced mainly because the base station is surrounded by some huge barriers, such as high buildings and great mountains. Therefore, the antenna must be installed in the areas with no such barriers. When a directional antenna is installed on building roofs, you must prevent the building edges from barring the radiation of antenna beams. Therefore, to reduce or ease the shadow, you can install the antenna near building edges. ventinel Page 28
II. Antenna isolation in GSM system To avoid inter-modulation interference, you must leave certain isolation between the receiver and transmitter of the GSM base station, namely, Tx - Rx: 30 dB and Tx -Tx: 30 dB. They are applicable to the situation that a GSM 900MHz base station and a GSM 1800MHz base station share the same address. The antenna isolation depends on the radiation diagram, space distance, and gain of the antenna. Generally, the attenuation introduced by the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is not considered. The antenna isolation is calculated as follows: For vertical arrangement, Lv = 28 + 40lg (k/) (dB) For horizontal arrangement, Lv =22 + 20lg (d/) (G1+G2) (S1 + S2) (dB) Here, Lv indicates the required isolation. indicates the length of carrier waves. k indicates the vertical isolation distance. d indicates the horizontal isolation distance. G1 indicates the gains of the transmitter antenna in the maximum radiation direction, in the unit of dBi. G2 indicates the gains of the receiver antenna in the maximum radiation direction, in the unit of dBi. S1 indicates the levels of the side lobes of the transmitter antenna in the 90 direction, in the unit of dBp, and it is a negative value relative to the main beam. S2 indicates the levels of the side lobes of the receiver antenna in the 90 direction, in the unit of dBp, and it is a negative value relative to the main beam. The followings introduce the requirements on the antenna mount in GSM 900MHz and GSM 1800MHz. (1) Directional antenna In one system, the following requirements must be met in terms of isolation: The horizontal distance between two antennas in the same sector must be equal to or greater than 0.4m. The horizontal distance between two antennas in different sectors must be equal to or greater than 0.5m. In different systems, the following requirements must be met when two antennas are in the same sector and direction: The horizontal distance between the two antennas must be equal to or greater than 1m. The vertical distance between the two antennas must be equal to or greater than 0.5m. The distance between the bottom of the antennas and the enclosing wall of building roof must be equal to or greater than 0.5m. The included angle between the line connecting the bottom of the antenna to the antenna-facing roof and the horizontal direction must be greater than 15.
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IV. Installation distance between antennas Diversity technology is the most anti-fading effective. When two signals are irrelevant to each other, the horizontal distance between the diversity antennas must be 0.11 times that of the valid antenna height. The higher place the antenna is installed, the larger the horizontal distance between diversity antennas is. When the distance between diversity antennas is equal to or greater than 6m, however, the antenna is hard to be installed on an iron tower. In addition, the distance required by vertical diversity antennas is 5 to 6 times that of the horizontal diversity antennas when the same coverage is ensured. Therefore, the vertical diversity antenna is seldom used in actual projects, but antennas are often vertically installed to meet isolation requirement, especially omni antennas are vertically installed. In addition, for highroad coverage, the line connecting two receiving antennas must be perpendicular to the highroad. If space diversity is used, the diversity distance is the perpendicular. Isolation requirement: Tx-Tx, Tx - Rx: 30 dB The installation for GSM 900MHz and GSM 1800MHz antennas is flexible, but no matter what specifications are used, they must meet the requirements on isolation and distance. In addition, in actual projects, barriers are present between antennas. For example, a tower is always present between two omni antennas, so you must shorten the horizontal distance between them. V. Design of base station parameters in residential areas A large number of residential areas are distributed in urban areas, so this section introduces the design of base station parameters in these areas. (1) Features of residential areas Building intensity ventinel Page 32
2.8.3 Others
This section introduces some other information about location area design. The capacity of a location area is closely related to paging mechanism, and is directly related to the combinations of AGB and BCCH. When the combinations of AGB and BCCH are inconsistent with each other in a location area, the capacity of the location area is determined by the cell with the smallest capacity. Therefore, the combinations of AGB and BCCH must be designed to be consistent in location area planning. If the number of point-to-point messages grows large immediately, the number of paging messages will ventinel Page 37
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VII. Repeater adjacent cell planning The coverage areas of a repeater may overlap other donor cells, so you must configure the corresponding adjacent cell relationship for the repeater to ensure normal handover. In addition, you must pay attention that the frequencies in the coverage areas of the repeater and that in the donor cells cannot be the same frequency and neighbor frequency. VIII. Effect of delay processing against repeater planning If only one repeater cannot fully cover an area (such as a narrow and long tunnel), you can use several cascaded repeaters to provide the coverage. The selection of the address and antenna for the repeater of each level is the same as that for a single repeater. However, the repeater will amplify the same frequency and it takes some time for the repeater to process the signal, so there is a delay for each signal segment. If the delay is greater than the time for the GSM system to identify the time window, the intra-frequency interference will occur. Therefore, you must consider the effect of the delay when adopting cascaded repeaters, because the delay will also accelerate the time dispersion and shorten the coverage distance. If adopting the optical repeater, you must consider that the transmission speed of the signals in optical fibers is 2/3 that of in free space, namely, if the extension cell technology is not used, the maximum transmission distance of the signals in optical fiber is 35 km multiplies 2/3 (about 23.3 km) due to the restriction on transmission delay. In addition, if one of three synchronous cells adopting the optical repeater, the TA of two cells will be different due to the difference of transmission mode and rate. In this case, the synchronous handover failure will occur. Therefore, you must adopt the asynchronous handover to obtain the TA of a new cell, which works as the handover target cell. The delay processing varies with repeater types. Some take 2 to 3 s and some takes 5 to 6s. In a GSM system, the delay of two signals cannot be greater than 16s. For the effect of repeater delay processing against time dispersion. Distance between point A and the repeater d is 2.1km. The delay for the mobile station at point A to receive the signals from the repeater and the cell is as follows: (2.1km + 2.1km)/c (light speed) + 3s = 14s + 3s = 17s > 16s. In this case, the intra-frequency interference may be present. If the difference of the levels of the two ventinel Page 65
2.13 Conclusion
Network planning is the foundation of a mobile communication network, especially the wireless parts in a mobile communication network costs great and is of vital importance to network quality, so you must make a good planning at earlier stage, which is helpful for network expansion and service update in the future. Network planning requires engineers to analyze coverage, decide network layers, and analyze traffic based on relative technologies and parameters, and finally output the results of RF planning, including base station layout and scale. RF planning, as well as the application of cell parameters, determines the cell coverage. The cell coverage must be properly designed so that the mobile station can always enjoy the best service at the best cells. In addition, the cell coverage must be designed in a way conducive to network capacity expansion. This chapter also introduces the solutions to dual-band network, indoor coverage, tunnel coverage, and so on. Last, this chapter introduces the repeater application.
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