Cilia: short cellular projections that are often organized in rows; more numerous than flagella on cell surface

but have same internal structure , carry out tasks far removed from their original function of propelling cells thru water , 9+2 structure Flagellum: two microtubules in its core connected by radial spokes to an outer ring of nine paired microtubules with dynein arms In eukaryotic cells: orginates directly from basal body which consists of nine microtubule triplets connected by short protein segments and situated below point where falgellum protrudes from surface of cell -circle of nine microtubule pairs surrounding two central microtubules; 9 + 2 structure -as pairs of microtubules move past one another using arms composed of motor protien dynein, flagellum undulates rather rotaets -really just an outward projection of cells interior with cytoplasm & enclosed by plasma membrane Membrane proteins: Integral: penetrate far enough into the membrane for their hydrophobie regions to be surrounded by the hydrocarbon tails of lipids Peripheral: not embedded in lipid bilayer at all; they are appendages attached to the surface of membrane, oftne to exposed parts of integral proteins on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane: some integral & peripheral protein partners are held in place by filaments of cytoskeleton Passive Transport: diffusion across a membrane -tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into membrane -each molecule moves randomly but the populations movement may e directional Active transport: pumping of solutes against their gradients; movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion or movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein. Endocytosis: cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming vesicels derived from plasma membrane Extocytosis: cell secretes macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane, a vesicle budded from Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the

vesicle membrane and plasma membrane come into contact, the lipid molecules of the two bilayers rearrange themselves. The two membranes then fuse to become continuous, and contents of vesicle spill to outside of cell. Reversed in Endocytosis. Both endocytosis & extocytosis transport large molecules such as potiens and polysaccharides unlike water & small solutes which enter & leave the cell by passing through lipid bilayer of membrane or they are pumped or carried across the membrane by transport proteins Receptor mediated endocytosis: embedded in the membrane are proteisn