Chapter 6 Blood & Lymphatic System Chapter 6 Blood and the Lymphatic and Immune System Medical Technologist

(MT) or Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CLS) Performs laboratory tests as ordered by a physician

Graduates from an accredited 4-year college or university program Passes a national certification exam American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science www.ascls.org

Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) or Clinical Laboratory Technician (CLT) Works under the supervision of a medical technologist

Graduates from an accredited 2-year laboratory technician program at a community college or vocational education program Passes a national certification exam American Medical Technologist www.amtl.com

Phlebotomist A specialist in drawing venous blood

Does not conduct laboratory tests Completes a vocational education program or on-the-job training program Certification exam is available American Society for Clinical Pathology www.ascp.org

Part I Blood

Overview Components of Blood Blood Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes Plasma

Combining Forms Relating to Blood agglutin/o clumping chrom/o color coagul/o clotting erythr/o red

fibrin/o fibers, fibrous granul/o granules hem/o blood hemat/o blood leuk/o white morph/o shape myel/o bone marrow sanguin/o blood thromb/o clot phag/o eat, swallow

Suffixes Relating to Blood Suffix Meaning Example -apheresis removal plasmapheresis -cyte cell erythrocyte -cytosis more than normal number of cells erythrocytosis -emia blood condition leukemia -globin protein hemoglobin -penia abnormal decrease hematocytopenia -phil attraction for neutrophil -poiesis formation erythropoiesis -stasis standing still hemostasis Blood Average adult has about 5 liters of blood Circulates through body within vessels of cardiovascular system Is a mixture of plasma with cells Formed elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Plasma Composes 55% of blood

90-92% water

Remaining is dissolved substances Plasma proteins Albuminhelps transport fatty substances Globulin3 types Fibrinogenblood clotting protein Smaller important substances Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Enucleatedno nucleus Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood Adult has 35 trillion; more in males Life span of 120 days

 Then spleen removes worn out ones, iron can be reused, bilirubin is disposed by liver. Bilirubin

Leukocytes White blood cells

Provide protection against pathogens Bacteria Viruses Foreign material Spherical shape with nucleus

8,000 per cubic millimeter of blood Leukocyte Classification Platelets Thrombocyte Smallest of all blood elements Not whole cells 200,000-300,000 per cubic millimeter

Critical in clotting or hemostasis Agglutinate into small clusters Leads to formation of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin Blood Typing Each persons blood is different from others due to the presence of marker proteins on the surface of erythrocytes. Blood Typing Before a blood transfusion it is important to do a blood typing. This laboratory determines if the donated blood is compatible with the recipients blood. There are many different subgroups of blood markers, but the two most important ones are the ABO system and Rh factor. ABO System There are two possible RBC markers, A and B. A person with an A marker is said to have type A blood. Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies. The presence of a B marker gives type B blood and anti-A antibodies. Absence of either an A or a B marker results in type O blood, which contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. If both markers are present, the blood is type AB and does not result in any antibodies.

Universal Donor Because type O blood does not have either marker A or B, it will not react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies. For this reason a person with type O blood is referred to as a universal donor. In an emergency, type O blood may be given to a person with any of the other blood types. Similarly, type AB blood is the universal recipient. A person with type AB blood has no antibodies against the other blood types and therefore, in an emergency, can receive any type of blood. Rh Factor Rh factor is not as difficult to understand as the ABO system. A person with the Rh factor on his or her red blood cells is said to be Rh-positive (Rh+). Since this person has the factor, he or she will not make anti-Rh antibodies. A person without the Rh factor is Rh-negative (Rh-) and will produce anti-Rh antibodies. Therefore, an Rh+ person may receive both an Rh+ and an Rh- transfusion, but an Rh- person can receive only Rh- blood. Word Building Relating to Blood See table on page 170 of text. Fibrin/o -gen = fibrinogen (fiber producing) Hem/o globin = blood protein lysis = blood destruction Rrhage = rapid flow of blood Statis = stopping blood Vocabulary Relating to Blood See table on page 171 of text

Blood clot Coagulate Erythropoiesis Hematoma .

Pathology of Blood See table on page 171 of text.

Anemia Aaplastic anemia red bone marrow decreases it production of blood cells Erythroblastosis fetalis antibodies in mothers blood enter fetus blood Hemolytic anemia excessive loss of erythrocytes.

Diagnostic Procedures Relating to Blood See table on page 173 of text.

Bone marrow aspiration examine for leukia or aplastic anemia Bleeding time Erythocyte sedimentation rate Hemoglobin Phlebotomy -

Therapeutic Procedures Relating to Blood See table on page 175 of text.

Autologous transfusion Blood transfusion Bone marrow transplant

Pharmacology Relating to Blood See table on page 175 of text.

Anticoagulant Antihemorrhagic Antiplatelet blood thinner

Thrombolytic Abbreviations Relating to Blood Part II The Lymphatic and Immune System Organs Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Thymus gland Spleen Tonsils Combining Forms Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune System aden/o gland immun/o protection lymph/o lymph lymphaden/o lymph node

lymphangi/o lymph vessel splen/o spleen thym/o thymus tonsill/o tonsils tox/o poison Suffixes Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune System Suffix Meaning Example -globulin protein immunoglobulin -phage eat, swallow macrophage Anatomy & Physiology of the Lymphatic & Immune System A network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils Performs diverse functions for the body. Collects excess tissue fluid throughout the body and returns it to the circulatory system, purifying it as it passes through the system. Lymph = fluid within lymphatic vessels. . Anatomy & Physiology of the Lymphatic & Immune System

Lymph is composed of water, white blood cells, nutrients, hormones, salts, carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and urea. Assists the circulatory system in transporting substances throughout the body. Serves against the invasion of pathogens. Lymph vessels around the small intestines pick up absorbed fats for transport.

Lymphatic Vessels The lymph vessels form network of vessels throughout the entire body. Lymph vessels are not in a closed loop. Instead, they serve as one-way pipes conducting lymph from the tissues toward the thoracic cavity. These vessels begin as very small lymph capillaries in the tissues. . Lymphatic Vessels

Excessive tissue fluid enters these capillaries to begin the trip back to the circulatory system. The capillaries merge into larger lymph vessels which have valves along their length. Lymph vessels finally drain into one of two large lymph ducts.

Lymph Nodes Small organs (lymph glands) composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels. Have several functions: 1. Removing impurities from the lymph as it passes through 2. Manufacturing lymphocytes 3. Producing antibodies to fight disease Sites for Lymph Nodes Name Location Function Axillary Armpits Become enlarged during infections of arms and breasts; cancer cells from breasts may be present Cervical Neck Drains parts of head and neck; may be enlarged during upper respiratory infections Inguinal Groin Drains area of the legs and lower pelvis Mediastinal Chest Assists in draining infection from within the chest cavity Tonsils The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located on each side of the throat or pharynx. There are three sets of tonsils: palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), and lingual tonsils. All contain a large number of leukocytes and act as filters to protect the body. Tonsils are not required for life and can safely be removed if they become a continuous site of infection. Spleen Located in the LUQ of the abdomen; consists of lymphatic tissue that is highly infiltrated with blood vessels. These vessels spread out into slow moving blood sinuses. The spleen produces new red blood cells in the unborn baby. In adults it filters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycling the iron. Spleen

Phagocytic macrophages line the blood sinuses in the spleen to remove pathogens. Because the blood is moving through the organ slowly, the macrophages have time to identify pathogens and worn out RBCs. The spleen is not an essential organ for life and can be removed due to injury or disease. Thymus Gland Located in the upper portion of the mediastinum Essential for the proper development of the immune system Assists the body with the immune function and the development of antibodies

 Hormone, thymosin, changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes (simply called T cells) Plays an important role in the immune response Is active in the unborn child and throughout childhood until adolescence, when it begins to shrink in size Immunity The bodys ability to defend itself against pathogens

2 forms: natural immunity & acquired immunity

Natural Immunity Natural immunity (innate immunity) is not specific to a particular disease and doesnt require prior exposure to the pathogenic agent. Acquired Immunity Acquired immunity is the bodys response to a specific pathogen. Passive acquired immunity results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal. Active acquired immunity develops following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent. Immunizations or vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity.

Immune Response Disease-causing agents called antigens stimulate the immune response.

Two distinct and different processes: humoral immunity (also called antibodymediated immunity) and cellular immunity (also called cell-mediated immunity). Humoral Immunity Refers to the production of B lymphocytes also called B cells. B cells respond to antigens by producing a protective protein, an antibody. Antibodies combine with the antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex. Either targets the foreign substance for phagocytosis or prevents the infectious agent from damaging healthy cells. Cellular Immunity Involves the production of T cells and natural killer cells (NK).

These defense cells are cytotoxic.

They physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells. Summary of Standard Precaution Guidelines Wash hands before putting on and after removing gloves and before and after working with each patient or patient equipment.

Wear gloves when in contact with any body fluid, mucous membrane, or nonintact skin or if you have chapped hands, a rash, or open sores. Wear a nonpermeable gown or apron during procedures that are likely to expose you to any body fluid, mucous membrane, or nonintact skin. Summary of Standard Precaution Guidelines 4. Wear a mask and protective eyewear or a face shield when patients are coughing often or if body fluid droplets or splashes are likely. 5. Wear a face mask and eyewear that seal close to the face during procedures that cause body tissues to be vaporized. 6. Remove for proper cleaning any shared equipmentsuch as a thermometer, stethoscope, or blood pressure cuffthat has come into contact with body fluids, mucous membrane, or nonintact skin. Word Building Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune System See table on page 184 of text.

Vocabulary Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems See table on page 185 of text.

Pathology of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems See table on page 186 of text. Diagnostic Procedures Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems See table on page 187 of text. Therapeutic Procedures Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems See table on page 188 of text. Pharmacology Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems See table on page 188 of text. Abbreviations Relating to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems