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4G Wireless Systems
A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted to the faculty of Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Engineering, Pune In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2006 - 2007
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ACADEMIC YEAR 2006-2007
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled: 4G MOBILE SYSTEMS has been successfully completed by Anuj Mittal, of class B.E.Computer, Roll No. 22, Department of Computer
Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, College of Engineering, under the guidance of Prof. S.D. Joshi in a satisfactory manner as partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Computer Science during the academic year 200607. Date: 25/03/2007 Prof. S.D.Joshi (Seminar Guide) Prof. Suhas H. Patil (H.O.D., Computer Science Deptt.)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inspiration and guidance are invaluable in every aspect of life, especially in the fields of academics, which I have received from my respected seminar guide Prof. S.D. Joshi, who at very discrete step in study of this seminar contributed his valuable guidance to solve every problem that arose. I would also like to thank the Head of Department of Computer Engineering, Prof. S.H. Patil, who has given me this opportunity to present this seminar. Lastly I would like to thank all the staff members and my classmates who directly or indirectly helped me time to time.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Key 4G Technologies
5.1 OFDMA 5.2 Software-defined Ratio 5.3 Multiple input Multiple output 5.5 Caching and Pico cells 5.6 Coverage
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Abstract
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4G Wireless Systems The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the market have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation. Many prophetic visions have appeared in the literature presenting 4G as the ultimate boundary of wireless mobile communication without any limit to its potential, but in practical terms not giving any design rules and thus any definition of it. The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization. Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on fixed networks, for data and streaming applications. Mobile terminal usage (laptops, Personal digital assistants, and handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include: fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and simple autonomous terminals.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
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Introduction
The Second Generation of Mobile Communication Systems (2G) was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services brought to its customers. Besides high quality speech service, global mobility was a strong reason for buying 2G terminals. The Third Generation (3G) has been started in some parts of the
4G Wireless Systems world, but the success story of 2G is hard to be repeated . One reason is that the evolution from 2G towards 3G has not brought any qualitatively new service for the customer, leaving the business model largely unchanged. The well known services plus some additional ones are provided, which may not be enough to encourage the customers to change their equipment. The lack of innovative services was encountered too late by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP). In the latest documents, an attempt was made to incorporate some advanced services into the 3GPP architecture such as the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service Center (MBMS) in combination with the IP Multimedia System (IMS). However, these smaller corrections were made without the possibility to adjust the access technology properly . The upcoming Fourth Generation (4G) is projected to solve still-remaining problems of the previous generation and to provide a convergence platform for a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video, through highdata-rate wireless channels. Various visions of 4G have emerged recently among the telecommunication industries, the universities and the research institutes all over the world .
There has been tremendous interest recently in the Fourth Generation (4G) mobile communication technologies on the worldwide basis. Research and development on 4G technologies mainly focus on two directions: Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), and Cost-effective and spectrum-efficient high-speed wireless transmission. It is well predicted that the business of 4G industries will be over $800 billion by the year 2020, and therefore major developed countries have already spent huge R&D funds on this emerging communication technology. In Europe, the European Commission (EC) envisions that 4G will ensure seamless service provisioning across a multitude of wireless systems and networks, from private to public, from indoor to wide area, and provide an optimum delivery via the most appropriate (i.e., efficient) network available. From the service point of view, it foresees that 4G will be mainly focused on personalized services . In Asia, the Japanese operator
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4G Wireless Systems NTT DoCoMo has introduced the concept of MAGIC for defining 4G: Mobile multimedia; anytime, anywhere, anyone; Global mobility support; integrated wireless solution; and Customized personal service, which mostly focuses on public systems and treats 4G as the extension of 3G cellular service. This view is referred to as the linear 4G vision and, in essence, focuses on a future 4G network that will generally have a cellular structure and will provide very high data rates (exceeding 100 Mb/s). In general, the latter is also the main tendency in China and South Korea . Nevertheless, even if 4G is named as the successor of the previous generations, the future is not limited to cellular systems and 4G should not be seen exclusively as a linear extension of 3G. India aims to leapfrog to 4G (fourth-generation) wireless technologies, skipping 3G technologies as it has not been found to be cost-effective. Even if 4G is named as the successor of previous Wireless communication generations, it is not limited to cellular systems, therefore has not to be exclusively understood as a linear extension of 3G. Figure1 shows the shift in paradigm. There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of 4G. Indeed, in order to boost innovation and define and solve relevant technical problems, the systemlevel perspective has to be envisioned and understood with a broader view, taking the user as its departing point. This user-centric approach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation topics at all the different protocol layers and avoiding a potential mismatch in terms of service provisioning and user expectations. A new user-centric methodology that considers users as the cornerstone in the design of 4G and identifies their functional needs and expectations, reflecting and illustrating them in everyday life situations is needed. In this way, fundamental user scenarios that implicitly reveal the key features of 4G, which are then expressed explicitly in a new framework the usercentric system that describes the various level of interdependency among them. This approach consequently contributes to the identification of the real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G and thus to a less prophetic and more pragmatic definition of the forthcoming technology.
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Figure 1 Evolution from 2G to 4G[i] While 2G was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and 3G provides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the concept of vertical handover through the coupling with Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) systems, 4G will be a convergence platform extended to all the network layers. Moreover, in order to boost the innovation and define and solve relevant technical problems, it has to be envisioned and understood the system level at a broader view, taking primarily into account the user. This approach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation topics at all the different protocol layers. There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of the next wireless communication generation The design should be more user-centric to avoid potential flop of the system. Finally, it is also worth to highlight that the forthcoming technology should be as less dependent as possible from any geographical matter, addressing very different markets, such as Europe, Asia, and America.
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Service Evolution
The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization. Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on fixed networks, for data and streaming applications[iv]. Mobile terminal usage (laptops, Personal digital assistants, handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include: fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and simple autonomous terminals. The infrastructure will be much more distributed than in current deployments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic: machine-to-machine. Figure 2 shows one vision of how services are likely to evolve; most such visions are similar.
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4G Wireless Systems infrastructure? At least two technologies are needed. The first (called parent coverage) is dedicated to large coverage and real-time services. Legacy technologies, such as 2G/3G and their evolutions will be complemented by WiFi and WiMAX. A second set of technologies is needed to increase capacity, and can be designed without any constraints on coverage continuity. This is known as pico-cell coverage. Only the use of both technologies can achieve both targets (Figure 4). Handover between parent coverage and pico cell coverage is different from a classical roaming process, but similar to classical handover. Parent coverage can also be used as a back-up when service delivery in the pico cell becomes too difficult.
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In this section, I list and describe all the key features derived from the previous user scenarios. Inspired by the Helioscentric Copernican theory[i], the user is located in the center of the system and the different key features defining 4G rotate around him on orbits with a distance dependent on a user-sensitive scale.
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4G Wireless Systems get off the last planned train, the most time-saving exit and way to reach their final destination must be known and available in multimedia format. User personalization refers to the way users can configure the operational mode of their device and preselect the content of the services chosen according to their preferences. Since every new technology is designed keeping in mind the principal aim to penetrate the mass market and to have a strongly impact on peoples lifestyles, the new concepts introduced by 4G are based on the assumption that each user wants to be considered as a distinct, valued customer who demands special treatment for his or her exclusive needs. Therefore, in order to embrace a large spectrum of customers, user personalization must be provided with high granularity, so that the huge amount of information is filtered according to the users choices. This can be illustrated in scenario where users can receive targeted pop-up advertisements. The combination between user personalization and user friendliness provides users with easy management of the overall features of their devices and maximum exploitation of all the possible applications, thus conferring the right value to their expense.
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4G Wireless Systems Furthermore, the capabilities of the terminal in use will determine whether or not new services are to be provisioned, so as to offer the best enjoyment to the user and prevent declining interest and elimination of a service offering. This concept is referred to as service personalization. It implicitly constrains the number of access technologies supportable by the users personal device. However, this limitation may be solved in the following ways:
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4G Wireless Systems the right presentation for each service, freeing it from its intrinsic restrictions. Furthermore, in a private environment, users can optimize the service presentation as they wish, thus exploiting the multiple terminals they have at disposal. The several levels of dependency highlighted by the user centric system definitely stress the fact that it is not feasible to design 4G starting from the access technology in order to satisfy the users requirements. A contextual and a strong preliminary consideration of the user are a more relevant and appropriate approach to the design.
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4.2.1 Coverage.
In Fig. 5, the shift in paradigm is shown: while 2G was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and 3G provides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the concept of vertical handover through the coupling with wireless local area network (WLAN) systems,4G will be a convergence platform extended to all the network layers. Hence, the user will be connected almost anywhere thanks to widespread coverage due to the exploitation of the various networks available. In particular, service provision will be granted with at least the same level of quality of service (QoS) when passing from one networks support to that of another one.
4.2.2 Bandwidth.
Resource sharing among the various networks available will smooth the problem related to the spectrum limitations relative to 3G.
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4G Wireless Systems protocols among spatially proximate devices. This communication enhancement primarily refers to higher link reliability, larger coverage, higher spectral efficiency, and lower power consumption due to the use of exclusive cooperative stations (e.g., relay stations (RSs) deployed by operators) or short-range communications among different MSs. Indeed, the concept of cooperation introduces a new form of diversity where terminals are less susceptible to channel variations and shadowing effects. This results in an improvement of the reliability of the communication and the extension of the coverage. Furthermore, whereas in voice networks the resources are dedicated separately for each user, in cellularcontrolled short-range data networks it is possible to group users in clusters and gain the following advantages: Only the cluster head (CH) needs to have a dedicated channel to the BS, while the other MSs can communicate using unlicensed bands; thus, more bandwidth is not required. The CH selection is an important issue that should take into account, among other factors, the channel conditions of the short-range links (RS-MS and MS-MS) and the long-range ones (BS-MS), the available rate, the speed, the location, the computational power, and the residual energy of the MSs. Due to the short range of the transmissions performed by the MSs to the CH, it is possible to reduce their power consumption and hence prolong their battery life.
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4G Wireless Systems connectivity. Therefore, contrary to the previous generations, the services provided in 4G will depend on the time, place, terminal, and user: S2G ~ const, (3) S3G ~ f (place), (4) S4G ~ f(time, place, terminal, user), (5) where the service provisioning depends on terminal and user because of terminal heterogeneity and service personalization, and user personalization, respectively. Apart from some soft additional emerging services (e.g., fast Internet connection, pop-up advertisements, etc.), there is still a lack of really new and distinct services that will enable new applications with tangible benefits for their users. Therefore, we envision that the real advantage in terms of services that 4G will bring will be based on the integration of technologies designed to match the needs of different market segments: Short-range wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, will enable machineto-machine (M2M) communications, where users sign up online on the waiting list, which sends them back the approximate waiting time, where they can transfer content to a publicly available larger display. In particular, from the sociological point of view, in the latter case the private and public spheres are definitely mixed. This recombination can result in the enhancement of public access such that the access to displays will be as common as the access to public telephone booths is nowadays. Short-range wireless technologies also open the possibility to cooperative communication strategies, which can provide better services at lower costs, thus maximizing the users profit. In this way, they increase the social cooperative behavior and empower the consumer to make clever use of it. Hence, the users personal device is no longer a mere medium for transferring information, but a social medium that helps to build groups and friendships. Since 3G networks are not able to deliver multicast services efficiently or at a decent level of quality, the synergy of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and digital audio/video broadcasting (DAB/DVB) will open the possibility to provide to mobile users interactive or on demand services so called TP data casting and
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4G Wireless Systems audio and video streaming in a much more efficient way than using the point-to-point switch network . The embedding in the user terminal of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver will offer the essential feature of location-awareness that is necessary to provide users with the most comprehensive and extensive level of information, thus bringing about real revolution in terms of personalized services. The user terminal can hence provide not only location based information, such as maps and directions to follow to reach a specific place, but also useful information relevant in time and space, such as pop-up advertisements concerning offers in shops nearby. However, GPS technology can only support outdoor localization. Indoor localization, which is important in order to provide, for instance, the guided tour in a museum, requires the cooperation of shortrange wireless technologies. Finally, it is worth highlighting that although users are attracted by high data rates, they would certainly be even more attracted by useful services exploiting high data rates. The support of imaging and video as well as high-quality audio gives service providers (SPs) a myriad of possibilities for developing appealing applications. These features, blended with the support of high data rates, result in a particularly attractive combination. Indeed, in addition to an explosive increase in data traffic, we can expect changes on the typically assumed downlink-uplink traffic imbalance. Data transfer in the uplink direction is expected to increase considerably and, as a result of these trends, the mobile user will ultimately become a content provider (CP). In future wireless networks, the CP concept will broaden to encompass not only the conventional small- or middle-size businessoriented service companies, but also any single or group of users. Mobile CPs will open up a new chapter in service provision.
4G Wireless Systems niche role in the market (e.g., personal digital assistants (PDAs), watch phones, and penphones will continue to be restricted to an elite group of tech-savvy people), the mobile phone will still have no competitor in the near future, due to its size and weight, which guarantee high portability. Moreover, due to the casual and informal feeling it gives, people will pay more attention to the pop-up advertisements/news/events they receive on it than on any other device. Looking at the latest releases of mobile phones, the actual tendency is to use a General Packet Radio System (GPRS) platform and provide users with the most complete range of applications possible, trying to continually include new additional features (e.g., digital camera recorder, etc.). On the other hand, the emerging UIMTS phones essentially provide the possibility to support the mobile video communication. However, the real enhancement that 3G brings to our everyday life is not really clear. This new application cannot necessarily be considered as the killer application, as the quality of the video is low and it is practically limited to a semi-static situation that implies a complete concentration of users during the conversation (e.g., it is obviously not practical to watch a mobile phone while walking in the street), restricting the field of action and raising secondary problems, such as safety issues (e.g., for the driver and pedestrians while driving, etc.). Since 4G is based on the integration of heterogeneous systems, the future trend of wireless devices will move toward:
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4G Wireless Systems reconfigurability of the user terminal could be a key aspect that would make the future 4G technology as highly adaptable as possible to the various worldwide markets.
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Key 4G Technologies
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:
5.1 OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.
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4G Wireless Systems As shown in Figure 7, the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is narrowband (a few kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path effects, provided a guard interval is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO.
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5.5 Coverage
Coverage is achieved by adding new technologies (possibly in overlay mode) and progressively enhancing density. Take a WiMAX deployment, for example: first the parent coverage is deployed; it is then made denser by adding discontinuous pico cells, after which the pico cell is made denser but still discontinuously.
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Finally the pico cell coverage is made continuous either by using MIMO or by deploying another pico cell coverage in a different frequency band (see Figure 9). Parent coverage performance may vary from 1 to 20 bit/s/Hz/km, while pico cell technology can achieve from 100 to 500 bit/s/Hz/km, depending on the complexity of the terminal hardware and software. These performances only refer to outdoor coverage; not all the issues associated with indoor coverage have yet been resolved. However, indoor coverage can be obtained by:
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4G Wireless Systems Direct penetration; this is only possible in low frequency bands (significantly below 1 GHz) and requires an excess of power, which may raise significant interference issues. Indoor short range radio connected to the fixed network. Connection via a relay to a pico cellular access point.
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Conclusion
The provision of megabit/s data rates to thousands of radio and mobile terminals per square kilometer presents several challenges. Some key technologies permit the progressive introduction of such networks without jeopardizing existing investment. Disruptive technologies are needed to achieve high capacity at low cost, but it can still be done in a progressive manner. The key enablers are: Sufficient spectrum, with associated sharing mechanisms. Coverage with two technologies: parent (2G, 3G, WiMAX) for real-time delivery, and discontinuous pico cell for high data rate delivery. Caching technology in the network and terminals. OFDM and MIMO. IP mobility. Multi-technology distributed architecture. Fixed-mobile convergence (for indoor service). Network selection mechanisms. Many other features, such as robust transmission and cross-layer optimization, will contribute to optimizing the performance, which can reach between 100 and 500 bit/s/Hz/km2. The distributed, full IP architecture can be deployed using two main products: base stations and the associated controllers. Terminal complexity depends on the number of technologies they can work with. The minimum number of technologies is two: one for the radio coverage and one for short range use (e.g. PANs). However, the presence of legacy networks will increase this to six or seven.
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Appendices
i. Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank H.P Fitzek, and Ramjee Prasad, Aalborg University, Marcos D. Katz, Samsung Electronics, Defining 4G Technology from the Users Perspective, published by IEEE Jan/Feb 2006 ii. Third/fourth generation wireless networks, proceeds of the IEEE conference
iii. K.R.Santhi, G. Senthil Kumaran, Migration to 4 G: Mobile IP based Solutions, published by IEEE 2006 iv. D. Rouffet, S. Kerboeuf, L. Cai, V. Capdevielle, 4G Mobile, technical paper published by Alcatel. v. Linda Doyle, Beyond 3G: 4G Based Mobile Networks
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Evolution from 2G to 4G Service Evolution Vision Dimensioning Examples Multiple Overlay Architecture Heterogeneous Terminals Heterogeneous Networks OFDM Principles Pico cell network Design Example of deployment in dense traffic areas 35
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7.4 Glossary
Access Point(AP): An access point is a station that transmits and receives data (sometimes referred to as a transceiver). An access point connects users to other users within the network and also can serve as the point of interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed wire network.
Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium.
Broadband: Broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information.
CDMA: CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9GHz bands.
Fourth Generation Mobile Systems: 4G is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G). While neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, it is expected that end-to-end IP and high-quality streaming video will be among 4G's distinguishing features.
GSM: GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. BVUCOE 40
4G Wireless Systems IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
MIMO: MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
OFDM: Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies.
Pico Cell: Very small cell in a mobile network for boosting capacity within buildings.
UMTS: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) is a third-generation (3G) broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 megabits per second (Mbps).
WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless industry coalition whose members organized to advance IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless access ( BWA ) networks.
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