GLOBAL WARMING

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the last century and according to latest reports indicates that the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is expected, with warming being strongest in the Arctic. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species

extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. This photo shows the change of global temperature from 1880- 2000. Scientists report that 1998 was the warmest year in major history and 2005 coming in second.

GREENHOUSE GASES Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. These are some green house gases which are highly affected for the global warming, Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide CFCs Water vapor

When these gases are ranked by their contribution to the greenhouse effect,

water vapor, which contributes 3672% carbon dioxide, which contributes 926% methane, which contributes 49% ozone, which contributes 37%

Human activities since the start of the industrial era around 1950 have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This picture shows the way of happening global warming as a result of global warming. The high percentage of solar

radiations is reflected by the surface of air and others directly entered to the earth. A little amount of that is absorbed by air and rest of that is again reflected by earth surface and go through the atmosphere and out into space.

But when the increasing of green house gasses in the atmosphere, the radiations are again and again reflected by air and as result of that increase the temperature of the earth surface.

This graph shows the increase of carbon dioxide gas from 1800 to 2004. It is highly increase after the industrial revolution after 1950.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAUSE THIS CRISIS Solar radiations and volcanoes are the reasons for global warming before about 1950. Today most of human activities are the main reason for this crisis. Increasing of the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the main way of increase of temperature of earth surface. The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are:

Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide

concentrations. Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

Gases put out from vehicles and factories. Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes.

Agricultural activities,

including the use

of fertilizers that lead to higher nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations.

EFFECTS ON HUMAN & ENVIRONMENT

Polar ice bergs begins to melt

As a result of increasing the global temperature, ice bergs are started to melt. So it affected to increase the sea water level and as result of that some countries such as Maldives are in great danger because of those islands are in same level of sea presently. Another problem is the destroying the habitats of animals such as polar bears, penguins, etc. So they are in great trouble of living.

Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves

Although some areas of Earth will become wetter due to global warming, other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves. Africa will receive the

worst of it, with more severe droughts also expected in Europe. Water is already a dangerously rare commodity in Africa, and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming will exacerbate the conditions and could lead to conflicts and war.

Spread of disease Increase the temperature of sea water and climate change Destroy of the coral reefs and mangroves Economic consequences

SOLUTIONS
Reforestation Use of new techniques for reducing green house gases from vehicles such as Fuel cell technology Use of common transportation systems Unplug the extra refrigerator or freezer which are rarely used and it can reduce the typical family's carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 10 percent. Replace incandescent bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescents lamps

ORGERNIZATIONS
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Aim, operations, activities The stated aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to: Human-induced climate change, The impacts of human-induced climate change, Options for adaptation and mitigation.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity.

The panel was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two organizations of the United Nations.

The IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President of the United States Al Gore.

A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports on topics relevant to the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that acknowledges the possibility of harmful climate change; implementation of the UNFCCC led eventually to the Kyoto Protocol.

KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Kyoto Protocol establishes legally binding commitment for the reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride), and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by "annex I" (industrialized) nations, as well as general commitments for all member countries.

POST-KYOTO PROTOCOL NEGOTIATIONS ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Post-Kyoto negotiations refers to high level talks attempting to address global warming by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Generally part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these talks concern the period after the first "commitment period" of the Kyoto Protocol, which is due to expire at the end of 2012.

High level talks were also held at the meeting of the G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue in February 2007.