INTRODUCTION:

Video actually is a sequence of pictures; each picture is consisted by an array of pixel. For a uncompression video, its size is huge. Such as CCIRR-601 parametes (720pixels x 480pixels x 30frames/s), it has a data rate at about 165Mbps. This high data rate is too high for user-level application and it is a big problem for CPU and communication. To deal with this problem, video compression is used in order to reduce the size. There are two kinds of compression method, one is lossless and the other is lossy. For a lossless compression, such as Huffman, Arithmetic, LZW...Etc, they do not work well for video since the distribution of pixel value is wide range. So in the following parts, we will discuss how to compress a video by using MPEG standard.
MPEG Standards:

MPEG is an acronym for Moving Picture Experts Group, a committee formed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to develop this standard. MPEG was formed in 1988 to establish an international standard for the coded representation of moving pictures and association audio on digital storage media. Currently there are three MPEG standards.
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MPEG-1 Medium Bandwidth (up to 1.5Mbits/sec) 1.25Mbits/sec video 352 x 240 x 30Hz 250Kbits/sec audio (two channels) Non-interlaced video Optimized for CD rom MPEG-2 Higher Bandwidth (up to 40Mbits/sec) Up to 5 audio channels (i.e. surround sound) Wider range of frame sizes (including HDTV) Can deal with interlaced video MPEG-3 MPEG-3 was for HDTV application with dimensions up to 1920 x 1080 x 30Hz, however, it was discovered that the MPEG-2 and MPEG-2 syntax worked very well for HDTV rate video. Now

HDTV is a part of MPEG-2 High-1440 Level and High Level toolkit.

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MPEG-4 Very Low Bandwidth (64Kbits/sec) 176 x 144 x 10Hz Optimized for videophones

Overview of MPEG-2
What is MPEG-2?

The MPEG-2 Standard is published in four parts. Part 1: Systems specifies the system coding layer of the MPEG-2. It defines a multiplexed structure for combining audio and video data and means of representation the timing information needed to replay synchronized sequences in real time. Part 2: Video specifies the coded representation of video data and the decoding process required to reconstruct pictures. Part 3: Audio specifies the coded representation of audio data. Part 4: Conformance test MPEG-2 was developed by ISO/IEC/JTC/SC29/WG11 and is known as ISO/IEC 13818. The MPEG-2 video coding standard is primarily aimed at coding of CCIRR-601 or higher resolution video with fairly high quality at challenging bitrates of 4 to 9Mbit/s. It aims at providing CCIR/ITU-R quality for NTSC, PAL, and SECAM, and also at supporting HDTV quality, at data rate above 10Mbps, real-time transmission, and progressive and interlaced scan sources.

DESCRIPTION:
MPEG 2 video is a family of system each having an arranged degree of commonality and compatibility, It allows four source formats or levels to be encoded ranging from limited definition each with a range of bit rates in addition to this flexibility in source formats .MPEG -2 allows different profile .Each profile offers a collection of compression tools that together make up the coding system .A different profile means that a different set of compression is available.

PROFILES:
There are currently five profiles in the MPEG system .Each profile is progressively more sophisticated and adds additional tools to the previous profile .This means each will do more than the last but is likely to cost more to make and thus cost more to the customer.

DESCRIPTION OF FIVE PROFILES:

The profile which has the fewest tools is called the simple profile .the simple profile offers the basic tool kit for MPEG encoding .this is intra and predicted frame encoding and decoding with a color sampling The final profile is the high profile .It includes all the previous tools plus the ability to code line simultaneous color difference signals .In effect the high profile is the super system design for the most sophisticated application where there is no constraint or bit rate.

LEVELS: DESCRIPTION OF A LEVEL: A level is the definition for the MPEG standard for physical parameters such as bit rate ,picture sizes and resolution .there are four level specified by MPEG-2 :High level ,high 1440.main level , and low level MPEG- 2 video main profile and ma9in level has sampling limits at itu 601 parameters (pal and ntsc).profile limit syntax (i.e) algorithm where level limit encoding parameters (sample rates ,frame,coded bitrates ,buffer size etc) .Together video main profile and main level keep complexity within current technical limits ,yet still meet the needs of the majority of application .

Level according quality: Level are associated with the source format of the video signal providing a range of potential qualities from limited definition to high definitation:

Low Level has an input format which is one quarter of the picture defined in ITU Recommendation/ Main level has a full ITU Recommendation High -1440 level has a high definition format with 1440 sample/line High level has a High Defination Format with 1920 sample/line.

Practical usage of levels and profiles : Typical Main Level bit rates for common applications MPEG-2 video at the appropriate storage medium can easily adjusted to the quality of many of the current video distribution formats .Even at a low bit rate it still maintains a perfectly quality .The following table provides an pverview about bit rates compared to current distribution formats .The MPEG-2 video is encoded with IPB frames.

COMPRESSION:

Encoding of video information is achieved by using two main techniques .These are these are term spatial and temporal compression. Spatial compression involve analysis of a picture to determine redundant information within that picture for example by discarding frequencies that are not visible to the human eye .Temporal compression is achieved by only encoding the difference between successive pictures imagine a scene where at first there is no movement then an object moves across the picture .The first picture in the sequence contain all the information required until there is any movement so there is no need to encode any of the information after the first picture until the movement occurs. Thereafter all that needs to be encoded is the part of the picture that contain movement the rest of the scene is not affected by the moving objects because it is still the same as the first picture the means which is determine how much movement is contain between two successive picture is known as motion estimation prediction the information obtained from this process is then used by the motion compensated prediction to define the parts of a picture that can be discarded this means that picture cannot be considered in isolation .A given picture is constructed from the prediction from a previous picture and may be used to predict the next picture .There is also the need to have pictures which are not used in any reference for random access therefore MPEG-2 DEFINE THrEE picture types:

I frame (intra-coded) Coded without reference to other frames

P frame (predictive-coded) Coded with reference to a previous reference frame (either I or P) Size is usually about 1/3rd of an I frame

B frame (bi-directional predictive-coded) Coded with reference to both previous and future reference frames (either I or P) Size is usually about 1/6th of an I frame

Typical bit allocation are shown below

Compression details: Spatial compression is achieved in particle by use of a dct which convert the information in the picture in the picture to be encoded in the picture frame.This transform is remove to use redundant information within the picture itself by removing frequiencies with negligible amplitudes and rounding frequiency coefficient to standard values.

GROUP OF PICTURES

GOP is a set of consecutive frames that can be decoded without any other reference frames Usually 12 or 15 frames Transmitted sequence is not the same as displayed sequence Random access to middle of stream Start with I frame

Methods of encoding picture: