CHAPTER 1

1.1) What is Wireless Telecommunication?

Wireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and Headset (audio), headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

Fig. 1 A Handheld Marine Radio

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1.2) Wireless Communication Modes

1. 2.

Radio frequency communication, Microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication,

3.

Infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IR devices such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).

1.3) Wireless Services

Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth
2.

1.

Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as Wireless USB or Bluetooth

3.

Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.

1.4) Generations of Wireless Communication

1.4.1) 1G (or 1-G) is the first-generation wireless telephone technology,

cellphones.These are the analog cellphone standards that were introduced in the 1980s.For Example-Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS), Total Access

Communication System (TACS) is the European version of AMPS. 1.4.2) 2G (or 2-G) is the second-generation wireless telephone, which is based on digital technologies. 2G networks is basically for voice communications only, except SMS
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messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards. For Example-Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), Time Division Multiple

Access(TDMA), 2.5G is a group of bridging technologies between 2G and 3G wireless communication. It is a digital communication allowing e-mail and simple Web browsing, in addition to voice, General Packet Radio Service(GPRS).Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE).

1.4.3) 3G stand for the third generation of wireless communication technologies, which support broadband voice, data and multi-media communications over wireless networks. The GSM standard is more improved after the development of third generation (3G) UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP.For Example- Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA).

1.4.4) 4G is the name of technologies for high-speed mobile wireless communications designed for new data services and interactive TV through mobile network. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards.

CHAPTER 2

2.1) 3G or 3rd Generation of Communication

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. UMTS employs Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators. UMTS specifies a complete network system, covering the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN), the core network (Mobile Application Part, or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module).

2.2) Technology in UMTS 2.2.1) Air interfaces

UMTS provides several different terrestrial air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All air interface options are part of ITU's IMT-2000.

2.2.1.a) W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)

W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz wide channels. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more available 1.25 MHz channels for
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each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States).

Fig. 2 UMTS Network Architecture

2.2.1.b) UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into

10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second). The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink.

2.2.1.c) TD-SCDMA
TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous CDMA component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA.

2.2.2) Radio access network

UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands. The UE (User Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes - Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to SDU of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters.The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB).

Figure Core Network

2.2.3) Core network

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high. The CN can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers.

Fig. 3 UMTS Transmitter

2.3) Network Element Used

From GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:
A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent) Authentication Center (AUC) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused
A. B.

Base station controller (BSC) Base transceiver station (BTS)

The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by :
A. B. C.

Node B (base transceiver station) Radio Network Controller (RNC) Media Gateway (MGW)

The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care of all data transfer in both circuit and packet switched networks. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The nodes are renamed to MSC-server and GSN-server.

2.4) Applications
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Mobile TV Video on demand Videoconferencing Telemedicine Location-based services

CHAPTER 3

3.1) 4th Generation of Communication

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular mobile communications standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.

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3.2) 4G Software 3.2.1) Software Defined Radio

A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any radio or frequency standard through the use of software. For example, if one was a subscriber of Sprint and moved into an area where Sprint did not have service, but Cingular did, the phone would automatically switch from operating on a CDMA frequency to a TDMA frequency. In addition, if a new standard were to be created, the phone would be able to support that new standard with a simple software update. With current phones, this is impossible. A software defined radio in the context of 4G would be able to work on different broadband networks and would be able to transfer to another network seamlessly while traveling outside of the users home network. A software defined radios best advantage is its great flexibility to be programmed for emerging wireless standards.

3.2.2) Packet Layer

The packet layer is a layer of abstraction that separates the data being transmitted from the way that it is being transmitted. The Internet relies on packets to move files, pictures, video, and other information over the same hardware. Without a packet layer, there would need to be a separate connection on each computer for each type of information and a separate network with separate routing equipment to move that information around. Packets follow rules for how they are formatted; as long they follow these rules, they can be any size and contain any kind of information, carrying this information from any device on the network to another.

3.2.3) Flexibility
In reality, however, the usage of different encryption schemes depends on many factors, including network data flow design. Thus, it is important that the encryption method be able to change when other determining factors change. Unfortunately, IPv6 can only protect data in transmission. Individual applications may contain flaws in the processing of data, thereby opening security holes. These holes may be remotely exploited, allowing the security of the
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entire mobile device to be compromised. Thus, any wireless device should provide a process for updating the application software as security holes are discovered and fixed.

3.2.4) Anti-Virus
As wireless devices become more powerful, they will begin to exhibit the same security weaknesses as any other computer. For example, wireless devices may fall victim to trojans or become corrupt with viruses. Therefore, any new wireless handheld device should incorporate antivirus software. This software should scan all e-mail and files entering through any port (e.g. Internet, beaming, or synchronizing), prompting the user to remove suspicious software in the process.

3.3) 4G Hardware 3.3.1) Ultra Wide Band Networks

Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that can be used in the implementation of a 4G network. The secret to UWB is that it is typically detected as noise. This highly specific kind of noise does not cause interference with current radio frequency devices, but can be decoded by another device that recognizes UWB and can reassemble it back into a signal. Since the signal is disguised as noise, it can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices (Cravotta ). An Ultra Wideband device works by emitting a series of short, low powered electrical pulses that are not directed at one particular frequency but rather are spread across the entire spectrum (Butcher ). The pulse can be called shaped noise because it is not flat, but curves across the spectrum. On the other hand, actual noise would look the same across a range of frequencies it has no shape.

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Figure 4 : Switched Beam Antenna

pulse itself does not cancel out the pulse. Interference would have to spread across the spectrum uniformly to obscure the pulse. UWB provides greater bandwidth as much as 60 megabits per second, which is 6 times faster than todays wireless networks. It also uses significantly less power, since it transmits pulses instead of a continuous signal. UWB uses all frequencies from high to low, thereby passing through objects like the sea or layers of rock. Nevertheless, because of the weakness of the UWB signal, special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.

3.3.2) Smart Antennas

Multiple smart antennas can be employed to help find, tune, and turn up signal information. Since the antennas can both listen and talk, a smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came from. This means that the antenna system cannot only hear many times louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly as well. There are two types of smart antennas: Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission, and can switch from one

predefined beam to another when the user with the phone moves throughout the sector.

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Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception.

Figure 5 Adaptive Array Antenna

Smart antennas can thereby: Optimize available power Increase base station range and coverage Reuse available spectrum Increase bandwidth Lengthen battery life of wireless devices.

3.4) Features
1)

High spectral efficiency

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2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

Very low latency Support of variable bandwidth Simple protocol architecture Simple Architecture Compatibility and inter-working with earlier 3GPP Releases Inter-working with other systems, e.g. cdma2000 FDD and TDD within a single radio access technology Efficient Multicast/Broadcast Support of Self-Organising Network (SON) operation

3.5) Applications
1) Mobile IPTV 2) Social Networking Services/User-generated Content 3) Mobile Marketing and Advertising 4) E-reader Apps/Phones 5) Wireless VoIP Apps 6) M2M Apps 7) Telematics

3.6) Difference Between 3G and 4G

3G Speed Transfer Rate Battery Life Switching Technology Less 2 megabits/second More Circuit and Packet Switching Technology Bandwidth Low
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4G High 100 megabit/second Less Packet Switching Technology High

Reliability Security

Less Less

More More

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References
1) 2) 3) 4)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless http://www.3gpp.org/LTE

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