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1 Need for hypersonic speed

The need for speed has always been a priority when it comes to developing new aircrafts especially for military purposes. Although in modern warfare there are aircrafts that can travel long distances but still they have their limitations. Furthermore even if an aircraft can endure long duration flights it increases the operational and maintenance cost. Also the long flight duration itself has its toll on the crew. The same principle is applicable for commercial aircrafts. As new and advanced technologies emerged, aircraft speeds increased whereas the flight durations decreased. At first we had subsonic aircrafts and then came aircrafts that can travel supersonically. All these developments have in fact reduced the flight time and provided any country the advantage of having a quicker aircraft. However there is still room for improvement. For years different aerospace organizations have been trying to come with the next long range aircraft which is capable of hypersonic speed (speed equal to and greater than Mach 5.

HYPERSONIC BOMBERS : A hypersonic bomber can fill the need for speed and could transform the bomber force and give any country the capability to affect operations worldwide in only a matter of a few hours. Although considering present technology there are still a few years until the construction of a large scale hypersonic bomber can take place.

The airframe-integrated scramjet and lanky fuselage are identified as the most promising candidates for the hypersonic aircraft. As stated above that such an advanced aircraft will provide a new approach to threat the enemy and protect ones own self. Up till now the one of the fastest manned aircraft that has been produced and utilized is the SR-71 but even the SR-71 has the speed limit of 3.2 Mach. All the practical air breathing aircraft have been limited by the turbojet engine performance to speed of about Mach 3. However recent advancements in the ramjet and supersonic combustion ramjets (scramjet) technologies have intensified the passion to achieve efficient cruise propulsion for hypersonic vehicles. Having explained the ambition of achieving hypersonic flight it is to be noted that an air breathing hypersonic vehicle, to achieve optimum performance, must be designed with careful attention to the integration of the propulsion system with the airframe and proper fuel. Recent research have shown that scramjets produce significantly more thrust per pound of carried propellant making them an area of interest for hypersonic propulsion and practical usage. Other aspects of a hypersonic aircraft like the airfoil has been researched for many years, evaluating double wedged wing, Hexagonal wing, flat shape with concave upper and lower surface, finite thickness over the entire chord with the upper surface inclined, the upper surface beginning with a portion followed by an inclined portion etc. through these research it can be seen that utilization of a kind of slender airfoil which produces maximum lift-drag ratio. HYPERSONIC JETS : A report from times of INDIA group with reference to TIMES states, Plane to zip of from Paris to Tokyo in 2.5 hours.. EADS unveiled a new concept on zero emission hypersonic transportation rocket plane that would revolve around from Tokyo to Paris in 2 hours. Estimated to finish around 2050 and can carry 100 passengers with velocity of 10,000 m /s.Uses hydro oxygen fuel and cruise altitude of 32 kms

Hypersonic jets reduces the elapsed time and overall time of transport of passengers throughout the world where people can travel throughout the world within hours. REENTRY VEHICLES ( SPACE TRAVEL ) :

The need for exploring the space is as important as with the help of the information got we can help save a large number of lives and property through medical advancements. The unpredictable nature of Mother Nature is another factor that can be made predictable by the process of space exploration and understanding how to use the satellites for the benefit of mankind. The investment made on space exploration is sure to yield rich dividends as both human and robotic exploration of the space can benefit the earth and the people living on it. There have been many benefits of space exploration and that is the reason why there is so much funding for it from the side of the government of ever developed and developing country. With the help of satellites, today natures unpredictable nature can be harnessed and understood much earlier than the fury shows and this helps in preparing for the worst when it happens. Besides, communication has advanced in such a great way that today the distances do not matter and the world has become a global village. This was made possible only with the help of space exploration and using it for the benefit of mankind. A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry. Capsules have been used in most of the manned space programs to date, including the world's first Vostok and Mercury manned spacecrafts, as well as in later Soviet Voskhod, Soyuz, Zond/L1, L3, TKS, US Gemini, Apollo, Chinese Shenzhou and currently developing US, Russia, India manned spacecrafts. A capsule is the specified form for the Crew Exploration Vehicle.

A manned space capsule must have everything necessary for everyday life, including air, water and food. The space capsule must also protect astronauts from the cold and radiation of space. A capsule must be well insulated and have a system that controls the inside temperature and environment. It also must have a way that the astronauts won't be knocked around during launch or reentry. Additionally, since the inside will be weightless, there must be a way for the astronauts to stay in their seats and beds during the flight.

INDIA S REENTRY CONCEPT : The Indian manned spacecraft temporarily named Orbital Vehicle is intended to be the basis of the indigenous Indian human spaceflight program. The capsule will be designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden manned mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-ton capsule will orbit the Earth at 248 miles (400 km) altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew on board. The crew vehicle would launch on ISRO's GSLV Mk II, currently under development. The GSLV Mk II features a cryogenic upper-stage engine