Chapter 5 Mapping Cultural Identities Culture A shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and

symbolic practices of everyday life Cultural Geography Study of the ways in which space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape Cultural Landscape A characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group and a natural environment Historical Geography The geography of the past Genre de vie A functionally organized way of life that is seen to be characteristic of a particular cultural group Cultural Trait A single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group Cultural Region The area within which a particular system prevails Cultural System A collection of interacting elements that, taken together, shape a groups collective identity Religion Belief system and a set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humans Diaspora A spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group Language A means of communicating ideas or feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds

Dialects Regional variations from standard language, in terms of accent, vocabulary, and grammar Language Family A collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin Language Branch A colllection of languages that possess a definite common origin but have split into individual languages Language Group A collection of several individual languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar and vocabulary Cultural Hearth The geographical origin or source of innovations, ideas, or ideologies (term coined by geographer Carl Sauer) Isolate A language that has no known relationship with any other and cannot be assigned to a language family Mother Tongue The first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census (as defined by Statistics Canada) Official Languages Languages in which the government has a legal obligation to conduct its affairs, and in which the public has the right to receive federal services. Anglophone A person whose mother tongue is English Francophone A person whose mother tongue is French

Allophone A person whose mother tongue is neither English nor French Home Language The language most often spoken at home by an individual (as defined by Statistics Canada) Language Shift An indicator of the number of people who adopt a new language, usually measured by the difference between mother tongue and home language populations Cultural Nationalism An effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization Sexuality The set of practices and identities that a given culture considers related to each other and to those things it considers sexual acts and desires Ethnicity A socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality Race Problematic classification of human beings based on skin colour and other physical characteristics Gender Category reflecting the social differences between men and women rather than the anatomical differences that are related to sex Cultural Ecology The study of the relationship between a cultural group and its natural environment Cultural Adaptation The use of complex strategies by human groups to live successfully as part of a natural system

Political Ecology An approach to cultural geography that studies humanenvironment relationships through the relationships of patterns of resource use to political and economic forces Chapter 6 Interpreting Places and Landscapes Ordinary Landscapes (Vernacular Landscapes) The everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives Symbolic Landscapes Representations of particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public Derelict Landscapes Landscapes that have experienced abandonment, misuse, disinvestments, or vandalism Humanistic Approach Places the individual especially individual values, meaning systems, intentions, and conscious acts at the centre of analysis Landscape as Text The idea that landscapes can be read and written by groups and individuals Aesthetic Culturally determined standard of beauty and taste Italian Garden Nature domesticated; the dominant European style from about 1550-1650 French Garden Nature subdued; 1650-1720 English Garden Nature triumphant; 17201850

Picturesque A landscape design inspired by eighteenth-century landscape painters in the Romantic tradition Sublime A landscape so impressive that it inspires awe or wonder Territoriality The persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory Ethology The scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs Proxemics The study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space Sense of Place Feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place with and the symbolism they attach to it Elements of Cognitive Images: Paths The channels along which they and others move Edges Barriers that separate one area from another Districts Areas with an identifiable character that people mentally enter and leave Nodes Strategic points and foci for travel Landmarks Physical reference points Topophilia The emotions and meanings associated with particular places that have become significant to individuals Semiotics The practice of writing and reading signs

Sacred Place An area recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention as a site of special religious experiences or events Modernism A forward-looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress Postmodernism A view of the world that emphasizes an openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment Cosmopolitanism An intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures Chapter 7 The Geography Development

of

Economic

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) An estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year Gross National Product (GNP) Similar to GDP but also includes the value of income from abroad Technology Systems Clusters of interrelated energy, transportation, and production technologies that dominate economic activity for several decades at a time Primary Activities Economic activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind

Secondary Activities Economic activities that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities, or that resemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods Tertiary Activities Economic activities involving the sale and exchange of goods and services Quaternary Activities Economic activities that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information Agglomeration Effects Cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities External Economies Cost savings that result from circumstances beyond a firms own organization and methods of production Ancillary Activities Activities such as maintenance, repair, security, and haulage services that serve a variety of industries Localization Economies Cost savings that accrue to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location Infrastructure (Fixed Social Capital) The underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity Urbanization Economies External economies that accrue to producers because of the package of infrastructure, ancillary activities, labour, and markets typically associated with urban settings

Geographical Path Dependence The historical relationship between the present activities associated with a place and the past experiences of that place Initial Advantage The critical importance of an early start in economic development; a special case of external economies Cumulative Causation A spiral buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographical settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies Backwash Effects The negative impacts on a region (or regions) of the economic growth of some other region Spread Effects The positive impacts on a region (or regions) of the economic growth of some other region Agglomeration Diseconomies The negative economic effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry Deindustrialization A relative decline in industrial employment in core regions Creative Destruction The withdrawal of investments from activities (and regions) that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities (and new places) Growth Poles Economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries Foreign Direct Investment The total of overseas business investments made by private companies

Transnational Corporations Companies that participate not only in international trade but also in production, manufacturing, and/or sales operations in several countries Conglomerate Corporations Companies that have diversified into various economic activities usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions Export-processing zones (EPZs) Small areas within which especially favourable investment and trading conditions are created by government in order to attract export-oriented industries World Cities Cities in which a disproportionate part of the worlds most important business economic, political, and cultural is conducted Offshore Financial Centres Islands or microstates that have become specialized nodes in the geography of worldwide financial flows