Method of measurement of stack emission from stationary sources:

This method is for sampling of particulate matter in a gas stream in a duct or stack. Determination of PM consists of sampling isokinetically, a measured amount of gas from the flue and separating the particle from the gas and hence determining the particulate concentration to obtain a representative particulate sample, the sampling should be carried out isokinetically, i.e. the kinetic energy of the gas stream in the stack should be equal to the kinetic energy of the gas stream through the sampling nozzle. Sampling at other than isokinetic velocities induces error for two reasons. First, sampling at greater or less than isokinetic rates tends to cause respectively a larger or a smaller volume to be withdrawn from the flue gas than accounted for by the cross sectional area of the probe. Secondly, particle greater than 3.3 micron in size have sufficient inertia so that particle motion may deviate significantly from the gas flow streamline pattern in that case, particles are selectively drawn into the probe in the size distribution different from that existing in duct or flue line. It has been observed that if sample velocity is greater than the isokinetic rate, the sampling will have a lower mass concentration of PM than the stream because of greater percentage of fine particles. However if the sampling velocity is less than the isokinetic rate, the PM has a higher mass concentration than actually present with lower concentration of fine particles.

Dry and Wet Molecular Weight:

For the majority of sources equation 1 is used to calculate the dry molecular weight of the sample. This equation may be modified with additional terms if other gas constituents that will influence the molecular weight of sample taken. Equation 1 (Dry Molecular Weight) Md = 0.44 (% CO2) + 0.32 (% O2) + 0.28 (% N2 + % CO) Equation 2 (Molecular Weight of stack gas on Wet basis) Md, (Kg/kg-mole) = Md (1-Btwo) + 18 Btwo Where, 0.44 = Molecular weight of CO2 divided by 100, Kg/kg-mole 0.32 = Molecular weight of O2 divided by 100, kg/kg-mole 0.28 = Molecular weight of N2 divided by 100, Kg/kg-mole 18 = Molecular weight of H2O Btwo = Proportion by volume of water vapour in stack gas % N2 = 100 (%CO2 + %O2 + %CO)

Stack Gas Velocity:

Vs = Kp Cp x P x Ts / PsMs

Where, Vs = Stack gas velocity m/s Kp = constant = 33.5 Cp = S type pilot tube coefficient = 0.84 Ts = stack gas temperature 00C Ps = absolute stack/duct gas pressure, mm Hg = Pbar + Ps/13.6 Ms = Molecular weight of stack gas on wet basis P = Stack gas velocity pressure or dynamic pressure in mm Hg Stack gas volumetric Flow rate: The following equation is used to calculate the stack gas volumetric flow rate, Qs (m3/hr). Qs = 3600 Us A0 (1-Btwo) Tref x Ps/Ts x 760 Where, A0 = Area of stack (m2) Btwo = proportion by volume of water vapour in stack gas Us = stack gas velocity in m/s Tref = 298K Ts = stack gas temperature Ps = absolute stack/duct gas pressure, Mm Hg = Pbar + Ps/13.5 Qs = stack gas volumetric flow rate (m3/hr)

Determination of Moisture in gas stream: Condensed Method:

In this method a gas sample is extracted through a filter for removal of the particle matter. Then through a condenser, accumulating the condensate formed in process, and finally through a gas meter. The object of the test is to collect and measure the volume of all the concentrate formed at the condensing temperature from a measured amount of gas. The water vapour is uniformly dispersed in the gas stream and therefore, sampling for moisture determination need not be isokinetic and is not sensitive to the position in the

duct. The sampling nozzle may be positioned downstream to minimize the build up of pressure drop across the thimble due to particulate catch. The gas is sampled at a rate of 500ml/sec. The test is run until enough condensate has been collected to enable an accurate measurement. The temperature is measured and pressure of condenser close to the meter as an insignificant pressure loss in the line between them is expected. The meter pressure may be substituted for condensate pressure, the volume of a gas sampled is measured and barometric pressure also in order to calculate the moisture content. The volume of condensate is measured and collected in graduated measuring cylinder.

Calculation:
Volume of water vapour Vv = Equivalent vapour of condensate under sampling condition, m3 Vo = Volume of condensate in condenser, ml Vm = Volume of gas sampled at meter condition, m3 Pm = Suction at meter, mm Hg column Pbar = Barometric pressure, mm Hg column Tm = absolute temperature Moisture in flue gas, M (%) = Vv x 100/Vv + Vm Selection of location of sampling: Sample for particulate concentration shall be done at same traverse points where velocity measurement was carried out.

Sampling rate at gas meter is as follows: Rm = Us x As x Tm (Pbar Pm) x Vm x 1000 x 60 Ts (Pbar Pm) (Vv + Vm) Where, Rm = flow rate through meter, m3/sec Vv = equivalent vapour of condensate under sampling condition, m3 Vm = volume of gas sampled at meter condition, m3 Pm = suction at meter, mm Hg column Pbar = barometric pressure, mm Hg column Tm = absolute temperature, 0K Ts = stack gas temperature, 0K As = area of sampling nozzle, m2 Us = stack gas velocity, m/s The nozzle size is selected which will provide meter-sampling rate between 40-60 liter/min.

Duration of sampling: 1. Minimum of 1 m3 of dry gas has to be drawn for sampling. 2. The mass of PM amounts to at least 20% of the mass of the filtering medium in the sample. 3. Too short time may give unreal results and too long time cause the resistance of the sampling train to exceed the pumps limits. Preparation of sampling train: 1. After proper nozzle and filtering medium has been selected, the sample train is assembled. The sampling probe is marked with the same traverse points used for conducting the velocity measurements. 2. The clean pre-weighed thimble is placed in the thimble holder and is tightened securely. 3. The test is started after the sampling rates have been calculated and train assembled and checked for leakage. When the equipment is ready in all respects, the initial dry gas meter reading is recorded and the sampling probe is pushed carefully into the duct to the point nearest to the back wall. This will allow the probe to cool in hot stack as it comes out shortening the time required for cooling after the sample is taken. It is advisable to allow the nozzle and filter holder to pre-heat so that moisture present in the gases does not condense in the filter during initial part of sampling. 4. When starting the test the nozzle should be the source. The control valve is opened and the stopwatch is started. The time is noted and is recorded in the log sheet. The flow rate is adjusted for isokinetic condition to be obtained. As the test proceeds dust build up in the thimble will increase the amount of suction required to maintain the proper meter rate. The valve should be adjusted accordingly, this suction should not exceed 150 mm of Hg for proper thimbles. During the test, if the Hg suction pressure at the meter drops suddenly, it indicates that a leak has developed in the equipment or that thimble has cracked or burst. In this event, the test is discarded and repeated. The initial gas meter reading is recorded and pressure and temperature in this sample train as well as condenser temperature at half-minute interval during the test. 5. When the sampling at one point has been computed, the next point is moved as quickly as possible. At the completion of test the control valve is closed, the direction of the probe is turned so that sampling nozzle is facing downstream and the final gas volume and time is recorded. The sampler is removed carefully from the flue and the nozzle is plugged to prevent loss of sample. 6. After the sample has cooled, the dust on inside of the nozzle is brushed carefully into the thimble using a small brush. The thimble is removed and is placed in a dust tight container for transportation to the weighing room. 7. The mass of the dust collected in the thimble is determined by difference i.e. by weighing the thimble before and after the run, the thimble is dried in an oven for about 2hrs at 1200C prior to sampling. After sampling the thimble along with dust is cooled, dried and again weighed maintaining the same condition as prior to sampling.

8. The volume of gas sampled is calculated using the following equation: Vstd = Vm (Pbar Pm) x 298 760 x (273 + Tm) Where, Vstd = Equivalent vapour of condensate under sampling condition, m3 Vm = Volume of gas sampled at meter condition, m3 Pm = suction at meter, mm Hg column Pbar = barometric pressure, mm Hg column Tm = Absolute temperature, 0K Calculation of dust concentration: Mn = Final weight Initial weight = mg Dust concentration in mg/Nm3 = Mn/Vstd = mg/Nm3 Dust emission rate, kg/hr = Dust concentration x volumetric flow rate 106 Molecular weight of stack/duct gas on dry basis: Md = 0.44 (%CO2) + 0.32 (%O2) + 0.28 (%N2 + %CO) Calculation of volume of water vapour Vv = Vc x 22.4 x Tm x 760 1000 x 18 x 273 (Pbar Pm) where, Vc = volume of condensate in condenser, ml Moisture in flue gas (%) = Vv x 100/Vv + Vm