HISTOLOGY: GOLGI APPARATUS

PREPARED BY: 1) FAIRUZ NABILAH BINTI BORHANUDIN 2) TYASYURRUN NAZIRIN BT TAN BICHIK 3) USWATUL HASANAH BT SUHAIMI 4) SITI ZULAIKHA BINTI ZULKAPRI 5) SITI SARAH BINTI ZAKARIA 5110 5108 5109 5107 5106

INDEX
1) INTRODUCTION 2) STRUCTURE 3) FUNCTIONS 4) ABNORMALITIES 5) CONCLUSION 6) REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi body or Golgi complex can be found universally in both plant and animal cells. It is the major membranous organelle that concerned with secretion. It is typically comprised of a series of five to eight cupshaped, membrane-covered sacs called cisternae that look something like a stack of deflated balloons. Similarly, the number of Golgi bodies in a cell varies according to its function. Animal cells generally contain between ten and twenty Golgi stacks per cell, which are linked into a single complex by tubular connections between cisternae. Golgi apparatus also have slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). Both cis and trans faces are closely associated with special compartments, each composed of a network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures.

STRUCTURE

FUNCTIONS
The Golgi apparatus is an essential organelle of eukaryotic cells. Cells synthesise a large number of different macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules for exocytosis or use within the cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes. In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell. Enzymes within the cisternae are able to modify the proteins by addition of carbohydrates and phosphates. In order to do so, the Golgi imports substances such as nucleotide sugars from the cytosol. These modifications may also form a signal sequence which determines the final destination of the protein. The principal function of Golgi apparatus is always to carry out the processing of proteins generated in endoplasmic reticulum. Together with the function of processing proteins, the Golgi apparatus also transports it to the diverse parts of cell. Proteins, as well as lipids and polysaccharides, are transported from the Golgi apparatus to their final destinations through the secretory pathway. This involves the sorting of proteins into different kinds of transport vesicles, which bud from the trans Golgi network and deliver their contents to the appropriate cellular locations (Figure 9.7). Some proteins are carried from the Golgi to the plasma membrane by a constitutive secretory pathway, which accounts for the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane, as well as for the continuous secretion of proteins from the cell. Golgi apparatus carries out the breakdown of proteins and formation of tiny, active fragments. Sulfate groups are added to protein molecules within the Golgi apparatus. Incorporation of phosphate molecules onto molecules of proteins is also an essential task carried out inside the Golgi apparatus.

Transportation of lipids about cells and creation of lysosomes are the essential functions carried out by Golgi apparatus. Synthesis of proteoglycans is carried out by the Golgi body. The proteoglycans are located in extracellular matrix of animal cells. Carbohydrates are synthesized inside the Golgi body. The method of carbohydrate synthesis entails production of polysaccharides and glucosaminoglycans (GAGs).The lengthy, unbranched polysaccharides and GAGs are attached to proteins to be able to form proteoglycans. The GAGs are polymerized by enzymes present in Golgi body using the assist of xylose link; it leads to the formation of core proteins. Other than that, golgi apparatus plays a crucial role within the prevention of cell destructions or apoptosis.

ABNORMALITIES

1) LACK OF GOLGI APPARATUS: The role of the Golgi apparatus in wall formation of vegetative cells of a marine chrysophyte, Pleurochrysisscherffelii, is described. Wall fragments are synthesized within the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. A single Golgi apparatus is always located at the cell periphery, and the distended cisternae are oriented toward the cell surface. A highly-ordered body found near the inflated cisternae is associated with spherical, membrane-bounded bodies which may be involved in the progressive degeneration of cisternal membranes which release wall fragments. Protoplast movement has been detected by time-lapse cinephotomicrography and is correlated at the ultrastructural level with change in positions of the Golgi cisternae. Wall-synthesizing capacity is greatest during transverse wall formation. Senescent cells lack a Golgi apparatus with inflated cisternae. In addition, wall fragments are not present in the Golgi cisternae at this stage. Zoosporogenesis results in a temporary loss of the wall-forming capacity of the Golgi apparatus; this activity then resumes with the formation of a different morphological entity, the scale. Preliminary quantitative measurements of the turnover capacity of the Golgi apparatus have been made. From these data it has been determined that between 41 and 82 Golgi generations are required to synthesize the cell wall of an actively growing cell; this estimate indicates that approximately one cisterna is produced every 2 min, provided the cell generation time is 3 days. The time-lapse cinephotomicrographic data confirm that the rate of production of Golgi cisternae is at least one cisterna every 2 min. Why would a cell die if there is no Golgi apparatus? It is due to loss of proteins which are required for cell formation. The materials synthesized in the ER are stored, sorted, modified, packaged and dispatched to various targets inside and outside the cell through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus packs products in vesicles, the secretary vesicles. In some cases complex sugars example: cellulose, may be made from simple sugars in Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in the formation of the cells which will not be possible if Golgi apparatus is not there. 2) EXCESS OF GOLGI APPARATUS: Effects of dietary vitamin A deficiency and excess on Golgi apparatus architecture were determined for livers of male CDF rats. In deficient animals, Golgi apparatus stacks

were reduced in diameter and characterized by small, often highly fenestrated, saccules. Total membrane surface occupied by Golgi apparatus membranes also was less. Golgi apparatus of livers of animals receiving vitamin A in excess were more variable ranging from nearly normal appearance to much larger than normal. Saccules were larger and lacked the numerous fenestrations shown by Golgi apparatus of vitamin A deficient animals. Numbers and appearance of secretory vesicles and total number of small vesicular profiles were unaffected by vitamin A status of the animal. Unusual cisternal configurations were encountered much more frequent at the mature face of Golgi apparatus of animals fed vitamin A excess than in animals receiving adequate vitamin A and were absent from Golgi apparatus of animals receiving no vitamin A. Except for slightly swollen mitochondria and a loss of the "zone of exclusion" surrounding the nucleus, both observed in vitamin A excess, the Golgi apparatus response was the only ultrastructural alteration in liver that responded consistently to changes in vitamin A status.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, golgi apparatus plays important role in human body as it primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell and the creation of lysosomes. It also helps in chemical modification of protein by addition of carbohydrates and sulphates. Furthermore, it is important in renewal and maintenance of cell membrane by providing it with integral protein.

A cell may die if there is no Golgi apparatus. It is due to loss of proteins which are required for cell formation. The materials synthesized in the ER are stored, sorted, modified, packaged and dispatched to various targets inside and outside the cell through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in the formation of the cells which will not be possible if Golgi apparatus is not there. Besides, zoosporogenesis may occurs result in a temporary loss of the wall-forming capacity of the Golgi apparatus. The excessive formation of golgi apparatus in the cell also affect the activity of the cell as well. In the nutshell, Allah have created all the process in this world perfectly.

REFERENCES
(Retrieved on, 13 November 2011, (http://www.aaaad.net/golgi-apparatus-function/))