BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Modules 20.8 20.13
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
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20.8 Several tissues are organized to form an organ Each organ is made of several tissues that cooperate to perform specific functions
Lumen Columnar epithelium Epithelial tissue

Lumen

Connective tissue

Blood vessel

Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers)

Connective tissue
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Figure 20.8

20.9 The body is a cooperative of organ systems The level of organization higher than an organ is an organ system Each organ system has one or more functions

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 The digestive system gathers food

The respiratory system gathers oxygen

Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus

Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung

A. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

B. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9A, B

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 The circulatory system, aided by the lymphatic system, transports the food and oxygen

The immune system protects the body from infection and cancer

Bone marrow Thymus Heart Spleen

Lymph nodes Blood vessels Lymph vessels

C. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

D. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Figure 20.9C, D

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 The excretory system disposes of certain wastes

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary bladder Urethra

E. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9E

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 The endocrine and nervous systems control and coordinate body functions
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Spinal cord Nerves Sense organ Brain

Ovary (female)

F. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

H. NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 20.9F, H

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 The integumentary system covers and protects the body

The skeletal system supports and protects the body

Hair

Cartilage

Skin

Nails Bones

J. SKELETAL AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

Figure 20.9J
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 The muscular system enables movement

Skeletal muscles

I. Muscular system

Figure 20.9I
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 The reproductive system perpetuates the species

MALE

Penis FEMALE Ovary Oviduct Uterus Vagina Urethra G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

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Seminal vesicles Prostate gland

Vas deferens Testis Figure 20.9G

20.10 Connection: New imaging technology reveals the inner body New technologies enable us to see body organs without surgery
Computed tomography (CT)

Figure 20.10A, B
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 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

Figure 20.10C, D
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EXCHANGES WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 20.11 Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment Animals are not closed systems
An animal must exchange materials and heat with its environment This exchange must extend to the cellular level

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Small animals with simple body construction have enough surface to meet their cells needs
Hydras can exchange materials with the environment though direct diffusion
Mouth Diffusion

Diffusion Two cell layers Figure 20.11A

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Gastrovascular cavity

 Larger, complex animals have specialized internal structures that increase surface area

Mouth

External environment CO2 Food O2 Animal

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Cells
Nutrients

Interstitial fluid

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces)

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Metabolic waste products (urine)

Figure 20.11B

 The respiratory system has an enormous internal surface area associated with a vast number of capillaries In complex animals, the exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place through the interstitial fluid
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Figure 20.11C

20.12 Animals regulate their internal environment In response to changes in external conditions, animals regulate their internal environment
They must do this to achieve homeostasis, an internal steady state
External environment Internal environment

Large external fluctuations

Control systems

Small internal fluctuations

ANIMAL

Cells of body Figure 20.12A, B

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20.13 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback Control systems sense change

ON Set point Sensor Signal via wire

OFF

CONTROL CENTER

Temperature of room STIMULUS

Heater

EFFECTOR

Heat produced

RESPONSE
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Figure 20.13A

 Negative feedback mechanisms keep fluctuations in internal conditions within the narrow range compatible with life

Heat given off by

1. Blood vessels dilating 2. Sweating

Blood pressure decreases

Skin

Too hot Brain Signals via blood Signals to skin via nerves Too cold

CONTROL CENTER

Blood temperature increases

Skin

Heat conserved by
1. Blood vessels constricting 2. No sweating

Figure 20.13B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings