BBS 1134 GENETICS

LAB EXERCISE Population Genetics

Objectives
1. To enable student to understand how to determine allele and genotype frequencies in a
population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
2. To demonstrate the effect of one generation of migration on allele and genotype in the
conglomerate generation.
3. To study the effect of one generation of selection on allele and genotype frequencies.

Introduction
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium states that under certain conditions, after one generation of
random mating, the genotype frequencies at a single gene locus will become fixed at a particular
equilibrium value.
The conditions are:
• Infinite population size (or sufficiently large so as to minimize the effect of genetic drift.
• No natural selection.
• No mutation.
• No migration/gene flow.
• Random mating within a single population.
• Is sexually reproducing, either monoecians & dioecian.

Material
Yellow (Dhal bean), White (Soy bean), Black (black pepper)

Experiment
Autosomal Allele
1. 100 Dhal beans and 20 black peppers were prepared, mixed together.
2. The seeds were randomly paired.
3. The results obtained were examined.
4. Step 1 to 3 was repeated to examine F2.

T: p = 100/200 = 0.83
T: q = 20/200 = 0.17

Results
F1 Generation

(Obs-Exp)²
Genotype Observed Expected
Exp
TT 41 p² (60) = 41 0
Tt 17 2pq (60) = 17 0
tt 2 q² (60) = 2 0
Total 60 60 0
F2 Generation

(Obs-Exp)²
Genotype Observed Expected
Exp
TT 39 p² (60) = 41 0.098
Tt 21 2pq (60) = 17 0.941
tt 0 q² (60) = 2 2.00
Total 60 3.039

Form the result, x2, were obtained, it shows that it follows the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Multiple Allele
1. 100 Dhal beans, 50 soy bean and 20 black peppers were prepared and mixed together.
2. The seeds were randomly paired up.
3. The result obtained was examined.

IA : black
IA = (20/170)  p= 0.118

IB: white
IB = (50/170) q = 0.29

l: yellow
l = (100/170)r = 0.59

Results

(Obs- Exp)2
Genotype Observed Expected
Exp
(0.12)2 (85)
IA IA 2 1.000
=1
2(0.12) (0.59)
IA i 8 1.333
= 12
(0.29)2 (85)
IB IB 8 0.143
=7
2(0.29) (0.59) (85)
IB i 26 0.310
= 29
2(0.120 (0.29) (85)
IA IB 9 1.500
=6
(0.59)2 (85)
ii 32 0.133
= 30
TOTAL 85

From the result, we can conclude that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is followed.
Migration

pd = 0.8 75 pr = 0.2

qd = 0.2 qr = 0.8

pd = 160 yellow pr = 40 yellow

qd = 40 white pr = 160 white

1. 160 Dhal beans (yellow) and 40 soy beans (white) were prepared and mixed together to
represent the donor. 75 seeds from donor were transferred up to recipient.
2. Seeds were randomly paired up from the conglomerate population and the results were
examined.

Results

New allele
New genotype
Allele frequencies in Initial genotype frequencies in
frequencies in
recipient population frequencies conglomerate
conglomerate
population
p = 0.2 (yellow) p² = 0.04 Pc = (72/250) p² = 0.083

q = 0.8 (white) 2pq = 0.32 2pq = 0.410

q² = 0.64 Qc = (178/250) q² = 0.507

From the results obtained, we can conclude this generation obeys the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.

Natural Selection
1. 100 Dhal beans and 100 soy beans were prepared and mixed together.
2. Beans were randomly paired.
3. Lethal alleles (heterozygous) were eliminated and the remaining alleles were counted.
4. From the F1 generation, the seeds were mixed and randomly paired up.
5. The F2 generation alleles were counted and the results were examined.

100 yellow (WAA)

100 white (Waa)
Lethal gene (WAa)
Results

Genotype
Original Genotype Allele Frequencies
Allele Frequencies Frequencies After
Frequencies After Selection
Selection

WAA = (30/100) P = [(2x30)/(2x10)] WAA = (17/55)

A = p : 0.5
= 0.30 = 0.31

WAa= (25/55)
a = q : 0.5 WAa = (45/100)
= 0.45

q = [(2x25)/(2x100)] Waa = (13/55)

Waa = (25/100)
= 0.25 = 0.24

0.55 1.00

From the results obtained, F1 generation and F2 generation obey the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.

Discussion
Migration occurs when living things organization move from one biome to another. In most
cases organisms migrate to avoid local shortages of food, usually caused by winter or
overpopulation. Animals may also migrate to certain location to breed, as is in the case with
some fish.

Effect of migration in population:

• The allele frequencies in the gene pool change.
• Causing evolution.
• Gene flow can hinder optimal adoption of a population to local condition.
• Recurrent migration can maintain a disadvantages trait at high frequency.

Selection is the evolutionary process by which favorable traits that are heritability become more
common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable
traits that are heritable become less common.

Effect of selection in population:

• Decrease the frequency of harmful mutation (stabilizing selection)
• Increase the frequency of beneficial mutation (directional selection).
• New organisms through evolution.
• Organisms become better adapted to their environment (increase in fitness of the
individual)
Conclusion
1. The understanding of how to determine the allele and genotype frequencies in a population
of Hardy-Weinberg was achieved.
2. The effect of one generation of migration on allele and genotype frequencies in a
conglomerate generation was demonstrated
3. The effect to one generation of selection on allele and genotype frequency was studied.