CIEG 301: Structural Analysis

Loads, continued

Load Transfer and Load Distribution

Considered a typical building framing plan

Work from top down Determine tributary widths and tributary areas as appropriate Applicable for dead load and live load Similar approach used for all load types Work from point of load application to point where load is transferred out of the structure

Load Transfer and Load Distribution (contd)

When members supporting the slab are oriented in one direction: One-way slab When members supporting the slab are oriented in both directions: Use L2/L1 (long dimension / short dimension) to determine if oneway slab or two-way slab L2/L1 > 2 one-way slab, otherwise two-way slab If two-way slab, draw lines at 45 degrees to determine tributary area

10

14

30

20

Live Loads
Moving loads Loads vary in magnitude and location Examples
In buildings:
People Furnishings Materials Cranes Automobiles

In bridges:
Vehicular traffic

Live Loads, Continued

In buildings, typically applied to the structure as a uniformly distributed load Load is applied to all or part of the structure to maximize load effects Typical magnitudes of live load:
Table 1-4

Live Load Reduction

For large floor areas, there is less probability that the entire floor will be loaded Live load reduction factors are used to reduce the applied load In English units this factor is: 15 L 0.25
RF

> 0.5 for members supporting one floor > 0.4 for members supporting more than one floor KLL = member type coefficient (for interior columns, KLL = 4) AT = tributary area L = LoLRF Lo = original live load, > 100 lb/ft or reduction NA Reduction NA for public assembly spaces, garages, and roofs

K LL A T

Snow Load
Historical data is used to determine maximum snow depths over 50-year recurrence interval for a specific location This gives the ground snow load, pg pg is modified to give the roof snow load For flat roofs (< 5% slope), p = 0.7CeCtIpg Ce = exposure factor (0.8 for unobstructed; =1.3 for sheltered urban) Ct = thermal factor (1.0 for normal heat; 1.2 for unheated) I = importance (0.8 for agriculture / storage; 1.2 for hospitals)

Wind Load
Kinetic energy generated by wind:
KE = 0.5rV2
V = velocity (wind speed) r = air density

Kinetic energy becomes potential energy (pressure) when a structure blocks the air flow

Amer. Society of Civil Engrs. (ASCE) 7-02 Wind Map

Wind Pressure (qz)

0.5rV2 is converted into wind pressure (qz) qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I [lb/ft2]
Kz = exposure coefficient (depends on structure height and ground terrain) Kzt = exposure topography coefficient Kd = direction coefficient (equal to 1.0 when wind is the only load considered) V2 = velocity in mph I = importance of the structure

Wind: Design Loads

The design pressure for wind loading is the difference between the external and internal pressure p = qGCp qh(GCpi)
q = qz for the windward wall at height z qh = qz for the leeward wall, side wall, and roof, where z = h = the mean height of the roof G = gust effect factor = 0.85 for rigid structures Cp = pressure coefficient GCpi = internal pressure coefficient (+ 0.18 for fully enclosed buildings, + 0.55 for partially enclosed, 0 for open) Handout: Selected sections of Chapter 6 (from ASCE 7-02) Example.

Homework
Due Sept. 7th / Next Thurs. 3 Problems:
Determine wind loads acting on roof and leeward wall of the in-class example From chapter 1 of textbook:
1-2 (dead load) 1-10 (live load)