Well Architecture RGE 2008 JP Szezuka

Well Architecture
WELL ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
WHAT IS AN HOLE WELL ?
An Oil well is a bit more than just a hole in the Earth. Due to the various Formations drilled (nature, unstability, reservoirs, ) it is necessary to regularly protect the well bore. For this the hole is covered using steel tubulars called Casings which are furthermore Cemented. The result is a telescopic succession of holes ending at different depths and having decreasing diameters. This is what is called the Architecture of the well.
Various equipments are installed inside the last(s) casing(s) to allow Production of the Hydrocarbons. This is the Completion phase. An Oil well can be Vertical, Deviated or Horizontal. It can be a Producer or an Injector.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Well Architecture Exemple & Conventional Representation
Hole 26 (660 mm) Casing 20 (508 mm)
Conductor pipe 50 m (164 ft)
Hole 171/2 (660 mm) Casing 133/8 (340 mm)
Surface casing 240 m (787 ft)
Hole 1214 (311 mm) Casing 95/8 (224 mm)
Intermediary casing 2400 m (7 874 ft)
Hole 81/2 (216 mm) Casing 7 (178 mm) Hole 53/4 (146 mm) Casing 41/2 (114,3 mm)
Production casing 3300 m (10 826 ft)
Production liner 3600 m (11 811 ft)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Casing Pipes
A casing pipe is composed of a body, threaded male at each of its extremities, On one of the extremities is screwed a casing collar, threaded femelle x femelle, used to connect the casing pipes between them.
Casing pipes exist in various sizes, weights and threads.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
WHAT IS AN HOLE WELL ?
Cementation
Previous Casing Cement Annular Casing Shoe The cement is mixed on surface, pumped inside the casing and displaced in the annular
Open Hole
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
OIL WELL
Well at end of drilling operations

JPS-04-08
Perforated & Completed well
Well Architecture
When designing a new well the first step is to determine its
ARCHITECTURE
i.e to determine the Phases of the well Depth Drilling size Casing size Casing characteristics
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
The well architecture depends on :

The well final depth ( From some hundred meters to 10 000 meters + ) The formation pressures & fracturation pressures. The nature of the drilled formations ( Stability, Fluid bearing or not, ) Some formations may lead to case the hole (shales, salt, ) The shoe is better located in an impermeable formation. The production programme.
DB JPS-04-08 - 11/01/2005
Well Architecture
The well architecture design can be done in five steps :
1 - GATHER INFORMATION 2 - DETERMINE THE REQUIRED DRILLING FLUID DENSITIES 3 - DETERMINE THE CASING SHOE DEPTHS 4 - DETERMINE THE CASING SIZES AND DRILLING SIZES 5 CASING DESIGN
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
1 - GATHER INFORMATION
INFORMATIONS ON THE GEOLOGICAL BEDS (LITHOLOGY, TYPE) EXPECTED DEPTHS OF THE DIFFERENT FORMATIONS AND RESERVOIRS EXPECTED FORMATION PRESSURES EXPECTED FRACTURATION PRESSURES POTENTIAL ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE POTENTIAL FLUENT FORMATIONS
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
Pressure Plot
BAA5 BAA2
HORDALAND/NORDALAND GROUP
AAB1 AAB2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
Reference Wells DST LOT
CENOMAN. / MAASTR.ICHIAN
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Hydrostatic Pressure
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
BRENT BAA2
VIKING MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
HEATHER ABB5
DRAUPNE BAA5
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
Gradient Plot
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Reference Wells
4000
DST LOT
CROMER
ALBIAN
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
Well Architecture
Formation Pressure Determination
The formation pressure can be estimated from various sources :
Drilling operations Mud logging (connection gas, ) Pressure measurements from wire line logs DST (Drill Stem Testing)
DST (Drill Stem Testing)

A DST allows to produce a well for a limited period of time, i.e. to accurately measure the formation pressure and to recover formation fluids. This is done using the drillstring and one or two packers. This can be done : in open hole in a cased perforated hole
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
LOT (Leak Off Test)
A LOT allows to determine the formation strength (Fracturation gradient) at a given depth
Pressure (bar)
50
Leak-off point (Trend change)

40
Pump stopped
LOT Data
Depth 1010 mV Shoe at 1000 mV Mud weight 1.20 sg Flow rate 50 lpm Frac pressure 40 bars
30
20
Results
Pressure at shoe = 40 + (1000 x 1.20) / 10.2 = 157.7 bars Frac gradient or = 1.20 + (40 x 10.2) / 1000 = 1.61 = (157.7 x 10.2) / 1000 = 1.61
10
50
100
150 200
250
2 4 6 8 10
Pumped volume (litres)

JPS-04-08
Time (mn)
Well Architecture
LOT (Leak Off Test)
Objective of a LOT
LOT are carried out during the drilling phase of a well to: Confirme the strength of the cement bond around the casing shoe Investigate the capability of the well to withstand additional pressure below the casing shoe Collect local data on formation strength
When to do a LOT
After drilling of the casing shoe in order to determine the weak point of the coming hole During drilling of the next hole section After drilling of a weak zone After drilling of a permeable zone Before a transition zone Before a important increase of mud density
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
LOT (Leak Off Test)
LOT Procedure
Drill out cement and 5 to 6 meters of new formation. Circulate and condition mud, accuretely measure the mud density. Pull the bit back inside the casing. Make sure than the well is filled up. Close the BOP on a drillpipe. Use a high pressure, low volume pump (cement pump). Line up calibrated pressure gauges (on the stand pipe). Start pumping slowly (50 to 100 lpm) until the pressure builds up. Record and plot the volume pumped against pressure. The leak-off value is defined as the first point where the pressure deviates from the observed trend. Stop pumping and keep the well closed in and observe the pressure If the pressure does not stabilize, this may be an indication of a system link or a bad cement bond. Bleed off the pressure and measure the volume of mud lost into the formation.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
AAB1
1000
Estimated Fracturation Gradient
OLIGOCENE
AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Estimated Formation Pressure
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
BRENT BAA2 DRAUPNE BAA5
HEATHER ABB5
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABB5 ABA1 AAA1
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER VIKING ALBIAN MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
Hydrostatic Pressure 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
2 - DETERMINE THE REQUIRED DRILLING FLUID DENSITIES

TO CONTROL THE PORE PRESSURE OF THE DRILLED FORMATIONS TO AVOID FRACTURATION OF THE ROCKS TO AVOID SWELLING OF THE SHALES TO AVOID FLUID LOSSES IN THE FORMATIONS.
THIS IS DONE USING SAFETY MARGINS DETERMINING THE MUD WINDOW. THE REQUIRED MUD WEIGHT IS USUALLY SELECTED AS THE MINIMUM WEIGHT ALLOWING TO CONTROL THE FORMATION PRESSURE.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
1000
Estimated Fracturation Gradient Safety margin (kick margin) Required Mud Weight
EOCENE
OLIGOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Mud Window
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
Safety margin (trip margin)
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
3 - DETERMINE THE CASING SHOE DEPTHS

DETERMINE WHERE THE REQUIRED MUD WEIGHT CAN BE SAFELY USED IN ORDER TO : CONTROL THE FORMATION PRESSURE AVOID FRACTURATION OF THE ROCKS CONSIDERING ANY POTENTIAL PROBLEM (FLUID LOSSES, FLUENT FORMATIONS, )
THIS IS DONE FROM BOTTOM TO TOP OF THE WELL.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Casing Shoe Depths Determination
Casing shoe depths are determined in order to be able to control a kick without risk to fracture the drilled formation, Then function of : Expected formation and fracturation pressures, Expected fluids, Casing type, Selected hypothesis (well full of gas or limited volumeof invasion (few m3),
Preferably set in an impermeable formation : Shale, Limestone, Anhydrite,
This is done starting from the bottom of the well.
DB JPS-04-08 - 11/01/2005
Well Architecture
Required Mud Weight
Casing required at this depth
Estimated Fracturation Gradient Estimated Formation Pressure
Depth to be reached
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Well head pressure If well full of gas
Gas gradient
Casing required at this depth Estimated Formation Pressure
Depth to be reached
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
200 mV
OLIGOCENE
1000
1300 mV
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE CENOMAN. / MAASTR.ICHIAN ROGALAND
3000
3200 mV
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
4 - DETERMINE THE CASING SIZES AND DRILLING SIZES

ACCORDING TO REQUIRED PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT USING AVAILABLE CASING (STANDARD SIZES WHENEVER POSSIBLE)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Depth (meters) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Pressure (bars)
Sea
PLIOCENE
Csg 24 200 mV at 200 m
Phase 22
OLIGOCENE
1000
Csg 185/8 1300 mV at 1300 mV Phase 171/2
EOCENE
2000
3000
Phase 121/4
SHETLAND GROUP
Csg 133/8 3200 mV at 3200 mV
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
Csg 95/8 4200 mV at 4200 mV Phase 81/2
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
Phase 6
Liner 7 5060 mV at 5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Liner 41/2 at TD
Well Architecture
5 CASING DESIGN
SELECT THE MECHANICAL RESISTANCE OF THE CASING PIPES (GRADE, WEIGHT AND THREAD) IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE VARIOUS CONDITIONS THAT THE CASING WILL MEET. TRACTION BURST PRESSURE COLLAPSE PRESSURE CONSIDERING THE CEMENTING PROGRAMME CONSIDERING THE PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Casing Pipes Characterisation
External diameter (body) Linear weight (body) Grade
(inches or mm) (pounds/foot - lbs/ft - # or kg/m) (a letter followed by a number) (The number indicates the steel minimum yield strength in kpsi) (API, BTC,VAM,)
Type of Connection
Example:
133/8
40.0 lbs/ft
K55
BTC
All casing pipes characteristics are regulated by the American Petroleum Institute API 5CT
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
BRENT BAA2
VIKING MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
HEATHER ABB5
DRAUPNE BAA5
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
AAB1
1000
OLIGOCENE
AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
BRENT BAA2 DRAUPNE BAA5
HEATHER ABB5
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
1000
Estimated Fracturation Gradient Safety margin (kick margin)
EOCENE
OLIGOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
Mud Window
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
1000
Estimated Fracturation Gradient Safety margin (kick margin) Required Mud Weight
EOCENE
OLIGOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Mud Window
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
OLIGOCENE
The BRENT reservoir has a lower pressure gradient This requires to set a casing at its top to be able to decrease the mud density. > A Casing (/ Liner) will be set at 5060 mV.
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
> A Liner will cover the BRENT to 5450 mV TD.
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
OLIGOCENE
A 2.07 mud weight is required to drill this section. This gradient intercept the fracturation line at 4200 mV. > A Casing must be set at 4200 mV.
1000
EOCENE
2000
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
OLIGOCENE
A 1.80 mud weight is required to drill this section. This gradient intercept the fracturation line at 3200 mV. > A Casing must be set at 3200 mV.
1000
EOCENE
2000
3000
3200 mV
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
OLIGOCENE
There is a risk of mud losses in the OLIGOCENE. A 1.22 mud weight is required to drill the abnormally pressured EOCENE. > This requires to cover the OLIGOCENE
1000
1300 mV
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
A casing must be set after penetration in the EOCENE (+/- 1300 mV)
3000
3200 mV
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure (bars)
200 mV
OLIGOCENE
1000
A Conductor pipe with a 50 m penetration in the sea bed is required. > It must be set at 200 mV
1300 mV
EOCENE
2000
3000
3200 mV
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
5060 mV
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Csg 24 200 mV at 200 m
OLIGOCENE
1000
The Production Departement requires a 41/2 liner in the reservoir. > This allows to determine the above casing sizes (using standard sizes).
Csg 185/8 1300 mV at 1300 mV
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
> The 7 will preferably be a liner.
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Csg 133/8 3200 mV at 3200 mV
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
Csg 95/8 4200 mV at 4200 mV
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Liner 41/2 at TD
Well Architecture
Casing & Drilling Sizes
16 185/8 20 24 30
143/4
171/2
20
24
26
113/4
133/8
16
185/8
20
105/8
121/4
143/4
171/2
85/8
95/8
103/4
113/4
133/8
77/8
81/2
83/4
97/8
105/8
121/4
65/8
75/8
85/8
95/8
43/4
57/8
61/8
61/4
61/2
77/8
41/2
51/2
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Csg 24 200 mV at 200 m
Phase 22
OLIGOCENE
1000
Csg 185/8 1300 mV at 1300 mV Phase 171/2
EOCENE
2000
3000
Phase 121/4
SHETLAND GROUP
Csg 133/8 3200 mV at 3200 mV
4000
CROMER ALBIAN
Csg 95/8 4200 mV at 4200 mV Phase 81/2
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
Phase 6
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
2.00
2.20
Liner 41/2 at TD
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
Gradient Plot
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
2000
PALEOCENE ROGALAND
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
Reference Wells
4000
DST LOT
CROMER
ALBIAN
VIKING
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC
5000
BRENT
1.00
JPS-04-08
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
Well Architecture
Sea
PLIOCENE
Depth (meters)
AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABB5 ABA1 AAA1
OLIGOCENE
1000
EOCENE
Reference Wells
2000
PALEOCENE
ROGALAND
DST LOT
3000
SHETLAND GROUP
4000
5000
BRENT
Hydrostatic Pressure 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
JPS-04-08
JPS-04-08 BRENT ROGALAND VIKING HORDALAND/NORDALAND GROUP CROMER SHETLAND GROUP
Depth (meters)
Sea
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC ALBIAN CENOMAN. / MAASTR.ICHIAN EOCENE OLIGOCENE PLIOCENE
PALEOCENE
5000 Hydrostatic Pressure
4000
3000
2000
1000
1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
Well Architecture
JPS-04-08 BRENT ROGALAND VIKING HORDALAND/NORDALAND GROUP CROMER SHETLAND GROUP
Depth (meters)
Sea
MID/UP JUR.ASSIC ALBIAN CENOMAN. / MAASTR.ICHIAN EOCENE OLIGOCENE PLIOCENE
PALEOCENE
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight
200 mV 1300 mV 3200 mV 4200 mV 5060 mV
Well Architecture
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Conductor pipe
A column of casings is composed of several sections called :

- Conductor pipe - Surface casing - Intermediate casing(s) - Production casing or liner(s) Each section must : - Enter in the previous casing & open hole - Allow the next bit to go down - Resists to Burst
(Kick, Production) (Fluent formations, Empty column) (Running in, Tests) (Running in)
Surface casing
Intermediary casing
Production casing
- Resists to Collapse - Resists to Traction - Resists to Buckling
Production liner
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Once the shoe depths and the casing sizes are determined, each casing must be dimensionned in order to resist to the Loading conditions depending on the type of section. For each size of casing exist : Various Grades Various Nominal Weight (pipe wall thickness) Various type of Threads Different Safety coefficients will be used according to the type of section.
A casing column may be composed of different section of pipes.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Casing Pipes Characterisation
External diameter (body) Linear weight (body) Grade
(inches or mm) (pounds/foot - lbs/ft - # or kg/m) (a letter followed by a number) (The number indicates the steel minimum yield strength in kpsi) (API, BTC,VAM,)
Type of Connection
Example:
133/8
40.0 lbs/ft
K55
BTC
All casing pipes characteristics are regulated by the American Petroleum Institute API 5CT
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Casings Grades & Main Characteristics
Grade Yield mini Yield maxi kpsi kpsi H40 40 80 60 J55 55 80 75 K55 55 80 95 C75 75 90 95 L80 80 95 95 N80 80 110 100 C90 90 105 100 C95 95 110 105 P105 105 135 120 P110 110 140 125 Q125 125 150 135
Tensile Str mini Mpa
From the Drilling Data Handbook

JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Standard Casing Connections
API Round Thread & Coupling
Buttress Thread & Coupling
VAM Coupling (Buttress Thread)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Conductor pipe
Objective: Maintain the surface formations. Length : from a few meters to some tenths of meters. Cimentation : To surface (complementary cementation if necessary)
Often installed before the arrival of the drilling rig (Civil works, hammering or drilling)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Surface Casing
Objectives : Maintain the formations Protect the hole from these formations Protect the aquifer formations Support the BOPs Support the next casings Length : from a few meters to some hundreds of meters. Cimentation : To surface
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Intermediary Casing(s)
Objectives : Maintain the formations Solve potential problems between the formations o Pressure, too high or too low o Salt and/or Fluent formations Length : As required Cimentation : To surface or partial (stage cementation if necessary)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Production Casing(s) or Liner(s)
(Any casing or liner exposed to the production operations) Objectives : Maintain the formations Protect the reservoir Allows to install the production equipment Length : As required Shoe at top reservoir if open hole completion Cimentation :
To surface or partial (stage cementation if necessary)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Internal Pressure
External Pressure
Nothing (empty well) Gas Mud weight Cement
Water Mud weight Cement Formation
The cement isolation is usually ignored, except during the cementing operations, > the fluid outside the casing is the mud of the previous phase.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
While drilling then producing the well a casing is submitted to various constraints : While drilling the next phase While being cemented During the production phase (production casing) The coming calculations will take care of these different conditions.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Collapse Criteria
Collapse may occur as a result of: an increase of the external pressure, a decrease of the internal pressure, a combination of both. Various operations may lead to collapse : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Partial or full Evacuation (mud losses) Air, Foam, Aerated Mud, Underbalanced Drilling Cementing operations Floated Casing while running Cementing operations Drill Stem Testing Artificial Lift
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Collapse Criteria
1a Partial Evacuation.
Apply for all Casings. For Exploration Wells, the weakest zone will be taken at the final depth of the actual drilling phase and the gradient of the losses as the water gradient. Internal Pressure: The casing is empty down to the fluid level, the evacuation level will be calculated in order to balance the weakest zone with the actual drilling mud weight.
1b Full Evacuation.
Production casing only. Full Evacuation is considered for Exploration and Development Wells. Internal Pressure: The casing is empty.
Air, Foam, Aerated Mud, Underbalanced Drilling.

Full Evacuation must be considered for Exploration and Development Wells where these techniques are planned. Internal Pressure: The casing is considered as empty.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Collapse Criteria
3 Floated Casing While Running In Hole.
Apply for all Floated Casings. Internal Pressure: The casing is empty down to the fluid level. The remaining fluid inside the casing is the mud of the drilling phase.
4 Cementing Operations
Apply for all cemented Conductor and deep Surface Casings. External Pressure: Internal Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is the cement slurry up to the top of cement and the mud of the drilling phase up to the surface. The fluid inside the casing is the displacement mud.
5 Drill Stem Testing

This case applies to both Production and Drill Stem Testing casings. Internal Pressure: Casing empty from the casing shoe to the production packer. Casing full of packer fluid (Production) or mud (DST) above the packer.
6 Artificial Lift
Development Wells only. Internal Pressure:
JPS-04-08
The casing pressure profile is calculated according to the artificial lift scenario.
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Collapse Pressure
Depth
Casing Collapse lines Internal pressure Top cement
Collapse pressure
External Pressure
Displacement mud
Pressure
Casing cementation
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Collapse Pressure
Depth
Casing Collapse lines Internal pressure Collapse pressure
External Pressure
Fluid level
Drilling Mud
Pressure
Partial losses
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Criteria
Burst may occur as a result of: an increase of the internal pressure, a decrease of the external pressure, a combination of both. Various conditions may lead to burst : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Oil & Gas Kick Well full of Gas Pressure Integrity and leak tests while drilling Surface tubing leak during testing and production operations Surface tubing leak in water & gas injection wells Artificial Lift Bullheading.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Criteria
1 - Oil & Gas Kick.
Apply for Surface and Intermediate Casings in Appraisal and Development Wells when Oil & Gas kick are possible. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is the mud of the previous drilling phase. Internal Pressure: For oil, the resulting internal pressure profile will be a single phase reservoir oil gradient from bottom hole to a point in the well at which local crude saturation pressure is reached (bubble point), and a gas gradient from this point to the surface.
2 - Well Full Of Gas

Apply to all Surface and Intermediate Casings in Exploration wells and Appraisal & Development gas wells. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is the mud of the previous drilling phase. Internal Pressure: The fluid is gas (CH4) - gradient 0.1 psi/ft / 0.7 sg The Bottom Hole Pressure is the anticipated reservoir pressure. The pressure profile is a straight line.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Criteria
3 - Pressure integrity tests and Leak tests while drilling
Apply to all Casings. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is the mud of the previous drilling phase. Internal Pressure: The internal pressure gradient is the actual mud gradient added of the testing pressure.
4 - Surface Tubing Leak During Testing & Production Operations

This case considers a Test/Production tubing leak at the top of the well. The Wellhead shut-in pressure is supposed to be transmitted to the tubing-casing annulus. Apply to Production Casings in Development Wells, and Delineation wells planned for a possible later recovery. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is clear water. Internal Pressure: The internal pressure gradient is the packer fluid gradient incremented by the wellhead shut-in pressure.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Criteria
5 - Surface Tubing Leak In Water & Gas Injection Wells
To apply for all Production Casings and Water & Gas Injection Wells. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is clear water. Internal Pressure: The internal pressure gradient is the packer fluid gradient incremented by the maximum anticipated Injection Pressure
6 - Artificial Lift
To apply to all Production Casings when Artificial Lift is planned. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is clear water. Internal Pressure: The internal pressure is the maximum anticipated pressure that can develop in the worst-case scenario (equipment failure).
7 - Bullheading
To apply for all Casings when Bullheading is the only way to kill the well. External Pressure: The fluid outside the casing is the mud of the previous drilling phase. Internal Pressure: The internal gradient is the actual mud gradient plus a margin of 2000 psi.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Pressure
Well Head pressure
Depth
Casing Burst lines External Pressure
Burst pressure Internal pressure
Drilling Mud
Top of buble
Gas
Reservoir pressure
Pressure
Gas Invasion
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Pressure
Well Head pressure
Depth
Gas
Reservoir pressure
Pressure
Gas Invasion (Well full of gas)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Burst Pressure
Well Head pressure
Depth
Gas
Reservoir pressure
Pressure
Gas Invasion (Well full of gas)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Triaxial Load capacity diagram (Von Mises diagram)
The triaxial load Capacity diagram provides a visual determination of the casing string design adequacy by both API and equivalent triaxial-stress design factors. The triaxial load capacity diagram is a representation of the von Mises equivalent (VME) triaxial-stress intensity in relation to axial force and either internal or external pressure.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Triaxial Load capacity diagram (Von Mises diagram)
Burst
API operating window (including Safety Coefficients)
Compression
Traction
Collapse
Tri Axial Load (Without Safety Coefficients)
Tri Axial Load (With Safety Coefficients)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASING DESIGN
Safety Factors
Conventional Design Factors API uniaxial Loads Burst Collapse Tension Compression 1.10 1.00 1.30 1.00 1.25
Triaxial Analysis Von Mises Combined Loads
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Onshore Drilling Sequence
It starts with civil works to build a platform, in particular the concrete base to support the rig and a cellar where the well begins.
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Drilling 30 Conductor Pipe 20 Drilling 1712 Surface casing 1338 Drilling 1214 Intermediate casing 95/8 Drilling 812 Production casing 7 Drilling 6 Production liner 41/2
Onshore Drilling Sequence

Lengths are measured in meters or feet 1 pied = 0,3048 m Diameters are measured in mm or inches 1 pouce = 25,4 mm
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
CASINGS, WELL HEAD & BLOW OUT PREVENTER

JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
PRODUCTION WELL HEAD (Christmas tree)

JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Drilling Programme
Estimation Pression de pore & Gradient de fracturation

(Extrait dun programme de forage)
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Programme de forage
JPS-04-08
Well Architecture
Programme de forage
JPS-04-08

Well Architecture RGE 2008 JP Szezuka

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Well Architecture RGE 2008 JP Szezuka

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Well Architecture

WELL ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

Hole 26 (660 mm) Casing 20 (508 mm)

Conductor pipe 50 m (164 ft)

Hole 171/2 (660 mm) Casing 133/8 (340 mm)

Surface casing 240 m (787 ft)

Hole 1214 (311 mm) Casing 95/8 (224 mm)

Intermediary casing 2400 m (7 874 ft)

Production casing 3300 m (10 826 ft)

Production liner 3600 m (11 811 ft)

Casing pipes exist in various sizes, weights and threads.

Well at end of drilling operations

Perforated & Completed well

When designing a new well the first step is to determine its

The well architecture depends on :

The well architecture design can be done in five steps :

AAB1 AAB2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5

Reference Wells DST LOT

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5

2.00 2.20 Equivalent mud weight

DST (Drill Stem Testing)

Leak-off point (Trend change)

Pumped volume (litres)

Estimated Fracturation Gradient

AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5

Reference Wells DST LOT

Estimated Formation Pressure

BRENT BAA2 DRAUPNE BAA5

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABB5 ABA1 AAA1

Reference Wells DST LOT

2 - DETERMINE THE REQUIRED DRILLING FLUID DENSITIES

Estimated Formation Pressure

Safety margin (trip margin)

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

3 - DETERMINE THE CASING SHOE DEPTHS

THIS IS DONE FROM BOTTOM TO TOP OF THE WELL.

Preferably set in an impermeable formation : Shale, Limestone, Anhydrite,

This is done starting from the bottom of the well.

Required Mud Weight

Casing required at this depth

Estimated Fracturation Gradient Estimated Formation Pressure

Estimated Fracturation Gradient

Well head pressure If well full of gas

Casing required at this depth Estimated Formation Pressure

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

4 - DETERMINE THE CASING SIZES AND DRILLING SIZES

Csg 24 200 mV at 200 m

Csg 133/8 3200 mV at 3200 mV

Csg 95/8 4200 mV at 4200 mV Phase 81/2

Liner 7 5060 mV at 5060 mV

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

External diameter (body) Linear weight (body) Grade

WELL ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

AAB1 AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5

Reference Wells DST LOT

1.40 1.60 1.80 Equivalent mud weight

Estimated Fracturation Gradient

AAB2 BAA5 BAA2 ABA1 AAA1 ABB5

Reference Wells DST LOT

Estimated Formation Pressure

BRENT BAA2 DRAUPNE BAA5