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GIO TRNH CY LA
Cn Th/2008
THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH
1. THNG TIN V TC GI
H v tn: NGUYN NGC
Sinh nm: 22/8/1956
C quan cng tc:
B mn: Ti nguyn cy trng Khoa: Vin NC Pht trin B
.........................................
Trng: i hc Cn Th
a ch Email lin h: nnde@ctu.edu.vn
2. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
Gio trnh c th dng tham kho cho nhng ngnh no:
Nng hc, Trng trt, Bo v thc vt, Qun l t ai
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
C th dng cho cc trng no:...............................................................................
i hc Cn Th, i hc Nng Lm Tp. HCM, Cc i hc khc c chuyn ngnh
o to nh trn
...................................................................................................................................
Cc t kha ( ngh cung cp 10 t kha tra cu):............................................
Ging la, bnh hi la, su hi la, sinh l la, sinh trng la, k thut canh tc
la, cht lng la go, sinh thi cy la, bo qun la go, chn to ging la
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: ..............................................................
Sinh l thc vt, Nng ha th nhng, Bo v thc vt i cng, Trng trt i cng
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
xut bn in cha, nu c th Nh xut bn no:...................................................
xut bn quyt nh xut bn s 720/Q-HQGTPHCM, ngy 03/12/2008. Nh xut
bn i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
1
MC LC
THNG TIN TC GI ................................................................................................. 1
MC LC........................................................................................................................ 2
DANH SCH HNH ..................................................................................................... 11
DANH SCH BNG .................................................................................................... 17
CM T ........................................................................................................................ 19
M U ........................................................................................................................ 20
CHNG 1: V TR KINH T TNH HNH SN XUT V TRIN VNG CA
NGNH LA ................................................................................................................ 21
1.1. V TR KINH T CA LA GO .................................................................. 23
1.1.1. Gi tr dinh dng ........................................................................................ 23
1.1.2. Gi tr s dng .............................................................................................. 25
1.1.3. Gi tr thng mi ........................................................................................ 26
1.2. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO TRN TH GII.................................. 27
1.3. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO NC TA V NG BNG SNG
CU LONG .............................................................................................................. 34
1.4. NHNG TIN B GN Y V TRIN VNG CA NGNH TRNG
LA........................................................................................................................... 38
1.5. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 40
1.6. BI C THM ............................................................................................... 41
CHNG 2: NGUN GC V PHN LOI LA ................................................ 42
2.1. NGUN GC .................................................................................................... 42
2.1.1. Ni xut pht la trng................................................................................. 42
2.1.2. T tin la trng ........................................................................................... 43
2.1.3. Lch s ngnh trng la ................................................................................ 45
2.2. PHN LOI LA ............................................................................................. 46
2.2.1. Theo c tnh thc vt hc ........................................................................... 46
2.2.2. Theo sinh thi a l ..................................................................................... 47
2.2.3. Theo c tnh sinh l: Tnh quang cm ........................................................ 49
2.2.3.1. Nhm la quang cm ........................................................................... 49
2.2.3.2. Nhm la khng quan cm .................................................................. 50
2.2.4. Theo iu kin mi trng canh tc............................................................. 50
2.2.5. Theo c tnh sinh ho ht go ..................................................................... 51
2.2.6. Theo c tnh ca hnh thi .......................................................................... 52
2.3. CU HI N TP ............................................................................................ 53
2
Tn hnh
Trang
21
23
27
28
31
35
43
44
48
51
54
55
57
57
58
3.6 Cu to ca mt ht la
59
3.7 Cu to ca mt ht go
59
3.8 Cc thi k ny mm ca ht la
60
61
62
3.11 Cc loi r la
62
63
11
64
65
65
66
67
68
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
78
79
80
82
83
4.6 Lch s pht trin din tch la, cc vng trng la v cc kiu canh tc
la c truyn BSCL trong nhng nm 1970s
85
87
93
94
96
97
12
104
105
109
111
5.5 Nhng thay i v nng ca ln ho tan trong dung dch t theo thi
gian ngp nc
112
113
113
114
114
5.10 Bin thin nng Fe++ trong dung dch t sau khi ngp nc
115
121
126
127
128
129
6.6 S tng qut tin trnh cng tc chn to ging c s tham gia ca
ngi dn
136
139
140
142
145
147
150
152
153
13
155
156
158
159
162
165
165
168
8.2 My gt xp dy
168
169
169
8.5 p la bng b
170
8.6 p cp
171
171
172
172
8.10 My gt p lin hp
173
8.11 Gi la
174
174
175
8.14 Cc kiu sy la
176
179
14
183
184
186
186
200
201
201
202
202
10.6 Ry Chu M
202
10.7 B xt hi v cch gy hi
202
10.8 B gai
203
10.9 B xt en
203
204
204
10.12 Triu chng thit hi, trng, u trng v thnh trng ca cc loi su c
thn
205
10.13 Su cun l nh v su xp l
206
10.14 Su cun l ln
207
10.15 Su sng v su o
207
10.16 Su phao
208
208
10.18 Di c l
209
209
10.20 Su phao c b
210
210
10.22 Bnh m nu
212
15
212
212
10.25 Bnh m vn
213
214
214
215
216
216
217
218
218
219
220
10.36 Ng c do mn
220
10.37 Ng c st
221
222
222
223
223
223
224
10.44 c bu vng hi la
225
225
16
Ta bng
Trang
22
24
25
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
36
37
38
39
46
48
51
52
71
76
102
103
17
121
132
6.3 Din tch v nng sut s xut ht ging la u th lai Vit Nam
133
133
142
183
184
185
187
188
188
190
195
196
196
197
217
18
CM T
Xin chn thnh cm t Gs.Ts.V Tng Xun, Cu Gim c Vin Nghin Cu v
Pht Trin H Thng Canh Tc, i Hc Cn Th, ng gp nhiu kin qu bu
trong tin trnh bin son v sa cha b sung gio trnh ny. Cm n C Qunh Nh
gip a bn tho vo my vi tnh.
Cm n cc bn ng nghip c nhiu ng gp qu bu c v t liu, hnh
nh v gip ti trong qu trnh chun b gio trnh ny.
Gio trnh ny khng th hon thnh nu khng c s ng vin, h tr chn tnh
v c tinh thn ln vt cht ca Kim Oanh v Ngc c, Ngc in. Hy vng y l mn
qu cho c gia nh.
Knh dng ln ba m v gia nh ti.
Nguyn Ngc
19
M U
Nguyn Ngc
20
(16)
(14)
(21)
(60)
(116)
Hnh 1.1. Cc quc gia sn xut v tiu th la go trn th gii (FAO, 1997)
21
Ngi n go
Dn s
(Triu)
T l (%)
S ngi (Triu)
Trung Quc
956
63
601
660
65
429
Indonesia
147
80
118
Nht Bn
116
70
81
Bangladesh
90
90
81
Pakistan
80
30
24
Vit Nam
50
90
45
Philippines
49
75
37
Thi Lan
48
80
38
38
75
29
Min in
35
90
32
i Loan
17
70
12
Sri Lanka
15
90
14
Nepal
15
60
Kampuchia
90
2325
67
1559
Tng Cng
Ngun: Huke, 1980.
22
1960
1988
In
d
In
do ia
ne
si
a
Ja
pa
n
K
or
ea
N
e
P pal
ak
P ista
hi
lip n
pi
ne
s
Ta
iw
Th an
ai
la
nd
an
gl
a
de
sh
Ch
in
a
Kg go/ngi/nm
200.00
180.00
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
23
Go la
M
Bp
Cao
Lng
Go lc
(Nx6.25) (%)
12,3
11,4
9,6
8,5
Cht bo
(%)
2,2
5,7
4,5
2,6
Cht ng bt
(%)
81,1
74,0
67,4
74,8
Cht x
(%)
1,2
2,3
4,8
0,9
Tro
(%)
1,6
1,6
3,0
1,6
Nng lng
(cal/100g)
436
461
447
447
Thiamin (B1)
(mg/100g)
0,52
0,37
0,38
0,34
Riboflavin (B2)
(mg/100g)
0,12
0,12
0,15
0,05
Niacin (B3)
(mg/100g)
4,3
2,2
3,9
4,7
Fe
(mg/100g)
10
Zn
(mg/100g)
Lysine
(g/16gN)
2,3
2,5
2,7
3,6
Threonine
(g/16gN)
2,8
3,2
3,3
3,6
Methionine + Cystine
(g/16gN)
3,6
3,9
2,8
3,9
Tryptophan
(g/16gN)
1,0
0,6
1,0
1,1
24
Go trng
Cm
Tinh bt
(% anhydroglucose)
89,8
9,7
Amylose
(%)
32,7
6,7
ng tng s
(% glucose)
0,4
6,4
Si th (x)
(%)
0,1
9,7
Cht bo
(%)
0,6
22,8
Protein th
(%)
7,7
15,7
Tro
(%)
0,56
10,6
Ln
(%)
0,09
1,7
Fe
(mg/100g)
0,67
15,7
Zn
(mg/100g)
1,3
10,9
Lyzine
(g/16gN)
3,8
5,6
Threonine
(g/16gN)
3,7
4,1
Methionne + Cystine
(g/16gN)
4,9
4,7
Tryptophan
(g/16gN)
1,2
1,2
Thiamin
(B1) (mg/100g)
0,07
2,26
Riboflavin
(B2) (mg/100g)
0,03
0,25
Niacin
(B3) (mg/100g)
1,6
29,8
Ngun: Eggum, 1979 (Resurreccion v cng tc vin, 1979; Singh v Juliano, 1977; Cagampang v cng
tc vin, 1976).
1.1.2. Gi tr s dng
Ngoi cm ra, go cn dng ch bin nhiu loi bnh, lm mi trng nui
cy nim khun, men, cm m, Go cn dng ct ru, cn, Ngi ta khng th
no k ht cng dng ca n.
Cm hay ng hn l cc lp v ngoi ca ht go do cha nhiu protein, cht
bo, cht khong, vitamin, nht l vitamin nhm B, nn c dng lm bt dinh dng
tr em v iu tr ngi b bnh ph thng. Cm l thnh phn c bn trong thc n gia
sc, gia cm v trch ly du n
Tru ngoi cng dng lm cht t, cht n chung cn dng lm vn p, vt liu
cch nhit, cch m, ch to carbon v silic.
25
1.1.3. Gi tr thng mi
Trn th trng th gii, gi go xut khu tnh trn n v trng lng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi cc loi ht cc khc. Ni chung, gi go xut khu cao hn go la m t 2
3 ln v hn bp ht t 2 4 ln. Thi im khng hong lng thc trn th gii vo
khong nhng nm 1970 lm gi c cc loi ng cc trn th trng th gii tng vt
t ngt: gi go t 147 dola/tn (1972) tng ln n 350 dola/tn (1973), la m t 69
(1972) ln 137 dola/tn (1973) v bp t 56 (1972) ln 98 dola/tn (1973). Gi go t
nh cao vo nm 1974 l 542 dola/tn, trong khi go thm c sn Basmati (go s 1 th
gii) ln n 820 dola/tn. Sau , gi go gim dn v tng ln tr li trn 430 dola/tn
trong nhng nm 1980 1981 ri gim xung v c khuynh hng n nh khong
200 250 dola/tn, tc vn mc gp i gi la m v gp 3 bp. Nhn chung, t nm
1975-1995 gi go th gii bin ng kh ln v mc cao.
Gi go th gii trong nhng nm 90 bin ng kh ln, trong nm 1993 thp
nht, sau tng dn ln v tng i n nh t nm 1997-1998. Gi go Vit Nam (5%
tm) bn trn th trng th gii mc trung bnh t 220-290 dola/tn. T nm 2000 tr
i, gi go th gii tng u v n nh mc 10% nm (Bng 1.4).
Bng 1.4. Gi xut khu go (dollar/tn) so vi la m v bp t nm 1955 1990
Nm
Goa
1955
142
62
49
1960
125
59
43
1965
136
58
55
1970
144
57
58
1975
363
138
120
1980
434
191
125
1985
216
173
112
1990
291
183
114
1995*
352
2000*
177
2001*
186
2002*
194
2003*
215
2004*
268
2005*
290
2006*
293
Go la m
Bp c
26
US$/tn
27
(3)
(14)
(30)
(64)
(116)
(11)
(19)
(33)
(48)
(116)
Hnh 1.4. Phn b cc quc gia trng la trn th gii (FAO, 1997)
Trong Nht Bn v Ty Ban Nha c nng sut la dn u th gii trong nhiu
nm. Trong khi cc nc c din tch la ln, iu kin t nhin kht nghit, thiu iu
kin u t, ci to mi trng canh tc v khng th u t vo nng nghip cao, nn
nng sut la vn cn rt thp v tng chm. iu ny lm nng sut la bnh qun trn
th gii cho n nay vn cn khong 4,0 4,1 tn/ha, ch bng chng phn na nng
sut la cc nc pht trin (Bng 1.5 v 1.7).
28
Bng 1.5. Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la trn th gii qua cc nm
Nm
Din tch
Nng sut
Sn lng
(triu ha)
(t/ha)
(triu tn)
1961
115,50
1,87
215,65
1965
124,98
2,03
254,08
1970
133,10
2,38
316,38
1975
141,97
2,51
357,00
1980
144,67
2,74
396,87
1985
143,90
3,25
467,95
1990
146,98
3,53
518,21
1995
149,49
3,66
547,20
1996
150,17
3,78
567,84
1997
151,00
3,82
576,76
1998
151,68
3,82
578,86
1999
156,77
3,89
610,63
2000
153,94
3,89
598,40
2001
151,71
3,94
597,32
2002
147,53
3,85
568,30
2003
147,26
3,98
585,73
2004
150,31
4,06
610,84
2005
152,90
4,12
629,30
29
Bng 1.6. Cc quc gia c din tch sn xut la ln nht th gii (triu ha)
TT Quc gia
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
42.69
44.71
44.90
41.20
42.50
42.10
43.40
Trung Quc
33.52
30.30
29.14
28.51
26.78
28.62
29.09
Indonesia
10.50
11.79
11.50
11.52
11.48
11.92
11.80
Bangladesh
10.44
10.80
10.66
10.77
10.73
10.25
10.52
Thi Lan
8.79
9.89
10.13
9.99
9.51
9.87
9.98
Vit Nam
6.04
7.67
7.49
7.50
7.45
7.45
7.33
Myanmar
4.76
6.30
6.41
6.38
6.53
6.86
7.01
Philippines
3.32
4.04
4.07
4.05
4.01
4.13
4.20
Brazil
3.95
3.66
3.14
3.15
3.18
3.73
3.92
10
Pakistan
2.11
2.38
2.11
2.23
2.46
2.52
2.62
11
Nigeria
1.21
2.20
2.12
2.19
2.21
2.35
2.49
12
Nht Bn
2.07
1.77
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.70
1.71
Th gii
147.0
153.9
151.7
147.5
147.3
150.3
152.9
30
Bng 1.7. Cc quc gia c nng sut la cao nht th gii (t/ha)
TT Quc gia
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
6.20
7.04
7.28
7.37
7.48
7.83
7.44
Hy Lp
6.00
7.00
7.12
7.38
7.00
7.81
7.24
El Salvador
4.33
5.79
6.03
5.94
6.78
6.64
7.21
Ty Ban Nha
6.32
7.07
7.58
7.22
7.28
7.20
7.05
Peru
5.23
6.59
6.69
6.69
6.79
6.44
6.90
Nht Bn
6.33
6.70
6.64
6.58
5.85
6.42
6.65
Uruguay
4.45
6.38
6.70
5.86
5.90
6.77
6.60
Hn Quc
6.21
6.71
6.84
6.35
5.92
6.94
6.57
Th Nh K
4.96
6.03
6.10
6.00
5.72
7.00
6.56
10
6.03
5.58
5.85
6.27
6.41
6.63
6.40
11
Php
5.95
5.84
5.36
5.69
5.61
5.71
5.73
12
Vit Nam
3.18
4.24
4.29
4.59
4.64
4.86
4.89
Trung bnh
th gii
3.53
3.89
3.94
3.85
3.98
4.06
4.12
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Trung Quc
191.61
189.81
179.30
176.34
162.30
180.52
182.04
111.52
127.40
139.90
107.60
132.20
128.00
136.57
Indonesia
45.18
51.90
50.46
51.49
52.14
54.09
53.98
Bangladesh
26.78
37.63
36.27
37.59
38.36
36.24
39.80
Vit Nam
19.23
32.53
32.11
34.45
34.57
36.15
35.79
Thi Lan
17.19
25.84
26.52
26.06
29.34
29.30
29.20
Myanmar
21.32
21.92
21.81
23.15
24.72
25.36
Philippines
9.89
12.39
12.95
13.27
13.50
14.50
14.60
Brazil
7.42
11.09
10.18
10.46
10.33
13.28
13.19
10
Nht Bn
13.12
11.86
11.32
11.11
9.74
10.91
11.34
11
7.08
8.66
9.76
9.57
9.07
10.54
10.13
12
Pakistan
4.89
7.20
5.82
6.72
7.27
7.54
8.32
Th gii
518.21
598.40
597.32
568.30
585.73
610.84
629.30
32
Bng 1.9. Cc quc gia xut khu go quan trng trn th gii (1000 tn)
TT
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Thailand
7.521
7.245
7.552
10.000
8.250
Vit Nam
3.528
3.245
3.795
4.200
3.900
2.541
3.295
3.834
3.000
3.350
1.936
6.650
4.421
2.800
2.500
Pakistan
2.417
1.603
1.958
1.800
2.100
Trung Quc
1.847
1.963
2.583
800
800
Uruguay
806
526
675
700
800
Ai Cp
705
468
579
700
700
Argentina
368
224
170
250
400
10
Min in
670
1.002
388
100
400
11
EU-25
265
359
220
225
300
12
617
366
141
225
250
24.414
27.813
27.550
25.728
24.511
Tng
Ngun: FAO, 2006
Wailes v Chavez (2006), tin on trong vng 10 nm ti, nng sut la th gii
tip tc tng bnh qun trn 0,7% hng nm. By mi phn trm tng trng v sn
lng la th gii s t n (37%), Indonesia, Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Myanmar v
Nigeria. Trong khi mc tiu th go cng tng bnh qun 0,7%, tuy nhin, do tc tng
dn s nhanh hn nn hng nm mc tiu th go bnh qun u ngi s gim khong
0,4% mi nm. n v Trung Quc vn s l nc tiu th go nhiu nht v c
khong 50% lng go tiu th ton th gii. Cn i gia sn xut v tiu th go th
gii, ng cng d on gi go th gii s tng bnh qun 0,3% mi nm v lng go
lu thng trn th trng th gii cng gia tng trung bnh 1,8% nm. Khong nm 2016,
lng go trao i ton cu s t 33,4 triu tn (17% cao hn mc k lc nm 2002). D
vy, lng go lu thng trn th trng th gii cng ch chim khong 7,5% lng go
tiu th hng nm. Cng vi mc tng nng sut v gim mc tiu th trn u ngi,
n v Thi Lan s l nc xut khu go nhiu nht th gii. Go xut khu t
Pakistan s gim, trong khi Vit Nam s n nh v mc tiu th trong nc tng nhanh
hn mc sn xut. Uruguay, Myanmar, v c cng c d on l s tng lng go
xut khu do s phc hi sn xut gn y. Nhu cu nhp khu go trong 10 nm ti ca
cc nc Chu Phi v Trung ng d on s chim gn 42% lng go nhp khu trn
th gii. Nigeria d on s nhp khu 2,4 triu tn vo nm 2016. Sn xut la Trung
ng b tr ngi do thiu nc, nn cc nc Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia v Ivory Coast vn
tip tc gia tng nhp khu do tng dn s v tng mc tiu th go bnh qun u ngi.
33
Cng trong khong thi gian ny, gn 30% sn lng go nhp khu ca th gii s
thuc v cc nc E.U., Mexico, Hn Quc v Philippines.
1.3. TNH HNH SN XUT LA GO NC TA V NG BNG SNG
CU LONG
Trong thi gian chin tranh, din tch trng la c nc dao ng trong khong 4,40
4,90 triu ha, nng sut c tng nhng rt chm, ch khong 700 kg la/ha trong vng
hn 20 nm. Sn lng la tng cng ca 2 min ch trn di 10 triu tn (Bng 1.10).
Sau ngy gii phng (1975), cng vi phong tro khai hoang phc ha, din tch la
tng ln kh nhanh v n nh khong 5,5 5,7 triu ha. Nng sut bnh qun trong cui
thp nin 1970 gim st kh nghim trng do t ai mi khai hoang cha c ci to,
thin tai v su bnh c bit l nhng nm 1978 1979 cng vi c ch qun l nng
nghip tr tr khng ph hp. Bc sang thp nin 1980, nng sut la tng dn do cc cng
trnh thy li trong c nc, c bit l BSCL bt u pht huy tc dng. C ch qun
l nng nghip thong hn vi ch trng khon sn phm trong sn xut nng nghip.
Nm 1982, nc ta chuyn t nc phi nhp khu go hng nm sang t tc
c lng thc. Tip theo l mt lot chnh sch ci cch rung t v i mi nn
kinh t theo c ch th trng, nng dn c giao quyn s dng rung t nn quan
tm, phn khi hn v c ton quyn quyt nh trong cc qu trnh sn xut ca h,
nng sut tng ln nhanh chng. Nng sut la gia tng vt bc t di 3 tn/ha trong
nhng nm ca thp nin 1980s, ln n gn 4,9 tn/ha vo nm 2005. Sn lng la
tng hn 3 ln so vi nm 1975.
Bng 1.10. Din tch, nng sut v sn lng la Vit Nam qua cc nm
Din tch
Nng sut
Sn lng
(Triu ha)
(t/ha)
(Triu tn)
1955
4,42
1,44
6,36
1960
4,60
1,99
9,17
1965
4,83
1,94
9,37
1970
4,72
2,15
10,17
1975
4,94
2,16
10,54
1980
5,54
2,11
11,68
1985
5,70
2,78
15,87
1990
5,96
3,21
19,14
1995*
6,77
3,69
24,96
2000*
7,67
4,24
32,53
Nm
34
2001*
7,49
4,29
32,11
2002*
7,50
4,59
34,45
2003*
7,45
4,64
34,57
2004*
7,45
4,86
36,15
2005*
7,33
4,89
35,79
40000
Sn lng la
Sn lng (tn)
35000
30000
25000
20000
Sn lng go xut khu
15000
10000
5000
0
Go xut khu
Sn lng la
Hnh 1.6. Sn lng la sn xut v lng go xut khu hng nm ca Vit Nam
Kt qu phn tch cho thy th trng xut khu go chnh ca VN trong 15 nm
qua, th nht l cc quc gia ng Nam (chim khong 40-50% lng go xut khu),
th hai l cc quc gia Chu Phi (chim khong 20-30%), mt th trng kh n nh
(Bng 1.11). Cc th trng khc l Trung ng v Bc M, nhng lng go xut khu
sang cc nc ny khng n nh, c bit l trong giai on 2001-2004. Cc th trng
ny thng thay i theo tnh hnh chnh tr v x hi.
Trong nhng nm qua, go xut khu ca VN tng trng v s lng v cht
lng cng nh m rng th trng. n nm 2003, ngoi cc th trng truyn thng ca
35
Quc Gia
1991
1992
Indonesia
58,2
59,6
Philippine
7,8
1993
1995
2001
2002
2003
- 168,7 511,9
510,8
784,8
821,1
4,0 104,4
603,8
429,4
492,8
Malaysia
217,7
201,8
600,0
Iraq
10,0
93,4
90,9
501,6
860,0
283,0
Cuba
43,8
264,8
296,3
250,0
Nga
37,9
70,7
76,1
5,1
155,4
175,2
65,0
Iran
42,5
61,4
30,9
5,3
Senegal, Congo,
Algery
2,1
52,5
1994
27,5
u thng 12/1997
285
280
Thi 5% tm
280
275
Thi 25% tm
245
245
Vit 5% tm
275
275
Vit 25% tm
245
245
n 5% tm
275
36
n 25% tm
225
Pakistan 15-20% tm
235
Pakistan 25% tm
225
235
230
Nm
(1000 USD)
Gi bnh qun
(USD/tn)
1989
1.372.567
310.249
226
1990
1.478.206
275.390
186
1991
1.016.845
229.875
226
1992
1.953.922
405.132
207
1993
1.649.094
335.651
204
1994
1.962.070
420.861
214
1995
2.025.127
538.838
266
1996
3.047.899
868.417
285
1997
3.682.000
891.342
242
1998
3.793.087
1.006.000
265
Bng 1.14. Din tch, nng sut, sn lng la BSCL trong nhng nm gn y
Nm
Din tch
Nng sut
Sn lng
(Triu ha)
(t/ha)
(Triu tn)
1980
2,30
2,28
5,30
1986
2,29
3,09
7,08
1988
2,31
3,29
7,60
1989
2,44
3,64
8,88
1990
2,55
3,73
9,51
2000
3,94
4,03
16,70
2001
3,78
4,24
15,97
2002
3,83
4,62
17,47
2003
3,79
4,62
17,50
2004
3,79
4,80
18,22
Hin nay, vi tng din tch gieo trng la gn 3,9 triu ha, trong tng s 7,30
triu ha din tch gieo trng la c nc (chim 53,4%), ng Bng Sng Cu Long
ng gp hn 18,2 triu tn la trong tng sn lng khong 36 triu tn la ca c nc,
chim t l 50,5%. Hn 80% sn lng go xut khu hng nm l t ng bng sng
Cu Long (Nguyn Ngc , 2006).
1.4. NHNG TIN B GN Y V TRIN VNG CA NGNH TRNG LA
Ni chung, trn th gii hin nay c rt nhiu tin b trong ngnh trng la. Cng
ngy cng nhiu rung t c ci to. Cc ging la mi nng sut cao, khng su
bnh v thch nghi vi nhiu iu kin mi trng khc nhau c s dng rng ri.
Phn bn c p dng nhiu hn v ng k thut hn. Cc tin b k thut trong canh
tc la c ng dng rng ri hn, nh s hng, bn m theo nhu cu ca cy la bng
cch s dng bng so mu l (1998), ng dng IPM (Integrated Pest Management), 3
gim, 3 tng (Gim ging, gim phn, gim thuc bo v thc vt; tng nng sut, tng
cht lng v tng li nhun). Vn c gii ha c p dng rng ri trong hu
ht cc khu cng vic sn xut la cc nc tin tin. Vit Nam, vic c gii ha
c a vo trong cc khu chun b t, ra ht bng my sut kh ph bin. mt s
ni v trong mt s trng hp, my phun thuc tr su v my gt la cng c p
dng. Nhng tin b ni bt nht trong ngnh trng la BSCL l cng tc ci tin
ging. Vin nghin cu la Quc T (IRRI: International Rice Research Institute)
Philippines gp phn ht sc tch cc vo cng tc ny. Rt nhiu ging la IR
(improved rice) c IRRI phng thch hoc thng qua cc chng trnh chn to ging
quc gia v ang c s dng rt rng ri hu ht cc nc Nam v ng Nam
Chu . Trong , ni bt nht l IR8. C th ni IR8 gp phn ht sc tch cc lm
nn cuc cch mng xanh trn th gii nhng nm thp nin 60. Chng trnh nh gi
v s dng ti nguyn di truyn trn la (GEU: Genetic Evaluation and Utilization)
38
Mc tiu
Nng cao nng sut
n nh nng sut
Da vo cc c tnh khng su
bnh, kh nng chng chu thch
nghi vi mi trng khng thun
li.
Kiu nh gi
40
1.6. BI C THM
Nguyn Ngc , 2006. Farmers, Agriculture and Rural Development in the Mekong
Delta of Vietnam. Nh xut bn Gio Dc.
41
CHU PHI
La hoang
a nin
rufipogon (AA)
longistaminata (AbAb)
La hoang
hng nin
nivara (AA)
La trng
hng nin
sativa (AA)
Indica
Javanica
spontanea
stapfii
barthii (AgAg)
glaberrima (AgAg)
Japonica
44
45
2n
Kiu gien
Phn b a l
Sativa L.
24
AA
24
AA
Chu , Chu M
24
AA
Chu Phi
glaberrima Steud.
24
AA
AA
Chu Phi
australiensis Domin
24
EE
Chu c
eichingeri A. Peter
24
CC
Chu Phi
punctata Kotschy
officinalis Wall.
24
CC
Chu
48
BBCC
Chu
Nhm Oryzae
46
latifolia Desv.
48
CCDD
Chu M
alta Swallen
48
CCDD
Chu M
grandiglumis Prod.
48
CCDD
Chu M
Nhm Schlechterianae
schlechteri Pilger
New Guinea
Nhm Granulatae
meyeriana Baill. (=granulata theo Nees et 24
Arn.
Chu
Nhm Ridleyanae
ridleyi Hook. F.
48
Chu
longiglumis Jansen
48
New Guinea
Nhm Angustifoliae
brachyantha A. Chev. et Roehr.
24
FF
Chu Phi
angustifolia Hubbard
24
Chu Phi
perrieri A. Camus
24
Malagasy
tisseranti A. Chev.
24
Chu Phi
48
Chu
Nhm Coarctatae
Coarctata Roxb.
Ngun: Oka, 1988
Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta ch tho lun v loi la trng ph bin Oryza
sativa L. m thi.
2.2.2. Theo sinh thi a l
T 200 nm trc cng nguyn, cc ging la Trung Quc c phn thnh 3
nhm: Hsien, Keng v np. Nm 1928 1930, cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn a
la trng thnh 2 loi ph: indica v japonica trn c s phn b a l, hnh thi cy
v ht, bt dc khi lai to v phn ng huyt thanh (Serological reaction).
Nhm Indica (= Hsien = la tin) bao gm cc ging la t Sri Lanka, Nam v
Trung Trung Quc, n , Pakistan, Indinesia, Philippines, i Loan v nhiu nc
khc vng nhit i. Trong khi nhm Japonica (= Keng = la cnh) bao gm cc
ging la t min Bc v ng Trung Quc, Nht Bn v Triu Tin, ni chung l tp
trung cc vng nhit i v n i. Cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn sau thm
47
INDICA
JAVANICA
JAPONICA
Thn
- Thn cao
- Thn thp
Chi
- N bi mnh
- N bi thp
- N bi trung bnh
Ht
- Ht thon di, dp
- Ht to, dy
- Ht trn, ngn
Sinh hc
- Tru c lng di v dy
- Ht d rng
- t rng ht
- t rng ht
KH HU V PHN B CA CY LA
Nhit i
nhit i
n i
Khng trng la
- Tnh quang cm rt
thay i
Ngy Xun phn (khong 21/3 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri ngay
xch o ca tri t, ngy v m di bng nhau. Sau ngy ny ng i biu
kin ca mt tri lch dn ln pha Bc cho nn Bc bn cu, ngy s dn dn
di hn m.
Ngy Thu phn (khong 23/9 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri v ngay
xch o, ngy v m li bng nhau. Sau ngy ny mt tri tip tc lch dn v
pha Nam, ngy ngn dn li hn na Bc bn cu (ngy ngn hn m) v phn
nhn c nh sng mt tri Bc bn cu nh hn phn ti.
Ngy ng ch (khong 22/12 dl) khi ng i biu kin ca mt tri trng vi Nam
ch tuyn th Bc bn cu ngy s ngn nht trong nm. Sau ngy ny mt tri lch
dn v pha Bc tr v xch o ng ngy xun phn v ti lp li chu k mi.
50
su mc nc
Mc
nc
ngm
La cn (ry)
10%
La c ti
45%
La nc tri
30%
La nc su
11%
La ni
4%
Hnh 2.4. Phn loi la trn th gii theo a hnh v ch nc (De Datta, 1981).
2.2.5. Theo c tnh sinh ha ht go
Ty theo lng amylose trong tinh bt ht go, ngi ta phn bit la np v la
t. Ta bit rng tinh bt c 2 dng l amylose v amylopectin. Hm lng amylopectin
trong thnh phn tinh bt ht go cng cao tc hm lng amylose cng thp th go cng
do. Chang (1980) phn cp go da vo hm lng amylose nh bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3. Phn loi go da vo hm lng amylose trong tinh bt
Cp
Loi go
<3.0
3.1 10.0
10.1 15.0
Thp (do)
15.1 20.0
20.1 25.0
25.1 30.0
Cao
Np
51
Cy: cao (>120 cm) trung bnh (100 120 cm) thp (di 100 cm).
Theo FAO i
vi go trng
Theo USDA i
vi go lc
Theo IRRI i
vi go lc
> 7.00
> 7.50
Di
6.00 6.99
6.6 7.5
6.61 7.50
Trung bnh
5.00 5.99
5.5 6.6
5.51 6.60
< 5.00
< 5.5
< 5.50
> 3.0
> 3.0
> 3.0
2.1 3.0
2.1 3.0
Mp
2.0 3.0
< 2.1
1.1 2.0
Trn
< 2.0
< 1.1
Ngn
Theo t l di/ngang
Thon di
Trung bnh
Bng: loi hnh nhiu bng (n bi mnh) hoc to bng (nhiu ht), dng bng
tm hoc xe, c bng h hoc c knh (ty theo tr ca c bng so vi c l
c), khoe bng hoc giu bng (ty theo chiu di v gc l c hay l ng v
ty tr ca bng ra khi b l c), dy nch hay tha nch (ty ng ht trn
cc nhnh gi ca bng la).
Ht la: di, trung bnh hoc trn (da vo chiu di v t l di/ngang ca ht la).
2.3. CU HI N TP
1. V s lch s tin ho ca cc loi la trng theo Chang (1975).
2. So snh cc c trng hnh thi v sinh l tng qut ca 3 nhm ging la indica,
javanica v japonica.
3. Tnh quang cm ca cy la v phn loi la theo tnh quang cm.
4. Phn loi la theo cc c tnh phm cht ca ht go
2.4. BI C THM
1. Chang, T.T. et al, 1981. Descriptors for rice Oryza sativa L. . IRRI, Philippines.
2. Oka, H.I., 1988. Origin of Cultivated Rice. Japan Scientific Societies Press,
Tokyo. ELSEVIER Amsterdam Oxford Newyork Tokyo.
3. Takahashi, N., 1995. Physiology of dormancy. Science of the rice plant. Volume
two, Physiology. Edited by Takene Matsuo et al, pp. 45-57.
Oryza officinalis
Oryza meyeriana
Oryza rufipogon
Oryza minuta
Oryza granulata
53
3.2. Ht la v s ny mm
3.3. Mm la v m non
3.4. R la
3.5. Thn la
3.6. L la
3.7. Bng la
3.8. Hoa la
*********
Cy la thuc loi Ha tho (Graminae), tc Oryzae, loi Oryza. Trong , Oryza
sativa L. l tn ca la trng ph bin nht hin nay. Hiu r cu to v c tnh sinh
trng ca cc b phn cy la ta mi c th c nhng bin php k thut thch hp, iu
khin s sinh trng ca cy la trong tng giai on t nng sut cao nht.
3.1. CC GIAI ON SINH TRNG CA CY LA
i sng cy la bt u t lc ht ny mm cho n khi la chn. C th chia lm
3 giai on chnh: giai on tng trng (sinh trng dinh dng), giai on sinh sn
(sinh dc) v giai on chn (Hnh 3.1).
Hnh 3.1. Biu sinh trng ca mt ging la 120 ngy khng quang cm
54
Pha sinh dc
Thi k chn vng: ht tip tc mt nc, go cng dn, tru chuyn sang mu
vng c th ca ging la, bt u t nhng ht cui cng cht bng lan dn
xung cc ht phn c bng nn gi l la ui, l gi ri dn.
Thi k chn hon ton: Ht go kh cng li, m ht khong 20% hoc thp
hn, ty m mi trng, l xanh chuyn vng v ri dn. Thi im thu hoch
tt nht l khi 80 % ht la ng sang mu tru c trng ca ging (Hnh 3.4).
56
Phi mu
Ngm sa
Vo chc
Chn sp
57
0 10
35
60
GIAI ON TNG
TRNG
90 ngy
GIAI ON
SINH SN
GIAI ON
CHN
10
40
GIAI ON TNG
TRNG
70
GIAI ON
SINH SN
100 ngy
GIAI ON
CHN
10
60
90
GIAI ON SINH SN
120 ngy
GIAI ON CHN
Gieo
N bi
Chi ti a
PHA CM
NG QUANG
K
Lm ng
Tr
GIAI ON SINH SN
Chn
GIAI ON CHN
Hnh 3.5.
3.2. HT LA V S NY MM
3.2.1. Ht la:
(ng hn l tri la) Gm c: phn v la v ht go (Hnh 3.6).
3.2.1.1. V la:
V la gm 2 v tru ghp li (tru ln v tru nh). gc 2 v tru ch gn vo
hoa c mang hai tiu dnh. Phn v chim khong 20% trng lng ht la.
Ru
1
2
3
4
5
Ngang
Dy
5
6
Di
1. Go lc
2. Tru trn (nh)
3. Tru di (ln)
4. Trc hoa
5. My (tiu dnh)
6. Cung hoa
Hnh 3.6. Cu to ca mt ht la
3.2.1.2. Ht go:
Bn trong v la l ht go. Ht go gm 2 phn:
- Phn phi hay mm (embryo): nm gc di ht go, ch nh vo hoa, v pha
tru ln.
Hnh 3.7. Cu to ca mt ht go
59
- Phi nh: chim phn ln ht go cha cht d tr, ch yu l tinh bt (phn go chng
ta n hng ngy). Bn ngoi ht go c bao bc bi mt lp v la mng cha nhiu
vitamin, nht l vitamin nhm B (Hnh 3.7). Khi xay xt (giai on ch trng) lp ny
trc ra thnh cm mn.
3.2.2. S ny mm
Ht la trong khi bo qun vn cn cha mt lng nc nht nh t 12-14%
trng lng kh. Khi ngm trong nc, ht ht nc v trng ln, m trong ht gia
tng n 25% th c th ny mm c. Khi y tinh bt trong phi nh b phn gii thnh
nhng cht n gin cung cp cho mm pht trin. Thi gian ht nc nhanh hay
chm ty theo ht ging c hay mi, v tru mng hay dy, nhit nc ngm cao hay
thp. Ni chung, nhit khng kh cao, nc m, ht ging c hay v ht mng d thm
nc th ht ht nc nhanh, mau t ti m cn thit. Ngm qu lu, ht ht nhiu
nc, cc cht dinh dng ha tan v khuych tn ra ngoi mi trng lm tiu hao cht
d tr trong phi nh, ng thi lm cho nc ngm b chua, ht b thi v ny mm yu.
Hm lng nc trong ht thch hp cho qu trnh ny mm bin thin t 30-40% ty
iu kin nhit . Nhit thch hp cho ht la ny mm t 27-37 0 C . Nhit thp
hoc cao hn khong nhit ny, ht la s ny mm yu v thi gian ny mm ko di.
Trong iu kin nhit v m thch hp th mm la s pht trin xuyn qua
v tru v xut hin ra ngoi: ht ny mm (germination) (Hnh 3.8). So vi nhiu ht
ging khc th ht la ny mm cn t oxy hn. Trong iu kin bnh thng, sau khi
mm ht ph v v tru th r mm s mc ra trc, ri mi n thn mm. Tuy nhin,
nu b ngp nc (mi trng ym kh) th thn mm s pht trin trc. Khi l u tin
xut hin, th cc r th cp s bt u xut hin gip cy la bm cht vo t, ht
nc v dinh dng (Hnh 3.8H).
D
F
60
3.3. MM LA V M NON
La l cy n t dip. Khi ht ny mm th r mm (radicle) xut hin trc, sau
n thn mm (coleoptile). Thn mm c bao bc bi mt l bao mm (dip tiu),
di khong 1 cm. K , l u tin xut hin, c cu to ging nh mt l bnh thng
nhng cha c phin l, gi l l th nht hay l khng hon ton. Sau n l th 2, l
ny c y phin l v b l nhng phin l nh v c hnh mi vit rt c th, di
khong 2-3 cm. Tip tc l th ba, t, nm, su. . . Cc l mc i nhau, l ra sau mc v
pha i din vi l trc (Hnh 3.9). Trong iu kin thiu oxy v thiu nh sng, thn
mm ko di ra, ta phn bit c trung dip (cn gi l lng s khi = mesocotyl), on
gia ht la v dip tiu (l bao mm).
L 2 (l
tht u
tin)
A: Cy m c 2 l tht
B: Cy m c l th 6
Ny mm ngoi sng
C: Cy m n tui cy
Ny mm trong ti
Hnh 3.10.
62
Loi V
Loi IV
Loi III
Loi II
Loi I
Mc nc ngm
Thot nc tt
Thot nc km
Hnh 3.12.
63
3.5. THN LA
Thn la (stem) gm nhng mt v lng ni tip nhau, Lng l phn thn rng
gia 2 mt v thng c b l m cht. Thng thng cc lng bn di t pht trin
nn cc mt rt kht nhau, ch c khong 3-8 lng trn cng bt u vn di khi la c
ng ng (2-35 cm). Thit din ca lng c hnh trn hay bu dc vi thnh lng dy
hay mng v lng di hay ngn ty tng loi ging v iu kin mi trng, c bit l
nc (Hnh 3.13).
ng knh ngoi
ng knh trong
Xoang li
B
mch
Bng kh
B mch
Hnh 3.13. Phu thc ct ngang ca lng trn thn (A) v gc (B)
(A)
R
bt
nh
(B)
R bt nh
10
11
12
Thng
Thn
Tai l
Mt
B l
B l
Lng
Chi ph
Mt
(t)
Lng
B l
R ph
65
3 2 32 2 1 2 23 2 21 22 11
01
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 32 33
7
5
6
4
4
3
3
2
1
10
9
8
2
3
3
1
3
2
Chi th
cp
Chi s cp
Hnh 3.16.
+ S l trn chi:
C l
Tai l
Phin l
B l
69
3.7. BNG LA
Bng la (panicle) l c mt pht hoa bao gm nhiu nhnh gi c mang hoa
(spikelet).
3.7.1. Hnh thi v cu to:
(Hnh 3.21)
70
Ch s l
(%)
Xut
hin l
th n k
t trn
xung
Chiu
Ngy
Thi
di ng trc khi
gian
la
tr
ko di
(mm)
(ngy)
1. Tng c bng
76-80
L 4
32-29
2. Phn ha nhnh gi
80-86
L 3
29-23
87-92
L 2
1-15
23-15
4. Phn ha t bo m ht phn
95
L c
15-50
15-13
5. Gim nhim
97
50-200
13-11
100
Di
11-07
7. Ht phn chn
100
Di
07-00
Hnh 3.22.
71
Khi l c xut hin th ng la di ra nhanh chng v hai lng trn cng cng
tng nhanh, y ng la thot ra khi b ca l c: La tr bng (flowering). Thi gian
tr di hay ngn ty theo ging, iu kin mi trng v ng u trong rung la.
Nhng ging la ngn ngy thng tr nhanh hn, trung bnh t 5-7 ngy. Nhng ging
la di ngy c khi tr ko di 10-14 ngy.
Thi gian tr cng ngn cng trnh c thit hi do tc ng xu ca mi trng
nh, gi, ma, nhit thp Mt bng la khi bt u xut hin n khi tr hon ton
mt 3-4 ngy hoc lu hn (5-6 ngy) ty ging v iu kin mi trng. Trnh t phn
ho v pht trin ng trn mt bi la c bt u t thn chnh (bng ci), n cc
chi bc nht (chi cp 1), chi bc hai (cp 2), chi bc 3 (cp 3), v.v. (Hnh 3.23).
Bng ci
72
Bao phn
Ru (ui)
B nh c
Ch nh
nh ht
Tru trn
(nh)
Tru di
(ln)
Nm
Gn
Vi nhy
B nhy ci
Bu non
hoa
Tiu dnh
Cung hoa
Nm
Vi nhy
Bu non
75
Nhit ( o C)
Ti thp
Ny mm
Ti cao
Ti ho
10
45
20 35
12 13
45
25 30
16
35
25 28
Vn l
7 12
45
31
N bi ( nhnh)
9 16
33
25 31
Hnh thnh cy m
Ra r
15
15 20
38
22
35
30 33
12 18
30
20 25
76
bin ng nhit gia ngy v m (bin nhit) kh mnh, nht l vo nhng thng
ma kh, bin nhit ngy v m c th t ti 8-10 o C to iu kin thun li cho qu
trnh tch ly cht kh trong cy, gip cy la pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao. Nng sut
la v ng Xun thng cao hn cc v khc trong nm, ngoi cc yu t ph ca t
cao hn (do c b sung trong ma l), bc x mt tri di do hn, th bin nhit
ngy v m cao cng l yu t quan trng l gii cho hin tng ny.
4.1.2. nh sng
nh sng nh hng rt ln n sinh trng, pht trin v pht dc ca cy la
trn 2 phng din: cng nh sng v di chiu sng trong ngy (quang k).
4.1.2.1. Cng nh sng:
Cng nh sng nh hng trc tip n s quang hp ca cy la, th hin
ch yu bng nng lng nh sng mt tri chiu trn n v din tch t (lng bc
x). Bc x mt tri gm: nh sng trc x (nh sng chiu trc tip), nh sng phn x
(nh sng phn chiu), nh sng tn x (nh sng khuych tn) v nh sng thu
quau c tc dng nht nh i vi quang hp ca qun th rung la (Hnh 4.1).
Thng thng, cy la ch s dng c khong 65% nng lng nh sng mt tri chiu
ti rung la. Trong iu kin bnh thng, lng bc x trung bnh t 250-300
cal/cm2/ngy th cy la sinh trng tt v trong phm vi ny th lng bc x cng cao
th qu trnh quang hp xy ra cng mnh. Bc x mt tri nh hng ln n cc giai
an sinh trng khc nhau v nng sut la, c bit cc giai on sau.
79
10
11
12
Ging Trng Tp
Gieo
Tr Chn
Ging Ti Nguyn
Gieo
Tr
80
Chn
Phn ng vi quang k
c tnh
Khng mn cm
Mn cm yu
Mn cm mnh
La ma mun: quang cm mnh, tr t thng 12 dng lch nh: Trng Tp, Tri
Cho, Chu Hng V, Huyt Rng, ui Tru, Tu Hng, Nng Tri, Trng
Hng, Tu Binh
Do tnh quang cm, li phi gieo cy trc khi nc ngp su trn rung nn cc
ging la ma thng c thi gian sinh trng rt di v ch trng c mt v la trong
nm. Trong khi cc ging la mi (la ci thin) c lai to v chn lc theo hng
khng quang cm hoc rt t quang cm li ngn ngy (3 4 thng) nn c th gieo cy
bt c lc no trong nm v trng c nhiu v mt nm nh: NN3A, NN6A, NN7A,
NN8A, MTL250, MTL384, MTL392, OM 1490, OM 3536, Tuy nhin, trong iu kin
canh tc hon ton da vo nc tri, tnh quang cm ca la rt cn thit khi s khi
u ca ma ma khng th d on c, trong khi thng chm dt kh n nh. Mt
ging la quang cm mnh s cho thu hoch khi ma ma kt thc, nc trn rung va
cn, cho d xung ging sm hay mun do ma ma n sm hay tr. Mt ging la
khng quang cm c thi gian sinh trng n nh, s b thit hi do thiu nc vo cui
v, nu c trng trv ma ma n mun. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc ging la c truyn
trong vng nhit i u c tnh quang cm nhiu hay t, c thi gian sinh trng di v
cao cy. Khi cc ging ny c trng sm v bn m cao, chng c xu hng ng
nn nng sut ht thp. Khi trng cc ging ny trhn, chng thng c thi gian sinh
trng ngn v thp cy hn, do tng s khng ng. Kinh nghim trng la cy 2
ln vng trng thp thuc BSCL l mt bin php canh tc ht sc c o nhm i
ph vi iu kin mi trng khc nghit v nhm hn ch s sinh trng dinh dng
qu mc ca cc ging la ma mun di ngy.
81
4.1.3. Lng ma
Trong iu kin thy li cha hon chnh, lng ma l mt trong nhng yu t
kh hu c tnh cht quyt nh n vic hnh thnh cc vng trng la v cc v la
trong nm.
Trong ma ma m, lng ma cn thit cho cy la trung bnh l 6 7 mm/ngy
v 8 9 mm/ngy trong ma kh nu khng c ngun nc khc b sung. Nu tnh lun
lng nc thm rt v bc hi th trung bnh 1 thng cy la cn mt lng ma khong
200 mm v sut v la 5 thng cn khong 1000 mm.
BSCL, lng ma hng nm trung bnh t 1200 2000 mm nhng phn phi
khng u, gy ngp ng gia ma ma nhiu ni, ma kh li khng nc ti.
Ngay trong ma ma, i khi li c mt khong thi gian nng hn ko di lm tr ngi
cho s sinh trng ca cy la. Hng nm, ma ma thng bt u t thng 5 11 dl,
cao nht vo thng 09 10 dl, lng ma c th ln n 300 400 mm/thng v thng
c trn 20 ngy ma (Hnh 4.4). Biu bin ng lng ma trung bnh hng nm th
hin r 2 nh (thng 5-6 v thng 9-10 dl). Gia 2 nh l khong thi gian t ma vo
cui thng 7, u thng 8. Thng t nng hn ny ko di khong 2 tun l, dn gian
gi l hn B Chng.
40000
350
35000
300
30000
250
25000
200
20000
150
15000
100
10000
Lng ma (mm)
Lu lng sng Cu
Long (m3/s)
50
5000
0
0
I
II
III
IV V
VI VII VIII IX
XI XII
Thng
Lng ma (mm)
(P + I)
(E + LS)
Nc ngm
83
84
1880
1900
1915
1920
1905
1910
1930
1985
Vnh
Thi
Lan
Bin
ng
Vng la ni
Vng la cy 2 ln
Vng la cy 1 ln
Rng ngp mn
t hoang
Vng ni
Hnh 4.6. Lch s pht trin din tch la (A), cc vng trng la v cc kiu canh
tc la c truyn ng Bng Sng Cu Long trong nhng nm 1970 (B)
85
th thch nghi c trong nhng iu kin t ai khc nghit (nh: phn, mn, kh hn,
ngp ng) rt tt.
4.2.2. t trng la ng Bng Sng Cu Long
ng bng sng Cu Long l vng t tr c thnh lp khng qu 10.000 nm,
do ph sa sng Mekong bi p v do tc ng ca hin tng bin li. C mi ln bin
li, mt dy t mi c thnh lp li cc dy ging ct song song vi b bin rt
in hnh cc tnh Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Bc Liu. Tc ng ca dng chy
ca sng Cu Long v triu bin (bin ng vi ch bn nht triu v Vnh Thi Lan
vi ch nht triu) hnh thnh nn vng ph sa ven sng v t phn t nh n
nng ti cc vng trng ng Thp Mi, T gic Long Xuyn, vng trng Ty Nam
sng Hu v bn o C Mau. Cho ti u thp nin 80, hn 75% din tch t canh tc
BSCL u nh vo nc tri, i b phn t ai cn phi c ci to mi c th
trng la tt c. Nhng nm gn y, nh vo vic m rng cc h thng thu li ln,
va v nh m din tch c th ti tiu tng ln n trn 75%.
Mt cch tng qut, c th chia t ng bng sng Cu Long lm 4 nhm chnh
(Hnh 4.7):
Vnh
Thi
Lan
Nhm t
Bin
ng
t mn
t phn
t ph sa
t i ni v than bn
(1) Nhm t mn: chim khong 800.000 ha (21%) phn b dc theo b bin.
Thiu nc ngt v b nhim mn vo ma kh l hn ch chnh trong sn xut la
vng ny. Thm vo , rng c b chn vi lu nm di lp t ph sa to nn loi
t phn tim tng v hin ti kt hp vi mn cng lm cho vic sn xut la gp nhiu
kh khn hn. cc vng t ph sa b nhim mn, la b c ch yu do s tch ly cc
ion Cl v Na + . y ch trng la c trong ma ma khi cc mui c c ra
tri (nng mui di 2 %o) v phi thu hoch khi dt ma.
(2) Nhm t phn: chim khong 1,6 triu ha (41%), vi khong 500.000 ha
(13%) phn hin ti v 1,1 triu ha t phn tim tng (28%) c pH rt thp, tp trung
vng trng ng Thp Mi, T gic Long Xuyn v Ty Nam sng Hu. vng ny,
vic trng la gp tr ngi rt nghim trng. t phn cha nhiu loi mui ha tan m
thnh phn ch yu l sulfat st v sulfat nhm. Ba khu vc t phn ch yu BSCL
l vng ng Thp Mi, khu t gic Long Xuyn v vng trng Ty Sng Hu.
Mt cch tng qut, trn phn ln cc loi t phn trng la BSCL thng 3
tng chnh: tng A, tng B, tng C.
Tng A: cn gi l tng canh tc, c mu nu en, nhiu cht hu c v cc ng r
cha phn hy ht, t ti xp.
Tng B: gi l tng phn, t st nng, mu xm, rt d cht, c nhiu m r
(Fe 2 O 3 ) ln nhiu ng phn vng ti (jarosite) dc theo ng r hoc ng nt trong
t. Tng ny tch t nhiu cht c ra tri t tng A xung nn cn gi l tng tch t.
Tng C: gi l tng mu cht hay tng phn tim tng. t st rt mm nho, ym
kh, mu xm xanh, c ln xc b thc vt cha phn hy mu en.
Gia cc tng c s chuyn tip t t v mu sc v mn ca ht t, s hin
din ca cc m r hoc ng phn v cht hu c.
Cn c vo s sp xp cc tng t, chng ta c th bit c lch s to thnh t
ni . Ti cc vng t ngp nc, u tin xut pht t tng t ging nh loi C (gi
l tng mu cht) c cha rt nhiu cht hu c v cht khong sinh phn (pyrite) cha
nhiu FeS 2 . Khi mu cht (pyrite) cn ngp nc th n khng gy c cho cy trng
nn gi l t phn tim tng. Nhng khi t b kh lu ngy, pyrite b oxid ha tr thnh
cc hp cht cha nhiu FeSO 4 (jarosite), nht l vng dc theo ng r c, c mu vng
ti, pH gim thp khi ngp nc tr li rt c i vi cy trng (hnh thnh tng phn
B). Trn t ny cy b c ch yu do pH thp (t qu chua) v s hin din ca ion
H + , Fe 2+ , Al 3+ vi nng cao: t phn hin ti hay phn c nh.
Trong ma kh, mc nc trong t gim xung su ti u, lu ngy cc ng
phn s c to thnh ti , tng B cng dy v mt ng phn cng cao: t cng
phn hn. t phn cng gi, cc hp cht jarosite dn dn b oxid ha thnh Fe 2 O 3 , cc
ng phn chuyn sang mu nu r (m r), pH tng ln t t v tnh c hi gim dn c
th trng la c.
Cc vng t trng, trm thy hoc thy triu ln xung hng ngy, t khng c
thi gian kh, thng ch c tng A v C, khng c tng B: t phn tim tng.
(3) Nhm t ph sa: chim khong 1,1 triu ha (28%) nm ven sng Tin v sng
Hu. t ph sa l t c hnh thnh v pht trin trn trm tch bin v sng ngi.
88
Khu vc ven sng Tin v sng Hu, cc knh o nc ngt l vng t ph sa ngt
mu m khng b nh hng ca mn, phn. Ty theo a hnh, khong cch t sng rch v
mc pht trin ca t, ngi ta phn bit t ph sa ven sng cha phn ha, t ph sa
pht trin c tng loang l vng v t ph sa gly m ly xa sng. y l vng rt
thch hp cho sn xut nng nghip c bit l sn xut la, cy n tri v rau mu.
(4) Nhm t i ni v than bn chim khong 400.000 ha (10%). t i ni tp
trung vng By Ni (An Giang) v H Tin, rt thch hp cho vic trng hoa mu, nhng
mu m thp, thiu nc v d b xi mn. t than bn tp trung vng rng U
Minh thuc 2 tnh Kin Giang v C Mau. Ng c hu c l tr ngi chnh trong vic
canh tc vng ny.
t xm bc mu cng c tm thy dc theo bin gii Kampuchia thuc cc
tnh Long An, ng Thp v mt phn Kin Giang.
Ngoi ra, ng bng sng Cu Long chu nh hng ca l hng nm, c khong
hn 500.000 ha t b ngp su trong ma l (trn 50 cm).
Tm li, BSCL vi iu kin kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit cao v t bin
ng trong nm, lng bc x di do l iu kin thun li cho vic trng la. Tuy
nhin, do lng ma nhiu nhng phn b khng u, t ai, a hnh phc tp gii
hn nng sut la rt nhiu v hnh thnh nhng vng trng la khc nhau vi ch
nc, c cu ging la, ma v, tp qun canh tc rt a dng.
4.3. THI V - VNG TRNG LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG
4.3.1. Canh tc la c truyn
Nh cp trn, ng Bng Sng Cu Long vi tnh cht t ai, a hnh
phc tp, ch nc khc nhau hnh thnh nhng vng trng la khc nhau.
4.3.1.1 Vng la ni
Theo s liu thng k 1984, BSCL, din tch la ni chim khong 500.000 ha
bao gm cc tnh An Giang, ng Thp, mt phn Long An, Kin Giang, Cn Th. Mc
nc l trn rung cao nht hng nm ln n 1,5-5 m vo thng 10-11 dl. Sau , nc
bt u rt xung dn t nhng vng gn cc sng chnh, n thng 1, 2 dl th rung kh,
cng l thi im thu hoch la. (Hnh 4.8).
y, nng dn thng ch lm 1 v la 1 nm bng cch s kh vi cc ging
la ni nh: Nng Ty, Nng Tri, Nng m. L Rng, Nng Chi, Trng Hng, Tu
Binh Cc ging la ny c c tnh chu hn tt vo u v v vn lng rt nhanh
(elongating), vt nc gii khi nc l v. Khi nc rt, thn la nm di trn mt nc
v lng trn cng vn dy tr bng (cn gi l kh nng qu = kneeing). Nng sut
la thng rt thp, trung bnh 1-2 tn/ha.
Sau khi thu hoch vo thng 1-2 dl, rung c kh vi lp r rt dy. Khi rm
r kh, ngi ta t ng, ci i phi t v dit c. n thng 4 dl, khi bt u c
ma ngi ta cy tr li cho t b ra v ti xp, cui thng 4, u thng 5 dl bt u s.
Ht ging kh c trn vi DDT bt 75% (t l 1 kg thuc cho 100 kg ht) hoc BHC
ht 10% (10 kg thuc cho 100 kg ht) nga d, kin, chim, chut. Ngi ta s vi vi
mt trung bnh 80-100 kg ht/ha. Sau , thng ba li 1 ln lp ht trnh chim n
v gip ht la gi m tt, sm ny mm sau nhng trn ma u ma. Nm no ma
89
trhoc sau khi la mi mc m nng hn ko di, thng ging b cht v phi gieo li
23 ln. Khi nc l bt u ln ng vo khong thng 7 dl, cy la ln (khong 2
thng tui) pht trin mnh, sc chu ng v vn theo mc nc, trung bnh 3-8
cm/ngy (nn gi l la ni). Nhng nm l ln, v sm, nc l ln qu nhanh, cy la
khng vn kp theo nc s b cht hng lot.
Vn chm sc, bn phn cho la ni thng gp kh khn v t c quan tm
v din tch ln v nc qu su. Khi nc rt, la bt u lm ng v tr , n khi rung
kh th cng va lc thu hoch la. Thi gian thu hoch bt u t khong cui thng 12
dl nhng vng gn sng v trdn n thng 1-2 dl nhng vng su trng xa sng.
mt s ni, sau khi thu hoch la ngi ta tranh th s mt v mu ngn ngy,
thng l m, u xanh tn dng m t, tng thu nhp gia nh v lp r dy gi
m c kh lu.
4.3.1.2 Vng la cy 2 ln
Trc nm 1975, din tch la cy 2 ln chim khong 250.000 ha, ri rc vng
trng, nc rt chm h lu sng Cu Long, bao gm Vnh Long, Sa c (ng
Thp), Cn Th, V Thanh, Long M, Phng Hip (Hu Giang), Mn (Cn Th). c
im vng ny l mc nc ln nhanh vo thng 8-9 dl v rt chm (n cui thng 1-2
dl). Mc nc trung bnh cao nht t 0,4-0,8 m; c ni n 1m. Cn phi c cy m to
khe, cao chu ng c iu kin nc ngp su khi cy (khong 30-50 cm). Cy
m thng thng khng p ng c yu cu ny, nn cn phi qua thm 1 giai on
gi l cy gim (cy 1 ln) ri mi cy lin (cy ln 2). Cy m t nng m th 2 ny
gi l la cy, cho nn phng php cy la 2 ln cn gi l cy la cy, trong khi
phng php cy la 1 ln th gi l cy m. Ging la ph bin y l cc ging la
ma mun, thu hoch thng 12 dl nh Tri Cho, Chu Hng V, Huyt Rng, ui
Tru, Nng Ch, Trng Tp, Trng La, Trng Ln, Tu Hng, Mng Chim
(1) Lm m
M c gieo sm vo thng 5 dl theo phng php ta l trn cc b lip hoc
nhng ming rung gn ngun nc ti. t c cuc xi v bm nh, xong ti nc
cho mm. Dng ci chy nn thnh nhng l trn ng knh 8 cm, su 1-2 cm. on ri
ht ging ngm cho ny mm gn vo y l, lp ht bng tro tru, xong ph ln
mt lp c kh v ti m hng ngy. Khi cy m mc cao khong 5 cm, ngi ta co
lp v kh ny i, 15 ngy sau khi gieo, ngi ta ti phn urea cho m mc tt v cao.
Khong 25-30 ngy sau khi gieo, m s c nh ln, b li tng b v chuyn n
rung cy ln 1 (cy gim). Cn khong 100 m2 m cy 1000 m2 t gim.
(2) Cy ln 1 (cy gim):
Lc ny (khong thng 6 dl), nh lng ma ng li trn rung nhng ch
trng, ngi ta ba trc, nh bn nhuyn v cy vi khong cch khc nhau, mt
trung bnh l 30x30 cm, mi bi 8-10 tp m. Thi gian cy la rung gim ny khong
2-2,5 thng. Ngi ta chm bn tch cc cy la n bi to, cy c nhiu din tch
sau ny. Thi gian u, rung la gim ch pht trin nh lng nc ma gi li. V
sau, mc nc sng dng cao b sung cho rung la. Trung bnh 1 cng (1000 m2) t
la gim cy cho 0,5-0,8 ha (5-8 cng) t cy lin ty la n bi to hay nh.
90
91
Thng
10
11
12
Vng la ni
Thu
ho
ch
La ni, ging ma
trung (l), s kh
La ni
Cy
M 1
Vng la nc su
La cy 2 ln, la
ma cao cy, chn
mun
Ba
S
kh
M 2
La cy 2 ln
Thu
ho
ach
Gieo
Cy
1
Cy
2
Vng la nc tri
Vng 1 v: La cy 1
ln, la ma sm v
ma trung (l)
Gieo
Vng 2 v: La ma
sm v 1, La ma
trung (l) v 2, cy 1
ln
Cy
Cy
La cy 1 ln
La cy 1 ln
Gieo
La cy 1 ln
Gieo
Cy
93
Vnh
Thi
Lan
Bin ng
95
Thng
1
Vng ph sa nc ngt
3 v la
HYV
3
X
HT
XH
8
T
9
10
Ma v
HYV
HYV
Mu
HYV
2 La + 1 Mu
HYV
2 La
HYV
HYV
2 La + C/Tm
HYV
HYV
11
12
C/Tm nc ngt
M
La ma a
phng
M
La trung ma cao
sn
Trung ma cao sn
2 La
* HYV La ma
HYV
M
La ma
HYV
* HYV Trung
ma cao sn
M Trung ma cao sn
1La + C/Tm
M Trung ma cao sn
Tm nc l
Tm/c nc ngt
Ghi ch: X:La ng Xun, XH: La Xun H, HT: La H Thu, T: La Thu ng, HYV (High
Yielding Variety): La cao sn ngn ngy
96
97
Vnh
Thi Lan
Bin
ng
Ch thch:
Vng ph sa nc ngt
Vng ng Thp Mi
T gic Long Xuyn
Vng ni
Vng trng Ty sng Hu
Vng ven bin
Bn o C Mau
Hnh 4.11. Cc vng sinh thi nng nghip chnh ng bng sng Cu Long
(Nguyn Ngc , 2006)
98
4.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun nh hng ca nhit trn sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la. ng
dng thc tin.
2. Tho lun nh hng ca cng ng sng trn sinh trng v pht trin ca cy
la. ng dng thc tin.
3. Tho lun nh hng ca di chiu sng trong ngy (quang k) trn sinh
trng v pht trin ca cy la. ng dng thc tin.
4. Tho lun k thut canh tc la ni ng bng sng Cu Long.
5. Tho lun k thut canh tc la cy 2 ln ng bng sng Cu Long.
6. Tho lun cc h thng canh tc trn t la ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long
hin nay.
4.5. BI C THM
De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son Inc.,
Canada.
99
CHNG 5: C IM SINH L CY LA
100
(CH2O)n + n O2
dip lc
101
O2 + 2ATP + 4NADPH
dip lc
Trong qu trnh quang hp, t CO2 chuyn thnh Carbohydrate phi thng qua 1
trong 2 qu trnh sinh ha: con ng C3 hoc con ng C4. La thuc nhm cy
quang hp theo con ng C3, trong , CO2 trc ht c kt hp vi Ribulose-1,5diphosphate to thnh 2 phn t c cha 3 carbon l 3 phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
bt u chu trnh Calvin. Cy C-4 c nhiu li im hn C-3 (Bng 5.1). N c tc
sinh trng mnh hn, thch nghi tt vi iu kin nhit cao, nh sng mnh v
lng nc cung cp hn ch, hiu qu s dng nc cao hn.
Bng 5.1. So snh cc c tnh quang hp ca cy C-3 v cy C-4
c tnh
Cy C-3
Cy C-4
15-30 0C
30-45 0C
2. Cng nh sng ti ho
cho quang hp
30-50 % nh sng y
100% nh sng y
3. Vn tc quang hp trn n v
din tch l
4. Vn tc sinh trng ti a
trong iu kin ti ho
34-39 g/m2/ngy
50-54 g/m2/ngy
5. Hiu qu s dng nc
102
Gi tr o c
nh sang
iu kin o c
im b: 400-1000 lux
20-33 0C
Nhit ti ho
(i vi ging japonica)
25-35 0C
CO2
(i vi ging indica)
im b: 55 ppm
Cng
thun
quang
hp
40-50 mg CO2/dm2/gi
Con ng sinh ha
C-3
Lc lp b mch
Khng
H hp nh sng
103
Bo ha nh sng
Cho nn, tri trong sng, nhiu nng cy la quang hp tt th nng sut mi cao.
Khi bc x mt tri khng thay i, th cng quang hp s gia tng khi di ngy
gia tng. nh hng ca di ngy n quang hp c xem l mt im u vit ca
kh hu n i so vi nhit i.
Nng CO2 trong khng kh cng cao, iu kin sinh l dinh dng ca cy
y , quang hp cng mnh. Ngoi ra, cu to qun th rung la tt: mt thch
hp, nhiu l, l xanh ti, b l thng ng l iu kin tt rung la s dng c
nhiu nh sng cn thit cho quang hp hu hiu hn. Ch s din tch l LAI (t s
gia din tch l/din tch t) tt nht l 5-6 vng nhit i, i vi cc ging la cao
sn thp cy. LAI cn thit quang hp c ti a ty thuc vo hng l trong tn
l v n quyt nh mi trng nh sng trong qun th rung la. S hp th nh sng
ca qun th rung la c th c m t bng nh lut Beer nh sau:
I
Ln ----- = - k F
I0
Trong :
I 0 = Cng nh sng ti trn tn l.
I = Cng nh sng trong qun th khi LAI = F.
F = Tng din tch l tch ly trn n v din tch t. F = 0 trn tn l v
t gia tr ti a mt t (gi tr ny c xem l LAI).
k = H s hp thu ca l (khng n v).
104
(- 0,4)
(- 0,4)
(b) i vi l r (k = 0,8):
Ln (0,05/1,00)
F = ---------------------- = 3,7
(- 0,8)
Nh vy, l thng ng nhn cng nh sng trn n v din tch l thp hn
trng hp l r, nn cho php nh sng mt tri xuyn su xung bn di tn l. Do
, tn l ng c LAI ti ho ln hn v kh nng quang hp cao hn (Hnh 5.2).
Cc nghin cu cho thy rng khong 80-90 % cht kh trong cy c to
thnh l do quang hp, phn cn li l cht khong ly t t.
(CH2O) + O2
CO2 + H2O + Q
k * Pg
H hp sinh trng
c*W
H hp duy tr
Trong :
R = H hp tng cng ca ton cy trong 24 gi.
k = H s h hp sinh trng (# 0,25).
Pg = Quang hp tng s trong 12 gi (ban ngy).
c = H s h hp duy tr (# 0,015).
W = Trng lng kh ton cy.
Khi cy la cn non, sinh trng mnh th h hp sinh trng l ch yu, trong
khi cy la cng gi th h hp duy tr li cng chim u th. Theo Yoshida (1981), h
hp sinh trng ca cc loi cy khc nhau khng khc nhau nhiu v cng khng b
nh hng bi nhit . Ngc li, h hp duy tr thay i theo loi cy v l qu trnh
ph thuc nhit (Q10 khong 2,2). tng hp ra 1 g cht kh ca l cn c 1,36 g
cht hu c; to c 1 g ht la cn 1,20 g cht hu c, trong khi phi tn ti 2,16 g
nguyn liu to ra 1 g ht u phng. Hiu bit v h hp duy tr cn tng i t i
so vi h hp sinh trng. Tuy nhin, ngi ta bit rng qu trnh h hp duy tr din ra
mnh m nht trong cy l qu trnh chuyn ha protein v qu trnh vn chuyn cht
106
tan duy tr nng ion trong t bo cy. Khong 10% protein trong l c ti tng
hp li hng ngy. Qu trnh ny tiu th khong 28-53 mg glucose/g protein/ngy,
tng ng vi 7-13 mg glucose/g cht kh ca l/ngy. Chi ph duy tr nng cc
ion trong l tnh ra khong 6-10 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy v chi ph duy tr mng
t bo cng vo khong 1,7 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy. Nh vy, tng chi ph h hp
duy tr c tnh khong 15-25 mg glucose/g cht kh/ngy i vi cy la.
Ngoi h hp bng ti tng cng nh ni trn, cy la cn c th xy ra hin
tng h hp nh sng khi cng nh sng v nhit mi trng qu cao. Nh
trnh by trn, h hp nh sng khng sn sinh ra mt phn t ATP no c v cng
khng cung cp bt c mt khung carbon no cho vic sinh tng hp trong cy. Do ,
h hp nh sng l mt im hn ch v l qu trnh c nh hng xu n sinh trng
ca nhng cy quang hp theo con ng C-3 nh la.
5.3. DINH DNG KHONG CA CY LA
5.3.1. t ngp nc v dinh dng khong ca cy la
t ngp nc to ra mt mi trng ng u cho cy la sinh trng v ht
cht dinh dng. Trong dt ngp nc, r la thng thiu oxy v qu trnh kh oxy
xy ra hng lot, vic trao i kh gia t v khng kh b cn tr. Ch vi gi sau khi
ngp nc, cc vi sinh vt s dng ht oxy c trong nc hoc rt ra t t. Nng
kh CO2, kh methane, H2 v acid hu c tng ln r rt do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt
ym kh. c th sng c trong iu kin ngp nc, cy la c nhng kh nng
thch nghi rt c bit.
u tin l kh nng vn chuyn oxy. trnh b nghn r, cy la pht trin
cc t bo v cc c quan c bit vn chuyn khng kh t l, thn xung r. Vic
vn chuyn oxy t thn l xung r c xem l s khuych tn vt l ca khng kh
thng qua h thng khng bo v cc phn rng trong cy. Khi oxy c vn chuyn t
thn l xung r v t gc r n chp r th s lng oxy c th b tiu hao hoc c
cc t bo trn dc ng i tiu th. Do , r cng di th p sut oxy chp r cng
thp. Khi r di khong 40 cm, p sut ca oxy chp r ch cn khong 1/10 p sut
oxy ti gc. R s ra chm hoc dng li khi p sut oxy gim xung r rt, v oxy rt
cn cho s phn chia t bo chp r. Do , trong mi trng ym kh, s pht trin
ca r hon ton ty thuc vo lng oxy t trn l chuyn xung, chiu di r cng
gim i rt nhiu so vi mi trng thong kh.
Th hai l nng lc oxid ha ca h r nh s khuych tn oxy t r ra ngoi
mi trng xung quanh. Kh nng oxid ha t cc i phn r cch chp r khong 4
5 cm v r non oxid ha mnh hn r gi. Nng lc oxid ha ca r l do s lng
peroxid hidro quyt nh hn l do hot tnh ca enzyme peroxidase. Cc r gi c th
c hot tnh ca peroxid hidro cao hn r non, nhng nng lc oxid ha thp hn do s
lng peroxid hidro c sinh ra t hn. Nng lc oxid ha ca r la c tng quan
thun vi cng h hp, do h hp c xem nh l tiu chun chn on
nhanh chng hot tnh trao i oxy v kh nng oxid ha ca r la.
Th ba l kh nng pht trin cc r bt nh trn mt t v trong nc, nht l
i vi cc ging la ni, hp thu oxygen trn mt t v trong nc h tr cho b r
bn di, trong trng hp nc ngp su, s vn chuyn oxy t l xung r b hn ch.
Th t l r la c kh nng h hp ym kh cao hn so vi cc loi cy trng khc.
107
Y = Y0 + dYf
Hoc Y = Y0 + (Hiu sut s dng phn m) * Nf
Trong :
Y = Nng sut ht cui cng
Y0 = Nng sut thu c khi khng bn m
dYf = Phn nng sut tng ln khi bn m
Nf = Lng m bn
Cng thc ny th hin mi tng quan gia nng sut mun t c vi iu
kin t ai mi trng v lng phn m bn vo.
Cc loi phn m ph bin hin l Urea 46%N, SA (Sulfat ammonium) 21% N.
24 NO3 + 24 H2O + 48 H+
24 NH4+ + 48 O2
24 NO3 + 5 C6H12O6 24 H+
H+
12 N2 + 30 CO2 + 42 H2O
24 NH4+ + 5 C6H12O6 + 48 O2
12 N2 + 30 CO2 + 66 H2O + 24
110
Chiu di chuyn
S bin i
Nc mt
Tng oxid ho
Tng kh
Bc hi
Bc hi
Vi su
Cy
la
Bn trn mt
Phn N
Vng r
Khuch tn
Khuch tn
Vng r b oxid ho
Trc
di
+
NH4
NH4
+
NH4
Kh m
Amn ho
Vi sinh vt
C nh
c nh trong keo st
Hnh 5.4. Con ng bin i cht m trong rung la ngp nc (De Datta, 1980)
5.3.3. Cht ln (P)
Ln l cht sinh nng (to nng lng), l thnh phn ca ATP, NADP. Thc
y vic s dng v tng hp cht m trong cy, kch thch r pht trin, gip cy la
mau li sc sau khi cy, n bi mnh, kt nhiu ht chc, tng phm cht go, gip la
chn sm v tp trung hn. Ln cn l thnh phn cu to acid nhn (acid nucleic),
thng tp trung nhiu trong ht. Cy la cn ln nht l trong giai on u, nn cn
bn lt trc khi s cy. Khi la tr, khong 37 83 % cht ln c chuyn ln bng.
Khi ngp nc, hm lng ln ha tan gia tng t 0,05 ppm n khong 0,6 ppm,
sau gim xung v n nh khong 40-50 ngy sau khi ngp (Hnh 5.5).
Hm lng ln di ng trong dung dch t ph thuc vo pH. pH = 4-8 cc
ion ch yu c mt trong dung dch t l H2PO4 v HPO4 2 . i vi nng sut ht,
hiu qu ca phn ln cc giai on u cao hn cc giai on cui, do ln cn thit
cho s n bi. Nhu cu tng s v ln ca cy la t hn m.
111
113
Silic c vai tr quan trng trong cy. Ngi ta nhn thy rng Silic lm tng b
dy ca vch t bo, gip cy la cng cp, chng ng khng s xm nhp ca mm
bnh v s tn cng ca cn trng, lm l thng ng, nhiu bng, gim thot hi nc
gip cy chu hn khe hn (Hnh 5.7). Silic cng lm tng lc oxid ho ca r v ngn
cn s hp thu Fe v Mn qu mc.
Ngoi ra, cy la cn cn nhiu cht khc nhng vi lng t v t c th tha
mn hu ht cc nhu cu ny. Thiu Mg cng lm cho l l b mm yu do lm gim sc
trng ca t bo.
Hnh 5.8. Hin tng thiu silic (A) v thiu Mg (B) trn cy la
5.3.6 Cht st (Fe)
St l thnh phn cu to ca Chlorophyll (dip lc t) v mt s phn ha t
trong cy. Cy la cng cn st nhng vi lng nh. Nng Fe2+ trong l di 70 ppm
cy la c triu chng thiu st. S thiu st xy ra t trung tnh, t kim v thng
xy ra t cao, t ry hn l t ngp nc. Tuy nhin, nng Fe2+ cao (trn 300
ppm) cy la li b c. Triu chng c do st in hnh cy la l s xut hin nhng
m r mu nu t chp l v lan dn dc theo gn l xung cc phn bn di lm c
l b , bi la ci cc, r khng pht trin, mu vng nu.
S ngy ngp nc
Hnh 5.10. Bin thin nng Fe++ trong dung dch t sau khi ngp nc
(Yoshida, 1965)
115
5.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tnh min trng ca ht la: nguyn nhn, nh hng v cch x l.
2. Cc c trng v quang hp ca cy la v ng dng trong canh tc.
3. t ngp nc v dinh dng khong ca cy la.
4. Vai tr ca cht m trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
5. Vai tr ca cht ln trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
6. Vai tr ca cht kali trong sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la.
5.5. BI C THM
De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son Inc.,
Canada.
Yoshida, S., 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. IRRI, Philippines (Ting Anh).
Hay C s khoa hc cy la, bn dch ting Vit ca Trn Minh Thnh xut bn nm
1992.
116
*********
Cuc cch mng trong vng nhit i c nh du bng s ra i ca nhng
ging la nng sut cao, khng ng v p ng mnh vi phn bn. Nhng ging la
ny gip cho nng dn vng nhit i c th theo kp nng dn vng n i v mt
nng sut v sn lng. Nhng ging la mi u tin cho thy r vic chn to ging
l mt phng tin hu hiu ci thin nng sut v sn lng la. Tuy nhin, trong
giai on ny mc tiu chn to ging ch yu nhm vo vic ci tin cc c trng hnh
thi ca cy gia tng nng sut. Dn dn, do nhng hn ch ca cc ging la mi
trong kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit. Khi m rng din
tch canh tc la v s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cc loi su bnh, ngi ta thm vo
cc mc tiu chn to ging tnh thch nghi v chng chu vi cc iu kin mi trng
khng thun li v khng su bnh. Khi t c nng sut tng i cao (nh kiu
cy thch hp) v n nh (nh tnh chng chu tt), mc tiu chn to ging li c
nng ln trn c s sinh l, sinh ha ca cy la nng cao tim nng nng sut hn
na, ng thi phm cht ht go cng c ch ci thin.
6.1 S LC V LCH S CNG TC CI TIN GING LA
Cng tc ci tin ging la trn th gii bt u pht trin t u th k 20, ch
yu da trn vic chn lc dng thun v chn lc hn hp t cc ging la ang c
trng ph bin. Cc nh chn ging Indonesia, in hnh l H. Siregar, c l l nhng
ngi u tin thc hin vic chn lc t cc vt liu lai ph bin trm th nghim
trung tm ti Bogor v dn dn thay th c cu ging la thch nghi vi cc iu kin t
ai, kh hu trn ton o Java. n , cng cuc ci tin ging la bt u t nm
1911 ng Bengal (by gi l Bangladesh). Nm 1929, Hi ng Hong gia v nghin
cu nng nghip (Imperial Council of Agricultural Research = ICAR) h tr cho cc
chng trnh chn to ging la nhiu tiu bang. Kt qu l xc nh c nhiu ging
la lm nn tng cho vic lai to, ci thin v pht trin cc ging la nng sut cao v n
nh, khng c mt s su bnh chnh. in hnh nh cc ging la c s dng ht
sc rng ri trong chng trnh lai to ging la quc gia v quc t nh:
Nng sut cao: Latisail, T141, T90, GEB24.
117
119
120
S bng/bi
3-4
6-10
5-7
5-7
5-7
Chi v hiu
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
S ht/bng
200-250
150-200
150-200
100-150
150-200
cng thn
Rt cng
Rt cng
Rt cng
Cng
L trn
thng l
di cong
Thng di,
xanh m
Hi r ti
Dy, thng
Hi r
ng, xanh hoc thng, thng ng
m
xanh m
90
130
130
130-150
Vn lng
100-130
120-150
Quang cm
a nin
Quang cm
Khe
Rng v
Rng v
Su v dy
R kh sinh
121
B r
Tnh chng
chu
Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh
pht trin
sm
su
cn
Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
chu ngp
min trng
mnh
Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
chu ngp,
chu phn,
chu mn
Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh,
kh nng
c nh
m
5-7
3-4
3-4
Go thm
13-15
Tim nng nng
sut (t/ha)
Ch s thu
hoch =
c tnh khc
0,6
Khng
nhiu loi
su bnh
4-5
_
122
Chiu cao cy trung bnh vi ch s thu hoch (HI) bng 0,55, vic ny s khng
ch lm cy khng ng, gim h hp duy tr, m cn quan trng hn na l vic
phn phi carbohydrate vo ht t ti ho.
6.3 CC PHNG PHP CI TIN GING LA
Cc phng php chn lc ging la trng c t lu thng qua cc hot
ng ca ht th h nng dn ny sang th h nng dn khc bng cch chn ra ging
mi t cc ging c ang s dng. Khi khoa hc pht trin v k thut mi ra i th cc
phng php chn to ging khc, tch cc hn c pht trin. Ty mc ch, c s
vt cht v phng tin sn c trong tay, nh lai to s quyt nh s dng phng php
no ci tin ging la.
6.3.1 Phc trng ging
Phc trng ging la l khi phc li thun rt v cc c tnh ban u ca
ging. Phng php ny thng c s dng i vi cc ging la v ang sn xut,
nhng sau mt thi gian thiu chn lc gi gn tt nn thoi ho, do b ln tp hoc
bin d trong qu trnh canh tc hoc do mi trng bin i. Qun th ca ging khng
cn ng u, nng sut, tnh chng chu v cht lng suy gim. c th phc hi
thun rt v cc c tnh nguyn thu ca ging hoc l ci tin theo hng tt hn mt
s c tnh mong mun no , ngi ta c th s dng mt trong 2 cch sau y:
6.3.1.1. Chn lc dng thun
Phng php ny i hi qun th c bn ca ging gc ban u phi c bin
ng di truyn nht nh, v vic chn lc ch da trn nhng s khc bit v cc tnh
trng c th di truyn c m thi. i vi phng php ny, u tin ngi ta chn lc
mt s lng c th nht nh c cc c tnh mong mun t qun th ban u c bin
ng di truyn. Bc th 2 l trng mi c th c chn lc thnh nhng hng ring
bit nh gi v lc thun. Bc cui cng l so snh cc dng la c trin vng vi
cc dng khc v ging gc ban u trong cc th nghim nng sut c lp li. Cc dng
la c nng sut cao nht s c phng thch nh mt dng thun. Phng php ny
thng c s dng trong vic lm thun cc ging la ang trng gi vng hoc
nng cao nng sut v cc c tnh tt ca n.
6.3.1.2. Chn lc hn hp
Chn lc hn hp khc vi chn lc dng thun l cc c th c chn c cng
mt c trng ging nhau s c gom chung li to ra mt ging mi. Cc ging
pht trin t phng php ny vn cn gi c tnh a dng di truyn trong qun th
mi: mc d c t kiu gen hn qun th nguyn thy, nhng vn phong ph hn trong
trng hp chn dng thun. S lng kiu gen v bin ng kiu gen ty thuc vo
bin ng di truyn ca qun th nguyn thy v cng chn lc. Phng php ny
n gin, d lm, thch hp trong iu kin phng tin v kinh ph hn ch, nng dn
c hun luyn cng c th lm c. vi quc gia, phng php chn lc hn hp
c s dng rt rng ri lc thun cc ging la ang ph bin hoc duy tr thun
di truyn ca cc ging la mi.
C hai cch chn lc hn hp. Mt l, chn nhng c th ng ging hoc c cng
c tnh mong mun ri gom chung li trng cc th h sau, v tip tc lm nh th n
123
khi t c thun mong mun. Hai l, kh b nhng c th khc dng hoc khng c
nhng c tnh mong mun ri thu hoch ring nhng c th ng ging cn li lm
ging cho v sau. Cch th hai n gin, d lm hn nhng thun mong mun thp
hn v i hi phi thc hin lin tc. Cch ny ch dng i vi cc qun th t ln tp,
duy tr thun rt ca ging sau mi v canh tc. Nu ngi nng dn thc hin vic
chn lc thng xuyn nh vy th thun rt ca ging c th duy tr rt lu, khng
phi thay i ging thng xuyn sau mi 2-3 v nh hin nay.
6.3.2 Lai to
Phng php ny nhm to ra nhng bin ng di truyn mi v ti t hp cc
gien mong mun bng cch lai ging nhn o. Cc dng lai sau c cho t th v
chn lc theo nhiu kiu khc nhau.
6.3.2.1 Cc phng php lai ging la
Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, chng ti ch tm tt cc phng php lai to
ging la ph bin.
* Lai n: Lai gia 2 ging cha v m mt ln A/B hoc A*B, trong , tn ging m
c vit trc v tn ging cha c vit sau.
Cy m
A
Cy cha
B
F1
Chn lc
* Lai kp: Hai ging la A v B lai vi nhau, ng thi hai ging C v D cng c lai
vi nhau. Sau dung con lai ca chng lai vi nhau. K hiu nh sau: A/B/C/D tc l:
Cy m
A
Cy cha
B
Cy m
C
F1a
Cy cha
D
F1b
F1
Chn lc
124
* Lai ba: Hai ging A v B lai vi nhau ri s dng con lai F1 lai vi ging C (cy C c
th l cy cha hay m ty mc ch lai to). K hiu nh sau: A/B//C tc l:
Cy m
A
Cy cha
B
Cy cha hoc
m C
F11
F12
Chn lc
* Hi giao: Phng php ny dng cc con lai F1 lai ngc li vi ging cha hoc m
nhm cng c v tng cng mt s tnh trng c bit no di truyn t cha hoc m
vo cc con lai. Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l thiu ging cha m cn thit
ch ci tin thm mt c tnh no m thi (De Datta, 1981). Phng php hi giao
c s dng trong chng trnh lai to ca IRRI chuyn tnh khng bnh la c t
cy la hoang di Oryza nivara sang nhng ging la ln c kiu cy thch hp v dng
c rng ri trong vic chn to ging la khng ry nu. Nm 1977, nhiu ging la
c ph bin c mang gien Bph-1, mt gien n tri c tnh khng ry nu 1, hoc Bph2, mt gien n ln khng ry nu 2. C th ni rng cch nhanh nht v chc chn nht
kt hp cc gien ny vo nhng ging tt l phng php hi giao (Jenning Coffman
v Kauffman, 1979).
K hiu nh sau:
A/B//B
A/2*B
A/B//B///B
A/3*B
A//A/B
A*2/B
: Hi giao 1 ln vi ging m.
A///A//A/B
A*3/B
: Hi giao 2 ln vi ging m.
Hi giao vi ging m
A*2/B
A*3/B
Cy m
A
Cy m
A
Cy cha
B
BC1
Cy cha
B
BC1
BC2
Chn lc
A/2*B
Cy cha
B
F11
BC2
125
Chn lc
A/3*B
Lai to
F1
F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 thu hoch gom chung, khng chn lc
GING MI
trong v k tip. Cng vic ny c tip tc khi khng cn s phn ly trong qun th na.
Trong tt c cc phng php chn to ging, phng php gia ph i hi ngi chn
ging phi quen thuc vi cc c im ca dng ang s dng v s tng tc gia kiu
gien vi iu kin ngoi cnh trn s th hin cc tnh trng. Cch ghi chp lai lch t
nhng th h u tin cho php nh chn ging c th theo di n tng hng nhng c th
chn v kh nng di truyn mt tnh trng no . Tuy nhin, phng php chn lc ny
khng c hiu qu cao i vi cc tnh trng c kim sot bi nhiu gien.
Chn cha m
LAI TO
- Khng bo v
- Loi nhng cy t th
- Chn nhng cy lai
Trng cy F1
Trng cy F2
Trng v chn c th cc th h
F3, F4, F5, F6.
GING MI
127
Lai to
Lai to
F1
RGA (F2F5)
Trng dn
Bt thu
RfRf N x
(S)
Phuc hi
R
Bt thu
rfrf S
rfrf S
Bt duc
A (CMS)
Hu thu
Bt duc
A (CMS)
Rfrf S
Duy tr
B
rfrf
F1 hu thu
rfrf N
F1 bt thu
129
Bc 1
NHN DONG A (CMS)
Nhn dng m
rfrf S
Bt duc
A (CMS)
rfrf N
Duy tr
B
rfrf
F1 bt thu
RfRf N
(S)
rfrf N
Dng
phc
hi (R)
t th
Dng
duy tr
(B) t
th
Bc 3: Nhn ht lai A x R
Bc 3: San
RfRf N x
(S)
Phuc hi
R
rfrf S
Bt duc
A (CMS)
Rfrf S
130
F1 hu thu
131
1992
11.137
6,66
1993
34.828
6,71
1994
60.007
5,84
1995
73.503
6,14
1996
102.800
6,58
Ma kh
Ma ma
Nng sut
(kg/ha)
Nng sut
(kg/ha)
1993
141,4
550
13,2
550
1994
52,0
630
71,0
400
1995
46,0
760
55,0
1.150
1996
169,0
2.100
98,0
1.150
Quc gia
Nm
Reimei
Nht bn
1966
Jagannath
1969
IRAT 13
Ivory Coast
1974
Calrose 76
1976
Hokuriku-100
Nht Bn
1976
M-7
1977
RD-6
Thi Lan
1977
TNB100 *
Vin La Mn
1990s
TNB128 *
Ngun: De Datta (1981), (*) tc gi b sung
134
6.4.8 Sn xut th
K tha kt qu t th nghim khu vc ha 2-3 ging/dng tt nht c chn ra
v nhn rng trong sn xut, ng thi tip tc theo di kh nng thch nghi v tnh
chng chu ca n trong iu kin sn xut ca nng dn.
S tham gia ca ngi dn
iu phi
P
Ngn hng gien
P
B
Lai to
c tnh ho
**
nh gi
Bo tn &
S dng
Hp tc
VIN NGHIN
CU PHT
TRIN NG
BNG SNG
CU LONG
TRNG I
HC CN
TH
Hnh 6.6.
Chng trnh
IRTP/INGER
iu phi
*
Quan st s khi
Trc nghim hu k
***
P
V
Thi Lan
Chn lc &
K hiu
Chn lc &
K hiu
Dng L
IRRI
Vt liu di
truyn
Su tp
IR
t tn
H tr ca
d n
CBDC &
IPGRI
MTL
iu phi
****
Sn xut th
****
Nhn ging
****
136
6.4.9 Sn xut i tr
y l bc cui cng trong chng trnh chn to ging mi. Nng dn s trng
i tr trn c nng tri, c cnh ng, c khu vc,...cc ging/dng la thng qua sn
xut th v c kt lun tt hoc chp nhn c.
6.5 CNG TC GING LA NG BNG SNG CU LONG
T lu nng dn BSCL tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim trng la v chn
ging rt phong ph. Kinh nghim ny c c l do s cn c, sng to trong lao ng
c tch ly t i ny sang i khc. B con nng dn bit chn ging la thch hp
vi iu kin sinh thi ca ni mnh trng, nh vng phn vi ging C ung ni ting,
vng mn vi ging Nng Co , C Ba L, Nng Qut. Vng nc ngp su trn 1m v
ln nhanh c cc ging la ni c kh nng vn nhanh theo mc nc nh Nng Ty,
Trng Hng, Tu Binh, Cht Ct... Cc ging la ny chng nhng c tnh thch nghi
c bit vi nhng iu kin khc nghit , m cn tr v chn ph hp vi ch nc
trong vng bo m n nh nng sut nh c tnh quang cm mnh. Cc ging la
nh vy ang c nghin cu tuyn chn phc trng v dng lm vt liu khi u
trong cng tc lai to vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
n nm 1968 cng vi s du nhp cc ging la mi ngn ngy, nng sut cao,
khng quang cm nh IR5, IR8, k thut canh tc mi c xm nhp dn dn vo
BSCL, ci thin nng sut la, ph v th qung canh, chuyn dn theo hng thm
canh tng v. ng rung c kin thit p ng yu cu pht trin ca cy la mi.
Nng sut la tng ln r rt. Cc ging la a phng cao cy, nng sut thp dn dn
c thay th bng cc ging la cao sn thp cy ngn ngy ny. Tuy nhin s pht trin
rng ri ca cc ging la mi ny cng ko theo cc vn su bnh nghim trng hn
do mc thm canh cao hn nh vic s dng phn bn nhiu hn, s cy vi mt
cao hn, cng s dng t tng ln, cy la sinh trng nhanh hn, c mt trn ng
rung thng xuyn v lin tc hn. n khong u thp nin 1970, ry nu xut
hin v tn cng mnh m trn cc ging la ang ph bin nh IR5, IR8, C4-63. Mt
th h ging la mi ra i nh IR20, IR22, IR26, IR28, IR29, IR30, TN73-1, TN73-2...
Cc ging ny rt c a chung v pht trin mnh khp cc tnh vng BSCL vo
nhng nm 1970, chng khng ry nu loi 1 v mt s loi su bnh khc. Din tch la
cao sn tng nhanh t 41.000 ha nm 1968 ln n 890.400 ha nm 1973. n nm 19761977, loi hnh ry nu mi li xut hin (ry nu loi 2) v pht trin thnh dch ln gy
thit hi nng trn nhiu cnh ng, c bit l cc tnh Kin Giang, Bn Tre, Long An.
Ry nu gy mt trng hng lot din tch, lm gim sn lng la trm trng.
Trc tnh hnh kh khn , ging IR36 ra i. Ging IR36 c Trng i
hc Cn Th tuyn chn t b ging la cao sn ngn ngy ca Vin Nghin Cu la
Quc t (IRRI) Philippines. IR36 khng ry nu loi 2, n bi mnh, thch nghi rng
nhanh chng lan trn trong sn xut, kp thi chn ng dch ry nu nn n nh nng
sut la. S ra i ca ging la IR36 mt ln na khng nh mnh m vai tr ca
ging la trong thc t sn xut. y l mt bin php rt c hiu qu, t tn km, rt d
thc hin v c kt qu nhanh chng trong sn xut. Ging IR36 c B Nng Nhip
cng nhn, cho ph bin rng ri vi tn l NN3A.
T n nay, cng tc nghin cu ging la BSCL pht trin mnh m,
khng ch cc trung tm nghin cu, cc Vin, cc Trng m ngay c cc nng dn
137
tin tin cc ni cng tham gia phong tro ny. Phong tro dn dn i vo chiu su,
cc ging la NN4A, NN5A, NN6A, NN7A, NN8A, NN2B, NN4B, NN5B ln lt ra
i. Cc ging la trin vng c trng ph bin BSCL, trong nhng nm 1990s,
nh MTL98, MTL99, MTL103, MTL105, MTL110, MTL113, MTL114, MTL117,
MTL119, OM269, OM997,... thuc nhm ngn ngy; v IR42, NTL83, MTL126,... thuc
nhm la trung ma. C cu ging la BSCL thay i nhanh chng, n nay hu ht
cc ging la ang s dng l nhng ging la ngn ngy v cc sm c phm cht go
tt, nng sut cao nh OM1490, OM3536, OM4898, MTL250, MTL384, MTL392,...
Trng i Hc Cn Th, Vin Nghin Cu La BSCL ( Mn - Cn Th),
Trng Trung hc Nng Nghip Long nh (Tin Giang), v Vin Khoa hc Nng
nghip min Nam (Tp. H Ch Minh) l nhng c quan c ng gp ng k vo cng
tc nghin cu v pht trin ging la BSCL. Cho n nay, c hn 50 ging la
c Trng i hc Cn Th (cc ging c k hiu MTL), hn trm ging la OM, do
Vin Nghin cu La Mn v gn chc ging la do Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip
min Nam phng thch vo sn xut BSCL, gp phn tng nng sut, sn lng
la BSCL t vi triu tn/nm trong nhng nm 1975-1980, ln n 17-18 triu
tn/nm vo nhng nm 2005-2006.
Ngoi vic chn to nhng ging la mi a vo sn xut, cc c quan nghin
cu trn cn tch cc y mnh kho st tp on ging la a phng. T nm 1975,
Trng i Hc Cn Th tin hnh iu tra, su tp, nghin cu v bo qun ngun
ti nguyn di truyn phong ph ny. Hn 1000 ging la a phng khp cc tnh
BSCL c su tp trng kho st v ghi nhn cc c tnh nng hc, kh nng cho
nng sut, tnh chng chu vi su bnh v iu kin vi mi trng. Cc ging la c
c tnh tt ang c dng lm vt liu khi u trong lai to, ng thi lu ch o
trong sn xut. Ngoi ra cng tc iu tra, bnh tuyn cc ging la thch hp cho tng
a phng ang c cc tnh phi hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn tin hnh tin
ti n nh c cu ging la cho tng vng, tng v, hon thnh nm b ging la cho
sn xut BSCL: la H Thu, la Thu ng, la ma sm, la ma l (hay trung ma)
v la ma mun.
6.6 S LC CCH T TN GING LA
Hu ht cc ging la cao sn c trng ph bin hin nay u c lai to v
tuyn chn ti Vin Nghin Cu La Quc T (IRRI) Philippines. Cc ging ny c tn
gc bt u bng ch IR (Improved Rice). Th d, IR9129-192-2-3-5, ging ny c
chn t t hp lai th 9129. i F1 cc c th u ging nhau, ngi ta thu ly ht F1
gieo thnh nhng cy F2 c rt nhiu dng. Ngi ta chn cy th 192 trong s nhng
cy F2 ny, thu tt c ht em gieo thnh nhng hng khc nhau (F3), ri chn c
nhng cy tt hng th 2. em nhng ht ny gieo thnh cy F4, chn nhng cy
hng th 3. Tng t F5 chn nhng cy hng th 5. By gi ging tng i thun.
Ging IR9129-192-2-3-5 c gi sang Vit Nam nm 1978 v trng kho st Trng
i Hc Cn Th. tin theo di v d nh, n c t tn l MTL30 t ra thch nghi
tt i vi nhiu vng sinh thi khc nhau, rt ngn ngy (95-100 ngy) p ng c
yu cu tng v, tr gn, nng sut cao, khng ry nu 2 c B Nng Nghip cng
nhn v cho ph bin rng vi tn mi l NN7A. Trong , NN l Nng Nghip, s 7 l
s th t ca ging c cng nhn v A cho bit thuc ging la ngn ngy (di 120
138
ngy), khc vi nhm B l nhm la trung ma c thi gian sinh trng trn 120 ngy
nh NN4B (140 ngy).
Tn NN l tn chnh thc c B Nng Nghip t cho cc ging la qua th
nghim rng ri v c php trng i tr. Hin nay, B Nng Nghip khng cn p
dng li t tn ny na m ch cng nhn v cho php ph bin vi tn do c quan
nghin cu gi m thi.
Ngoi ra, mi c quan nghin cu, mi tnh, tin vic theo di v ghi nhn,
cc ging, cc dng c trin vng c tuyn chn s mang k hiu ring ca c quan
mnh, tnh mnh.... Th d, cc ging OM l ca Vin Nghin Cu la BSCL (vit tt
ca ch Mn, nh OM33, OM83, OM84, OM85,...). Cc ging la ca Trng i
Hc Cn Th tuyn chn c k hiu l MTL (Min Ty la) nh MTL30, MTL50,
MTL54,... Cc ging la L (vit tt ca ch Long nh) ca Trng K Thut Nng
Nghip Long nh, Tin Giang (Nay i thnh Vin Nghin cu Cy n qu min
Nam) nh L2, L3, L4. Cc ging la KT thuc y Ban Khoa Hc K Thut tnh
Hu Giang c (vit tt ca ch k thut) nh KT4, KT5, KT9,... Cc ging la ST (vit
tt ca ch Sc Trng) nh ST3, ST5, ST10,... ca tnh Sc Trng.
Theo Php Lnh ging cy trng s 15/2004/PL-UBTVQH11, c Quc hi
thng qua v Ch tch nc s 03/2004/L-CTN, ban hnh ngy 5/4/2004, mt ging
mun c cng nhn v a vo sn xut phi qua cc bc: (1) kho nghim quc gia
(DUS=Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability v VCU=Value of Cultivation and Use), (2)
cng nhn ging khu vc ho, (3) cng nhn ging quc gia (Hi ng khoa hc chuyn
ngnh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn) (Xem chi tit trong Php lnh ging cy
trng, Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2004).
S v trnh t kho nghim v cng nhn ging cy trng c trnh by trong
hnh 6.7.
Lai to
Nhp ni
Chn lc
Cc Nng nghip
ng k kho nghim
Kho nghim
Hi ng Khoa hc
chuyn ngnh, B
NN-PTNT, S NNPTNT
Sn xut th
Ging quc gia
(ging cng nhn chnh thc)
Ct v tru
Kh c
Th phn
Ht lai thnh cng
140
Ngun bin ng
Tng i
Tuyt i
S ht trn m2 (N)
60,2
74
21,2
26
75,7
93
78,5
96
Tt c N, F, W
81,4
100
Cy
VI
N bi tch cc
Chi ti a
Tng c bng
VII
VIII
IX
Chn
Tr
Vo chc r
Gim nhim tch cc
Phn ho hoa
Phn ho nhnh gi bc 2
Chn ging tt, loi hnh bng to, nhiu ht, n bi sm (chi ra cng sm cng
c kh nng cho bng to).
143
Ngi ta c th c ch chi v hiu bng nhiu bin php k thut khc nhau ty
iu kin c th. K thut bn phn hnh ch V (phn 7.3 ca chng ny), rt nc gia
ma hoc xt thuc c vi liu thp nhm c ch sinh trng dinh dng qu mnh v
dit chi v hiu ngay trc khi cy la bt u phn ho ng l cc bin php c th p
dng nhm ti u ho cc thnh phn nng sut la.
7.1.2.3. T l ht chc:
(tnh bng phn trm ht chc trn tng s ht)
T l ht chc c quyt nh t u thi k phn ho ng n khi la vo chc
nhng quan trng nht l cc thi k phn bo gim nhim, tr bng, phi mu, th phn,
th tinh v vo chc.
T l ht chc tu thuc s hoa trn bng, c tnh sinh l ca cy la v chu nh
hng ln ca iu kin ngoi cnh. Thng s hoa trn bng qu nhiu d dn n t l
ht chc thp. Cc ging la c kh nng quang hp, tch ly v chuyn v cc cht
mnh, cng vi cu to m c gii vng chc khng ng sm, li tr v to ht trong
iu kin thi tit tt, dinh dng y th t l ht chc s cao v ngc li. Mun c
nng sut cao, t l ht chc phi t trn 80 %.
Cc bin php k thut cn lu gia tng t l ht chc:
-
Chn ging tt, tr gn, kh nng th phn cao v s ht trn bng va phi.
Chm sc chu o, trnh cho la b kh hn hoc b su bnh trong thi gian ny.
7.1.2.4 Trng lng ht
Tr ngi v mt sinh hc
Ging
C di
Su bnh
t
Nc
Dinh dng
Tr ngi v mt kinh t x hi
Chi ph v li nhun
Tn dng
Tp qun
Kin thc
Vt t nng nghip
T chc x hi
Nng sut
th nghim
Nng sut
tim nng
Nng sut
ng rung
Hnh 7.2. Khi nim v s st gim nng sut la thc t t rung nng dn
so vi nng sut tim nng v nng sut th nghim (Gomez, 1977)
Khi ng dng rng ri vo sn xut, nng sut thc t t c trn ng rung
ca nng dn li thp hn tim nng nng sut rt nhiu do hn ch v mt sinh hc, nh
s thch nghi ca ging i vi iu kin t, nc, dinh dng, su bnh, c di. Ngoi
ra, iu kin kinh t x hi ca nng dn cng gp phn quan trng trong vic lm st
gim nng sut so vi tim nng ca n. Trong , kin thc v tp qun canh tc ca
145
Thn thp, nhiu bng, bng ngn chng ng v tng phn trm ht chc.
Tr vo lc thi tit tt, nhiu nng cho n t nht 25 ngy sau khi tr gia tng
sn phm quang hp.
Trong , cc c tnh hnh thi quan trng nht l 3 l trn cng ngn, dy, thng
ng v thn thp. ng cng tng kt nhiu th nghim i n kt lun l ngi ta c
th iu khin kiu cy la theo mun v yu t quyt nh trong vic to ra kiu cy
la l tng l vic hn ch s hp th m trong thi k ch s tui l t 69-92 (xem
Chng 5, phn 5.7.2), tc l tng ng vi khong 43-18 ngy trc khi tr.
7.1.4.2 K thut canh tc la hnh ch V
Theo k thut ny, Matsushima chia thi gian sinh trng ca cy la ra lm 3
giai on: giai on u, giai on gia v giai on cui. Giai on u l t lc ny
mm n khi cy la t ch s tui l 69 (khong 43 ngy trc khi tr). Giai on gia
l t khi cy la t ch s tui l 69-92 (tc khong t 43-20 hoc 18 ngy trc khi
tr). Giai on cui bt u t lc cy la c ch s tui l 92 n chn. Tng s ht trn
n v din tch l vn quan trng nht trong giai on u, trong khi gia tng phn
trm ht chc li gi vai tr quyt nh trong giai on gia v giai on sau (Hnh 7.3).
Giai on u
y l thi k phi bo m s ht cn thit trn n v din tch bng cch gia
tng s chi (nhng phi l chi hu hiu) trn n v din tch cng nhiu cng tt. Cc
bin php k thut cn lu c bit l:
146
NNG SUT
GIAI ON U
GIAI ON GIA
GIAI ON CUI
Ch s tui l 1-69
Ch s tui l 69-92
T ny mm n 43 ngy
trc khi tr
Ch s tui l t 92 tr
i. T 20 ngy trc
khi tr n khi chn
Bo m s bng cn
thit
Ci thin iu kin l
hc
1. Lm m tt
1. Gim s hp th m
2. Thi v thch hp
2. Rt nc phi t
1. Bn phn nui ng
v nui ht
2. To iu kin cho b
r kho mnh
4. Cy cn
147
Giai on gia
Trong giai on gia, cn khng ch s hp th m ca cy la bo m nhn
c kiu cy l tng, ngn nga ng v ci thin iu kin l hc ca cy, gip cy
la tch ly nhiu tinh bt trong thn v b l tng cng kh nng khng bnh v chc
chn l phn trm ht chc s gia tng. iu ny rt ph hp vi quan st v nhn xt ca
nhiu nng dn trng la ng bng sng Cu Long. Ngi nng dn nhn thy rng
nu lc cy la bt u ng ci, lm ng (bt u thi k phn ho ng) m m la
(tc l hnh thi bn ngoi ca rung la) mu vng tranh (xanh nht n vng) th la
sau ny tr mi chc ht (t lp v ht no y). R rng mu xanh nht n vng ca l
la l th hin ca tnh trng hi thiu m hoc s hp thu m b hn ch. Tc gi cho
rng rt nc phi rung l bin php b tr tt nht lm gim s hp thu m trong
thi k ny nu cy la c triu chng qu sung mn v tha m. Rt nc cn to iu
kin kch thch b r n su hn thun li cho vic huy ng dng cht giai on cui.
Rt nc cn lm cho tng t mt thong kh hn, thc y qu trnh phn gii cht hu
c trong t nhanh hn, ci thin tnh trng oxid-ho kh trong mi trng t ngp
nc, gip r pht trin thun li hn. Tuy nhin, i vi cc ging la tht ngn ngy, 2
giai on tng trng v sinh sn gi vi nhau th khng nn p dng k thut ny v s
lm nh hng xu n qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca ng la. Trn t phn,
rt nc gia ma c th gy hin tng bc phn ln lp t mt lm hi la.
K thut sc bn gia cc hng la cy lm t bt r la, khi cy la vo cui
giai on c chi ti a, cng c tc dng hn ch s hp th m, to iu kin thong
kh, kch thch b r la hot ng hu hiu hn. Nng dn cn c kinh nghim dng
thuc c (2,4-D) vi nng thp (khong phn na liu dit c) xt vo lc la c chi
ti a, nu rung la qu xanh tt v rm rp, c ch s hp th m ca la giai
on ny, dit chi v hiu v lm thn la cng cp hn chng ng v khng su
bnh tt hn.
Giai on cui
Trong giai on ny, vn quan trng nht l lm th no gia tng hiu nng
quang hp ca cy la. Bin php u tin gia tng hiu nng quang hp l bn phn
m ngay sau khi chm dt giai on gia, tc l ngay thi k phn ho hoa (bn nui
ng). Vic bn phn ny nhm lm gim s hoa b thoi ho v gia tng s tch ly
carbohydrate trong cy m khng lm nh hng xu n kiu hnh ca cy. Ln bn
phn k tip nn c thc hin khi cy la tr u, nhm gia tng hiu nng hiu nng
quang hp sau tr v do kch thch s pht trin ca ht go.
Bin php cn thit th hai tng cng hiu nng quang hp l gia tng nng
lc ca b r. thc hin iu ny, cng tc qun l nc ht sc quan trng. Hot
ng ca b r s c tng cng bng bin php ti nc gin on. Bin php ny
cung cp oxy cho t, ngn nga r b thit hi do tnh kh bt thng ca t.
Vn quan trng th ba nhm tng cng hiu nng quang hp l phi b tr ma
v cy la tr bng trong khong thi gian c nhiu nng. Thi k cc trng m cy la
cn nh sng mt tri l trong vng t 15 ngy trc khi tr n 25 ngy sau khi tr.
Bin php canh tc hnh ch V ny c p dng rng ri trong sn xut
Nht Bn. Nm 1968, trong cuc thi ua nng sut la ti a Nht, 42% nng dn
148
PHNG PHP S
S T
S KH
S NGM
S CHAY
S GI
CHUN B T
CHUN B T
CHUN B T
CHUN B T
CHUN B T
Trong iu kin t
Trong iu kin kh
Trc, nh bn
Cy, ba
nh
nc
rnh
thot
o mng thot
phn
Trong
ngp
iu
kin
Phi t, t ng
Trc, dn sch c
Ngm ny mm
HT GING
Kh, khng ngm
Trn thuc bo v
ht
Nh s t hoc s
kh tu cch s la
v u
Cm cy phn lung
Cho ngp nc va
phi sau khi s 1
ngy nc va cn
HT GING
HT GING
HT GING
Ngm va ny
mm
Trn thuc bo v
mm
Ngm, s vo trong
nc ri rung
rt nc m
Kh hoc ngm
tu cch s la v
u
Gi m
HT GING
Khng lm t
Trn ln ht ging
la ngn ngy v la
ma theo t l thch
hp
S vi
S hng
152
KCl
50 kg
Mc nc 5 cm
Bn lt
PHC
Ln
Kali
Thc
1
1/5 N
10 cm
Thc
2
2/5 N
Nui
ng
1/5 N
K
Nui
ht
1/5 N
153
7.2.1.2 S kh
Chun b t
t phi c cy i sau khi thu hoch v
la ma hay ng xun nm trc. n thng 4,
khi c c nhng cn ma u ma, ngi ta
tin hnh cy tr, lm sch c ri ba cho t
ti ra, cc t to bng nm tay l va. o nhng
rnh thot nc (su 20 cm) cch nhau khong
10-20 m. Cc rnh ny c ni lin vi nhng
mng su hn (50 cm) v rng hn bo m
a tt c lng nc ma u ma ra khi rung. V lng nc ma u ma ha
tan cc mui mn hoc mui phn tch ly trong lp t mt trong ma kh. Lng nc
ny rt c, nu gi li trong rung la s b cht.
Chun b ht ging
Cn chn nhng ging la tht ngn ngy, khng mt s loi su bnh chnh trong
vng, thch nghi tt vi iu kin ti a phng, chu hn gii. Ht ging cn phi thun
rt (khng ln ging), sch (khng c ln tp cht, ht c, ht lp), kh, chc ht, khng
b bnh v c ny mm trn 80%. Ht ging kh khng ngm c trn vi mt
trong cc loi thuc tr su bo v ht, nga d, kin, chim, chut.
S
Lng ging cn cho mi hecta ty loi ging la, t ai v t l ny mm ca ht
ging, trung bnh t 150-200 kg/ha. Khi s cn ri tht u tay ht phn phi u trn
ton khu rung. S xong nn ba lp ht trnh chim chut ph hi v gi m tt.
Bn phn
i vi la s kh c th bn phn lm 4 ln c bn trong sut v nh sau:
-
Bn lt: (trc khi s, ngay khi ba t) ton b phn chung, phn ln, trn phn
vo t.
- Bn thc ln 1: (10-15 ngy sau khi ht ny mm) bn 1/5 lng phn m gip cy
la non sm pht trin, c chi sm v khe, mau t c chi ti a v ln t c di.
-
Bn thc ln 2: (25 ngy sau khi ny mm tc 10-15 ngy sau khi bn thc ln 1)
2/5 lng phn m cung cp cho la n bi tch cc.
Bn nui ng: (18-20 ngy trc khi tr) lc ng ng di khong 1-2 cm trong
b l: 1/5 lng m v 1/2 lng kali gim s ht thoi ha, tng s ht trn
bng.
154
La n bi tch
cc
Tr
Lm
ng
Mc nc
10cm
0
Bn lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 Kali
Chn
10-15
Thc 1
1/5 N
25
Thc 2
2/5 N
40
70
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K
100ngy
Nui
ht
1/5 N
GIAI ON SINH SN
GIAI ON CHN
La n bi tch
cc
Chn
Tr
Lm
ng
40 cm
Bn lt
PHC
Ln
Mc nc
10 cm
5 cm
10-15
Thc 1
1/5 N
1/2
Kali
25
Thc 2
2/5 N
40
70
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K
GIAI ON SINH SN
100ngy
Nui
ht
1/5 N
GIAI ON CHN
157
Chm sc
- Gi nc: Sau khi s, tip tc gi nc ngm trong 24 gi, xong thot nc ra,
ch gi rung m cho ht ny mm. Nu rung b kh c th bm nc vo tr li ri
tho nc ra bo m m cho mm pht trin. Cho nc vo cho chiu cao cy m (57 ngy sau khi s), ri t qun l nc nh i vi rung s t.
- Lm c v phng tr su bnh: Ging nh i vi rung s t.
La n bi tch
cc
Chn
Tr
Lm
ng
10 cm
Bn lt
PHC
Mc nc
10 cm
5 cm
7-10
25
Thc 1
Ln
1/5 N
1/2
Kali
Thc 2
2/5 N
40
70
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K
100ngy
Nui
ht
1/5 N
GIAI ON SINH SN
GIAI ON CHN
tnh ca hai ging la. x Chu Hng, huyn Thnh Tr (Sc Trng) nm 1989, hn 20
ha la s gi s dng cc ging la ngn ngy nh IR9729, IR19660, MTL30 vi
cc ging la ma l thu hoch vo thng 12 dl nh Ba Thit, Mng Chim, Hai Honh,
M Ci, Mt Bi Lng ging s ph bin l 200 250 kg ging ngn ngy v 3-4
kg ging la ma.
S: Cch thc s nh i vi cc phng php s t hoc s kh.
Bn phn
- V la ngn ngy c bn phn nh i vi s t hoc s kh v c lng
phn v thi k bn.
- V la ma: Khi thu hoch la ngn ngy, cy la ma vn cn giai on tng
trng, nn khi ct la, ch phn b l v phin l ca cy la ma c ct i. Cy la
ma c b r pht trin mnh trong thi gian u, sau khi b ct l lc thu hoch la
ngn ngy, n s ra l mi v vn ln mnh m chu ng iu kin ngp l tt hn,
khng b cht nc nh trng hp la mi s hoc cy lp v.
LA MA
GIAI ON TNG TRNG
G SINH SN
G CHN
LA NGN NGY
GIAI ON TNG TRNG
G SINH SN
G CHN
20 cm
10 cm
5 cm
Bn
lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 K
10
Thc
1
1/5
N
25
Thc
2
2/5
N
40
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K
45
70
Tr
Nui
ht
1/5 N
100
Gt
la
ngn
ngy
Thc
3
50
kg
N/ha
120
150
Tr
180
Gt
la
ma
Thc
4
50
kg
N/ha
Nn ch lm c trong vng 20 ngy sau khi thu hoch la ngn ngy. Sau la
cao hn, nc nhiu c di thng khng pht trin c, vic lm c khng
cn cn thit na.
Bn lt: (trc khi trc ln cui cy) gip la mau hi phc v n bi sm.
+ Ton b lng phn chung, phn ln.
+ 1/5 lng phn m.
+ 1/2 lng phn kali.
Bn thc: (15 ngy sau khi cy) 2/5 lng m la n bi mnh, sm t chi
ti a.
Cy
Bn
lt
PHC
Ln
1/2 K
Thc
2/5 N
Nui
ng
1/5 N
1/2 K
Nui
ht
1/5 N
163
164
Du vt
ca gc r
v trc
Ra chi
Ct r
-5
0 3
Bn
dng
r
30kg
Urea/
ha
Tr
Lm ng
15-20
30-35
Thc 1
30kg
Urea +
50kg
DAP/
ha
Thc 2
50kg
Urea/
ha
Nui
ng
50kg
Urea +
30kg
KCl/
ha
50
Ct r
165
Chn
80 ngy
7. 3. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun s ng gp ca cc thnh phn nng sut vo nng sut la.
2. Trnh by cc bin php k thut tng nng sut la thng qua vic tc ng
vo cc thnh phn nng sut.
3. Tho lun cc tr ngi chnh lm gim nng sut la thc t trn ng rung so
vi tim nng nng sut ca ging.
4. Tho lun 6 c tnh cn thit ca mt cy la l tng theo quan im ca
Matsushima (1970).
5. Tho lun k thut canh tc la hnh ch V ca Matsushima (1970).
6. So snh cc c im ca cc bin php canh tc la s ng bng sng Cu
Long. u v nhc im ca cc phng php s t, s kh, s ngm s chay v
s gi.
7. Tho lun u v nhc im ca cc phng php canh tc la cy v la s.
7.4. BI C THM
1. o Th Tun, 1970. Sinh l rung la nng sut cao. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v
K thut, H Ni.
2. Nguyn Ngc , 1998. S dng bng so mu l bn phn N hp l cho la
BSCL (t 1996 n 1998). Bo co tng kt, 1998.
3. Nguyn Ngc v Phm Th Phn, 2001. K thut canh tc la cao sn. D n
nng cao nng lc xo ngho, tnh Tr Vinh do UNDP ti tr, S Vn ho Thng
tin Tr Vinh.
4. Matsushima, S., 1970. Crop Science in Rice Theory of yield determination and
Its application. Fuji Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Japan.
5. Vergara, B.S., 1987. Raising the yield potential of rice. IRRI, Philippines.
166
Hnh 8.2. My gt xp dy
Trong vic thu hoch bng tay, tu theo ging la, tnh trng la chn v phng
cch ra ht (p) m ngi ta thu hoch la bng cch gt hay ct.
168
8.1.4.1 Gt la
Thng ch p dng trn cc ging la cao cy, la b ng v ri. Ngi ta
dng mt s dng c gi l vng hi hay vng gt gm 2 nhnh cy lin, hp vi
nhau 1 gc 45 - 60 . Trn mt nhnh dng lm tay cm c tra li hi (lim) gia v
thng gc vi mt phng hai nhnh (kiu ngi Kinh) hoc pha i din vi nhnh kia
(kiu Khmer). Nhnh kia dng lm phng tin gom bi la li, gi cc bng la bng
bn tay tri v ct bng li hi vi tay phi. (Hnh 8.3). V tr ct thng cch c bng
khong 20 - 30 cm. Xong b li thnh tng b, ng knh 10 - 15 cm. Cc b ny c
gom li thnh ng, xp chng ln nhau tng lp gi l ng la p cp hoc xp
dng ng thnh ng trn (phn bng quay ln) trn sn xi mng hay sn t c
nn cht v trng kn cc k nt p bng tru b hay my ko (xem hnh 8.7).
Cch gt
169
8.1.5 Ra ht
Ra ht l t gi chung cc phng php tch ri ht la khi bng. C nhiu cch
ra ht: p bng b, p cp, p bng tru b, bng my ko hay sut la.
8.1.5.1 p b
(Hnh 8.5)
Ngi ta dng 1 ci nch gi cht cc m la ct v p mnh vo ci thang
b lm bng cc thanh tre chc v cng chn t trong b, u trn ta vo ming b.
B gm c 1 y bng g kch thc khong 80 x 100 cm xung quanh c bao bc bi
1 ming li dy khong 2.5 m chn khng cho ht vng ra ngoi (thng thy
Long An) hoc an bng tre v qut mt lp phn tru b ti, xong phi kh trm bt
vo cc k h (thng thy cc tnh Cu Long, Cn Th). Ca b rng khong 80 cm
cch y b khong 60 cm, pha trn phnh rng ra khng b vng khi p. B c
lm gn nh, c th di chuyn d dng trong rung.
8.1.5.2 p cp
Ci nch dng gi b la gt tng t nh trn nhng dy ngn hn va vn
m cht b la. Ngi ta p la trong sn hay trn m vi mt ci gh p. Gh
p gm 1 ming g to, dy v chc chn, mt u di t, mt u ta trn 2 ci
chn cao khong 60 cm. Ngi ta p v tr b la qua li nhiu ln n khi rng ht ht
chc (Hnh 8.6).
170
Hnh 8.6. p cp
8.1.5.3 p la
Ngi ta cht la dng ng (bng hng ln trn) thnh ng trn, ng kn t
4 - 5 m n trn 10m, tu cch p la bng tru b hay my ko chng c th xoay
tr trn sn. Tru b hay my ko c iu khin i vng vng, gim ln ng la cho
n khi rng ht ht. Dng nhng m sy sc tr cc b la t bn di ln trn v
t trn xung di. Cui cng th gi rm b ra, cn li l la ht trn sn (Hnh 8.7).
8.1.5.4 Sut la
C 2 loi my sut la hin hnh: my sut la bn c gii v c gii.
- My sut bn c gii: dng mt ng c 3-4 m lc ko mt trc mang ng
sut quay trn. Trn ng sut c nhng rng bng kim loi, ngi ta cm 1 b la a
phn bng vo cho rng ht ht, xong qung rm ra v c th tip tc n cc b la khc
(Hnh 8.8).
171
8.2 PHI SY LA
Mc ch ca vic phi sy la l h thp m lm gim qu trnh h hp duy
tr ca ht trong khi bo qun nh hng n sc sng v cht lng ht la. Gim m
ht cng nhm hn ch s pht sinh, pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt v cn trng c hi tn
cng ht trong qu trnh bo qun. Cc yu t c nh hng n tin phi sy v cht
lng ht, cn lu l: m ban u ca ht, nhit v m tng i ca khng
kh, v phng php phi sy. Ht la khi thu hoch c m thng thng khong 20%
trng lng ht. Trong khi yu cu m ht c th tn tr an ton l phi di 14%.
Theo Huey (1977), vic phi sy cn phi tin hnh ngay sau khi thu hoch, khng nn
tr qu 24h, v m cao s lm ht mt phm cht rt nhanh.
8.2.1 Nguyn tc c bn ca vic phi sy
Cng nh cc ht ng cc khc, ht la l mt loi vt liu a nc, cho nn m
ht s rt d dng thay i tu theo nhit v m tng i ca khng kh xung
quanh n. Tin trnh phi sy c bn l qu trnh truyn nhit bng cch bin nc trong
ht thnh hi v chuyn ra ngoi khng kh.Nhit c truyn ti ht bng lung kh i
lu, bc x mt tri hoc s truyn dn. Phng php i lu kh thng c s dng
nht. Phng php ny i hi phi si nng khng kh lm gim m tng i
ca khng kh xung thp c th ht m t ht ra.
Hnh 8.12. nh hng ca m ht v phng php phi sy trn cht lng xay
xt ca la (Duff v Toquero, 1975).
bo m bo phm cht ca ht khng b gim st trong qu trnh phi sy cn
chn la nhit sy thch hp, bao gm nhit khng kh v nhit ti a ca khi
174
ht trong thi gian sy; khong thi gian phi by ht la trong iu kin nhit cao
thch ng vi cc mc m ht thay i v tc ng ng u trong khi ht.Vic
chn la iu kin phi sy tt nht cn tu thuc vo ging la v m ban u ca
ht. Khi ht kh, phn ngoi ht b mt nhanh qu v khng ng u th s gia tng ht
rng nt v bc bng. Hnh 8.12 cho thy xu hng v hiu qu tng i ca phng
php phi nng v sy cc m khc nhau lc thu hoch trn nng sut v cht lng
ht. Nghin cu cho thy r, thi im thu hoch tt nht bo m nng sut v phm
cht ht khi m ht t 21-24%. C s khc bit v t l go nguyn gia 2 phng
php phi v sy, trong sy ng phng php lm tng t l go nguyn khi xay xt.
8.2.2 Cc phng php phi sy
8.2.2.1 Phi nng
Phi nng rt ph bin hu ht cc nc Chu . C hai cch li dng nh nng
mt tri phi la: phi trn ng trc khi ra ht v phi ht sau khi p la. Trong
ma nng, nng dn thng ct la ri la m trn rung phi nng mt thi gian cho
kh mi ra ht. Cch th hai l phi ht sau khi p, li dng sc nng mt tri v gi
lm kh ht mt cch t nhin, bng cch tri ht trong m, trn sn xi mng, gch hoc
trn ng v thng xuyn o ht cho kh u. Thi gian phi lu hay mau tu nhit
v m khng kh. Trong nhng ngy nng tt ca ma kh, vo gia tra m
tng i ca khng kh c th xung n 45-50%. Nu tri mng la, o thng xuyn
v c gi lm phn tn lng hi nc bc ra t ht th trong mt ngy phi c th
lm cho m t 24% gim n 14%. Ngc li, trong ma ma m vic phi la gp
nhiu kh khn.
o
la
Phi m
Phi trn sn
Lu sy
175
178
Hnh 8.15. Mt s loi cng c cm tay dng trong sn xut la ng bng sng
Cu long (1) Nc cy, (2) Lim (li hi), (3) Vng gt (vng hi), (4)
Cp nch p la, (5) Phng phc c, (6) C no co c, (7) M sy xc
rm, (8) Dao bng la
Mt s n lc su tp bo tn cc nng c v kinh nghim sn xut la truyn
thng bc u c thc hin bi mt nhm cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Cn
Th. Cn nhiu vic phi tip tc b sung hon thin cng trnh ny. Bi lch s pht
trin ca mt dn tc khng phi ch c lch s u tranh dng nc v gi nc, m cn
l lch s khn hoang, lao ng sn xut, u tranh vi thin nhin lm ra ca ci vt
cht nui sng gia nh v x hi. Nhng kinh nghim truyn thng ny s rt b ch
hiu r thin nhin v ci to n phc v cho s nghip pht trin kinh t nng nghip
nng thn ng bng sng Cu Long hin nay v trong tng lai.
8.4. CU HI N TP
1. Tho lun cc nguyn tc c bn ca vic phi
sy ht la.
2. Tho lun cc nguyn nhn lm gim cht
lng ht la khi bo qun.
8.5. BI C THM
V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun
thc. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
179
181
9.2.7 Ht h
Ht b h hi trong qu trnh thay i sinh ha trong ht, s pht trin mi v bin
dng. Nhng h hng ny l do nh hng ca nc, cn trng v nhit . Su, mt,
nm mc ph hi trong thi gian bo qun l nguyn nhn ch yu lm ht h.
9.2.8 Ng mu vng (giu hi, m vng)
Ht ng vng l do b phi by qu lu trong iu kin mi trng m t trc
khi phi kh. iu ny dn n s kt hp hot ca vi sinh vt v ha hc lm ht b
nng ln. Nhng ht ln men nh vy thng cha cc t bo b h ha tng phn. N
khng nh hng n nng sut xay xt, nhng n s d gy vng, gim cp phm cht
ht v mu sc v hnh dng km hp dn. Bo qun trong bao t st mt t, hoc phn
ht nm di y b d b m vng nht, do ht ht m t t trong thi gian bo qun.
9. 3 C TNH PHM CHT HT GO
c tnh phm cht ht go c phn bit ra thnh 2 nhm tnh cht vt l v tnh
cht ha hc.
9.3.1 c tnh vt l
Cn phn bit mt s cm t sau y trc khi xem xt cc c tnh vt l ca ht go:
T l xay xt hay nng sut xay xt (Milling recovery) = Phn trm trng lng
go trng (k c tm)/trng lng la.
T l go trng (Head rice recovery) = Phn trm trng lng go trng (khng k
tm/trng lng la.
9.3.1.1 xay xt
Tru
Cm
Tru v
cm
Go
nguyn
Tm
Tng
go
Gi bng tay
40,0
40,0
20,0
60,0
Ci ch bng thp
36,6
46,5
16,9
63,4
My bc v bng a
32,5
55,9
11,6
67,5
30,0
62,0
8,0
70,0
My ch trc cao su
22,0
8,0
Tru
(20%
LA
(100%)
Bc v
(ch lc)
Cm
(10%
Tm
(10%
Go
lc
(80%
)
Go
trng
(70%
)
Go
nguyn
(60%)
Ch
trng
Sng
nh
bng
Go
thng
phm
ng
gi
Go
thn
h
h
Dng ht
Thon di
Trung bnh
Mp
Trn
T l Di/ngang
Trn 3.0
2.1 3.0
1.1 2.0
1.0 hoc thp hn
9.3.1.5 Bc bng
Bc bng l phn c ca ht go. Khi nu th bc bng s bin mt v khng nh
hng n mi v ca cm. Tuy nhin, n lm gim cp ca go v gim t l xay xt.
Bc bng l do s trc trc trong qu trnh to ht v phi sy. Bc bng ch yu l do s
sp xp khng cht ch ca nhng ht tinh bt trong ni nh, to ra nhiu khong trng
lm cho ht go b c. C 3 dng bc bng ph bin: bng trng, gan trng v lng
trng. i vi c tnh bc bng, ngi ta li phn bit: bng trng (white belly), gan
trng (white center) v lng trng (white back) ty v tr ca vt c nm v pha mm
ht, gia ht hay pha i din (lng ht). nh gi bc bng, ngi ta (1) phn
cp 0 9 da vo th tch vt c so vi th tch ca c ht go (Hnh 9.2) v (2) t l s
ht b bc bng.
1
Bng trng
Cp 0: khng c
Cp 1: t hn 10%
Cp 5: trung bnh Cp 9: ln hn 20%
Gan trng
Cp 0: khng c
Cp 1: t hn 10%
Cp 5: trung bnh Cp 9: ln hn 20%
184
% Amylose
Np
1-2
Rt thp
2-9
Thp
10-20
Trung bnh
20-25
Cao
25-30
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
4
OH
OH
CH2OH
O
H
1
H
1
OH
OH
H
4
OH
OH
H
1
Cu trc -amylose
H
-O
H
1
OH
O
H
CH2OH
O
H
-O
OH
OH
CH2
CH2OH
O
H
1
OH
OH
H
7
OH
H
O
OH
CH2
O
H
4
OH
CH2OH
Cu trc amylopectin
H
1
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ht khng b nh hng.
2.
Ht phng ln.
3.
Ht phng ln ra hp khng r.
4.
Ht phng ln ra rng v r.
5.
6.
Ht tan v kt vi ra; v
7.
Thp
55-69
6-7
Trung bnh
70-74
4-5
Cao
75-79
2-3
Loi
tri, mm
Mm
61-100
Trung bnh
41-60
Cng
26-40
S phn loi ny tng quan vi cng thch amylose hoc s gia tng tnh
nhy nht ca h go khi lm mt t 900C xung 500C. bn th gel o lng xu
hng cng cm khi ngui. Trong nhm go c cng hm lng amylose, cc ging
c bn gel mm th c a thch hn v mm cm. bn gel cng lin h cht vi
tnh cng cm v thng thy r nhng ging c hm lng amylose cao. Ni chung,
go cng cm th khng do.
La trng cc nc khc nhau, th c s khc bit rt ln v s lin kt 3 c
tnh ny ca tinh bt (hm lng amylose, tr h v bn th gel). La nhit i hay
Indica c cc c tnh tinh bt ny bin ng nhiu hn loi la japonica v javanica
(Buler). Khng c loi la japonica no c hm lng amylose cao v hu ht chng c
BEPT thp v gel mm. Hu ht cc ging Bulu c hm lng amylose trung bnh, BEPT
thp, v gel mm (Bng 9.6).
Bng 9.6. Phn loi cc ging go t (nonwaxy) cc nc Chu da trn hm
lng amylose, tr h - BEPT (kim nh kim) v bn th gel
S mu
Loi
Amylose
(a)
Loi
BEPT
cui cng
(a)
Loi
cng gel
(b)
Ghi ch
Bangladesh
20
H>I>L
L>I, HI
S>M>H
Burma
22
H>I>L
I,L
M,S>H
China
40
H>L>I
I,L
S>M>H
I: Trung bnh
(Intermediate)
China Taiwan
26
L>H>I
L>I
S>H
India
43
H>I>L
I,L
S>M,H
H: Cao (High)
Indonesia
29
I>H
I>L
S>M>H
(b) S: mm (soft).
Japan
26
S>M
Khmer
15
H>LI
HI>I,L
H>S
Korea
39
L>I
L>I
Laos
I,L
I>HI
Ty Malaysia
27
H>I
I,L>HI
S,M>H
Quc gia
188
HI: TB-cao
M: Trung bnh
(Medium)
H: cng (Hard)
ng Malaysia
20
H>I,L
I,L>I
S>M>H
Nepal
34
H>L,I
L>I
H>S>M
Pakistan
30
I>H>L
L>I>HI
M,S,H
Philippines
90
H>I>L
I,L
S>M,H
SriLanka
35
H>I
I>L
S>M>H
Thailand
32
H>I>L
L>I
S,H>M
Vit Nam
27
H>I
S>H
189
ng Xun (n=94)
H Thu (n=80)
Go lc (%)
78,46 + 3,61
79,98+2,61
Go trng (%)
63,68+ 8,36
63,14+2,62
Go nguyn (%)
33,12+ 12,81
45,79+6,91
Chiu di ht (mm)
6,84+ 0,37
6,69+0,23
T l di/ngang
3,23+ 0,22
3,21+0,14
Bc bng(%)
2,90+2,41
5,16+2,94
Amylose (%)
26,49+1,49
26,68+2,88
tr h (cp)
3,05+0,65
2,16+0,47
bn th gel (mm)
35,48+3,15
50,49+6,75
Mi thm c nh gi bng:
-
190
2.
ci thin quy trnh sau thu hoch nhm loi b hoc gim thiu h hi;
3.
4.
5.
Ch tiu
Thng hng
Hng 1
Hng 2
Hng 3
0,25
0,50
2,00
Ht mt mu (% ti a)
0,50
2,00
4,00
8,00
Ht bc bng v ht non (% ti a)
2,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
0,25
0,50
2,00
1,00
3,00
5,00
10,00
Tp cht (% ti a)
0,10
0,20
0,50
Thc (s ht ti a)
10
15
14,00
14,00
14,00
14,00
Go nguyn (% ti thiu)
Tm (% ti a)
Go nt vn (% ti a)
h hng
Ht h hi (% ti a)
Ht go (% ti a)
Ht go c sc (% ti a)
m (% ti a)
Ngun: Quality standard for milled rice in the Philippines (trong IRRI-Rice Quality)
195
Phn loi
Thnh phn go
Go cc di
Go di
Go TB
Ht trn
>7,0mm
>6,67,0mm
>6,26,6mm
<6,2mm
Go
nguyn
ln tp
Tm
ln
Tm
nh
Ht bc
bng
Tp
cht
m
ti
a
Thc
ln
ht/kg
100% Class A
70-100
0-30
0-5
>60
+ 36
-4
0,5
14
100% Class B
45-55
30-40
0-25
0-5
>60
+ 35,5
-4,5
0,5
10
14
100% Class C
30-40
40-50
5-30
0-5
>60
+ 35
-5
0,5
15
14
5%
20-25
30-40
25-50
0-10
>60
+ 33
3-7
2,5
0,1
15
14
10%
10-15
25-35
35-55
11-15
>55
+ 33
8-12
0,2
20
14
15%
5-10
0-20
20-40
35-50
>55
+ 28
13-17
0,2
25
14
20%
0-10
55-65
>50
+ 27
18-23
0,25
25
14
25% Super
0-8
65-75
>40
+ 32
23-28
0,2
30
14
25%
0-8
17-35
65-75
>40
+ 32
23-28
0,5
30
14
35%
0-8
17-35
65-75
>32
+ 28
33-40
10
30
14
45%
0-8
17-35
65-75
>28
+ 22
42-50
10
30
14
0-15
10-30
17-35
Thc, ht
l
Ht c
mu
Ht bc bng
Tm
Loi khc
S
ht/500g
Go di
Go trn
US No.1
0,5
1,0
2,0
4,0
1,0
US No. 2
1,5
2,0
4,0
7,0
2,0
US No. 3
2,5
4,0
6,0
15,0
3,0
US No. 4
20
4,0
6,0
8,0
25,0
5,0
US No. 5
30
6,0
10,0
10,0
35,0
10,0
US No. 6
75
15,0
15,0
15,0
50,0
10,0
Ch tiu
Jasmine
5% tm
10% tm
Tm (% ti a)
10
15
20
25
m (% ti a)
14
14
14
14,5
14,5
14,5
Tp cht (% ti a)
0,1
Cht hu c
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Cht v c
0,1
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,1
15
25
25
25
25
Ht bt (% ti a)
Ht vng (% ti a)
0,2
0,5
0,6
Ht h hi (% ti a)
0,2
0,5
1,5
1,5
0,3
0,3
Ht non (% ti a)
197
Ht go /vng (% ti a)
0,2
Ht np (% ti a)
0,2
Ht bc bng (% ti a)
10
Khng cn trng sng, khng ln thu tinh, kim loi v aflatoxin sau khi hun trng ln tu
Ngun: vihafoodco@gmail.com
9.11. CU HI N TP
1. Theo bn cc c tnh phm cht ht go no quan trng nht v mt gi tr thng
phm trn th trng la go hin nay?
2. Hm lng amylose c tm quan trng nh th no i vi cht lng go?
3. Tho lun nhng c tnh nh hng n cht lng go v mt khu v v dinh
dng.
4. S lo ho ca ht go trong qua trnh tn tr.
9.12. BI C THM
1. V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun thc. Nh xut bn Nng
nghip, H Ni.
2. IRRI, 1979. Proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain
quality. IRRI, Philippines
3. IRRI, 1991. Rice Grain marketing and quality
issues. Selected papers from the International
Rice Research Conference. IRRI, Philippines.
4. Juliano, B.O., 1979. The chemical basis of
rice grain quality. Proceedings of the
workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain
quality, IRRI. P. 69-90.
198
Ry nu (A)
Ry nu nh (B)
Ry lng trng
Hnh 10.9. B xt en
203
Triu chng ban u l chp l xanh b cun li nh ho, ngay c la sng sm, c
nhiu con b lch tp trung trong nhng cht l b cun ny cn ph lm cht l vng
v kh ho i. Cc loi thuc tr su thng thng u c th tr c b lch. Thit hi
do b lch gy ra t nghim trng nhng cng lm cho la mt sc rt nhiu. Sau khi xt
thuc cn bn thm phn m v kali.
4
1
Hnh 10.12. Triu chng thit hi, trng, u trng v thnh trng ca cc loi
su c thn
(1) Su c thn mu hng
(2) Su c thn sc nu u nu
(3) Su c thn mu vng
(4) Su c thn sc nu u en
- Su c thn mu vng (Scirpophaga incertulas): su nh mu vng nht. Bm
c cnh mu vng rm vi 2 chm en gn cui cnh rt c bit, nn cn c gi l
su c thn 2 chm. Bm ci thng trng gn cht phin l. trng hnh bu
205
dc c lng t che ph. y l loi su c thn quan trng nht BSCL v chng c
mt s cao v kiu sng n l, mi con ch trong mt chi la m thi, nn qui m ph
hi ca chng ln hn so vi cc loi su c thn khc.
- Su c thn sc nu: gm 2 loi: su c thn sc nu u nu (Chilo
suppressalis) v u en (Chilo polychrysus). Thn su mu vng nht, c 5 sc mu nu
chy dc t u n ui, u c mu nu hoc en. Su sc nu u nu ln v di hn
su sc nu u en. trng hnh vy c gn vo phin l bi mt cht keo, khng c
lng che ph. Khi trng n, su non chui theo b l xung di gc ri c vo cn ph
t la. Chng thng sng thnh nhm, nhiu con trong mt chi la nn gy thit hi t
nghim trng hn.
- Su c thn mu hng (Sesamia inferens): Bm, u trng v nhng ca su
c thn mu hng c kch thc to nht trong nhm su c thn. Tp qun sinh sng
ca su c thn mu hng tng t nh su c thn sc nu, chng sng theo by n,
nhiu con trn mt chi la.
Su c thn thng tn cng cy la vo giai on n bi tch cc gy hin tng
cht t (tm tuyt) v giai on la tr gy hin tng bng bc lm bng la b lp
hon ton, trong khi cc l bn di ca chi vn cn xanh. Chng ta c th rt cc t
cht v bng bc ny ra d dng v c th bt gp con su cn trong hoc li l
c. Su ch ph hi giai on u trng, giai on nhng v bm th v hi. Hin cha
c ging la no khng mnh i vi su c thn. Nu v trc b su c thn, nhng
ca n c th n trong gc r, cn t rm r v cy lt t sau cho nc ngp git
chng. Khi pht hin trong rung c triu chng thit hi do su c thn th phi dng
cc loi thuc lu dn phng tr. Lc by gi, cc loi thuc tip xc xt khng c
hiu qu na v su nm trong ng thn khng b trng thuc c th dng by n bt
bm trc khi trng, v chng rt thch nh sng. Cng c th nga su c thn
bng cch xt thuc tr bm khi chng cha kp trng.
10.1.11 Su cun l, su xp l
A
C 2 loi su cun
l hin din trn rung la
ng bng sng Cu Long:
su cun l nh v su
cun l ln.
10.1.11.1. Su cun
l nh (Leaf roller:
Cnaphalocrosis
medinalis)
(Hnh 10.13A)
Su nh, mu xanh
hi vng, khi gn ha
nhng c mu hng. Bm
Hnh 10.13. Su cun l nh (A) v su xp l (B)
nh c cnh mu trng c
vi 3 sc ngang mu nu en. Bm trng ri rc trn phin l. Su thng cun l li
bn trong n ph phn nhu m, li nhng vt trng di nm dc theo chn l. Khi
cn nh su ch n phn nhu m m khng cun l li. Cy la b tn cng s cn ci,
206
207
209
210
211
213
trn tr la mun.
nga bnh ny nn s cy sm vi mt va phi, hn ch bn phn m,
bn thm ln v kali, to iu kin thot hi nc trong rung. Khi bnh mi xut hin
nh tng chm nh trong rung, c th dng cc loi thuc tr nm xt u vo gc la b
bnh v xt lan rng ra chung quanh khong 2 mt trnh s ly lan.
214
216
Ry nu
Ry nu nh
Ry lng trng
Ry xanh
Ry bng
Ry Chu M
Vng
ln
Ln
xon
l
Tungro
Vng
cam
Vng
tm
thi
Ln
c
bu
Ln
sc
en
L
trng
(Hoja
blanca)
Bnh la c
Bnh ln xon l
Bnh vng ln
217
Bnh vng
tm thi
Bnh Tungro
Bnh vng ln
Bnh ln
c bu
Bnh Tungro
Hnh 10.36. Ng c do mn
220
10.3.3. c do cht hu c
Ch yu do nng cc axid hu
c sn sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii
xc b thc vt trong iu kin ym kh.
Trong iu kin ym kh, t trng trm
thy quanh nm, giu hu c hoc do
lm t gp rt rm r, c ti cha kp
phn hy, bn phn hu c cha hoai
thng sn sinh ra nhiu axid hu c do
qu trnh phn gii ca vi sinh vt k
sinh trong t lm cho nng axid hu
c trong mi trng tng cao, gy c
cho r la. vng nhit i, nng
axid hu c v H2S (do s kh ha
sulphate) trong t, gia tng cao nht
vo khong 2 tun sau khi ngp nc, Hnh 10.38. Triu chng ng c cht hu c
gy tr ngi cho s hp thu dinh dng
ca b r lm r b thi en, cy la khng pht trin l b vng a d nhim bnh m
nu (Helminthosporium oryzae) v c th cht (Hnh 10.38).
Vic cy vi rm r ma trc ri gieo s ngay nh thng lm cc vng la 3
v ng bng sng Cu Long, lm cho hin tng ng c cht hu c ny tr nn
rt ph bin trong v la H Thu v Thu ng, hn ch nng sut la.
Cn thay nc sch 2-3 ln, sc bn, bn thm phn ln v kali cho cy la mau
hi phc.
221
Thiu m
Thiu Kali
Thiu ln
Thiu Mg
Thiu Silic
Thiu lu hunh
Thiu km
Thiu Mn
Thiu Fe
c Boron
Do nm (nhiu loi)
223
Chut
Chim
225
226
227
19. Phm Vn Bin, Bi Cch Tuyn v Nguyn Mnh Chinh, 2003. Cm nang Su bnh
hi cy trng (Quyn 1) Cy lng thc, cy thc phm, cy hoa cnh. Nh xut bn
Nng Nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh.
20. Reissig W. H., E. A. Heinrichs, J. A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, W. Mew and A.
T. Barrion, 1993. Hng dn bin php tng hp phng tr dch hi trn la Chu
nhit i. V-Tng Xun ch bin dch. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. (Nguyn bn
ting Anh Illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in tropical Asia,
1985. IRRI, Philippines).
21. Tng cc thng k, 2005. Nim gim thng k, 2005. Nh xut bn Thng k.
22. Trn Minh Tng, 1993. La ti sinh trong c cu 3 v la ng Thp Mi. Bo
co ti hi ngh ci tin ging la ng Bng Sng Cu Long. n nm 2000. Vin
la ng Bng Sng Cu Long, mn, Cn Th, thng 10 nm 1993.
23. V Tng Xun, Nguyn Ngc v cc cng tc vin, 1983. Trng la cao sn. Nh
xut bn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, TPHCM.
24. V-Tng Xun (ch bin), 1984. t v cy trng tp 1. Nh xut bn gio dc, H
Ni.
25. V-Tng Xun (ch bin dch), 1993. Hng dn bin php tng hp phng tr dch
hi trn la Chu nhit i. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, Vin Nghin Cu La
Quc t.
26. V-Tng Xun (ch bin dch), 1979. Ci tin ging la. Vin Nghin Cu La Go
Quc T, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines v rng i Hc Cn Th.
27. V Quc Trung v Bi Huy Thanh, 1979. Bo qun thc. Nh xut bn Nng nghip,
H Ni.
Ting Anh:
1. Chang, T.T and E.A Bardenas, 1965. The morphology and varietal characteristics of
the rice plant. Technical Bulletin 4. IRRI, Philippines.
2. Chang, T.T. et al, 1981. Descriptors for rice Oryza sativa L. . IRRI, Philippines.
3. De Datta, S.K., 1981. Principles and practices of rice production. John Wiley & Son
Inc., Canada.
4. Eggum, B.O., 1979. The nutritional value of rice in comparision with other cereals. In
the proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality. IRRI,
Philippines. Pp. 91 111.
5. FAO, 1995. FAOSTATAT, FAO Statistics Division. (www.faostat.fao.org)
6. FAO, 1997. FAO rice information. Vol. 1, March 1997.
7. FAO, 2006. FAOSTATAT, FAO Statistics Division. (www.faostat.fao.org)
8. FAO, 2007. FAOSTATAT,
(www.faostat.fao.org)
FAO
Statistics
Division,
11
June
2007.
9. IRRI, 1979. Proceedings of the Workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality.
IRRI, Philippines
228
10. IRRI, 1980. Standard Evaluation System for Rice. International Rice Testing
Program. 2nd Edition. IRRI, Philippines.
11. IRRI, 1986. Rice genetics. IRRI, Philippines.
12. IRRI, 1990. World rice statistics. IRRI, Philippines.
13. IRRI, 1991. Rice Grain marketing and quality issues. Selected papers from the
International Rice Research Conference. IRRI, Philippines.
14. IRRI, 2005. Rice around the world (3rd Edition of the Rice Almanac, pp. 59-235).
GIS-IP@IRRI (gis-ip@irri.org)
15. Jennings, P.R., W.R. Coffman and H.E. Kauffman, 1979. Rice improvement. IRRI,
Philippines.
16. Juliano, B.O., 1979. The chemical basis of rice grain quality. Proceedings of the
workshop on Chemical aspects of rice grain quality, IRRI. P. 69-90.
17. Matsuo, T. et al., 1997. Science of the rice plant. Vol. 03. Food and Agriculture
Policy Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
18. Matsushima, S., 1970. Crop Science in Rice Theory of yield determination and Its
application. Fuji Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. Japan.
19. Nanda, J. S. and S. S. Virmani, 2001. Hybrid rice, pp. 23-52. In Rice breeding and
Genetics edited by Jata S. Nanda. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH, USA.
20. Nguyen Ngoc De, 1998. Survey on major crops in the rainfed-saline zone of the
Mekong Delta, Vietnam. CBDC project, technical report, 1995.
21. Nguyen Ngoc De, 1998. Decision tools for real-time nitrogen management in rice.
Paper presented at the Cambodian Technical Meeting, Phnom Penh, 11-14 May 1999.
Co-author.
22. Nguyen Ngoc De and Le Huu Hai, 1999. Leaf color chart as a farmers guide for N
management in direct-seeded rice in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Paper presented at
CREMNET-IRRI Workshop, Thajavur, India, 24-27 August 1999.
23. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Adding benefits: Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB), Seed
networks and grassroot strengthening. In: Conserving agricultural biodiversity in situ:
A scientific basis for sustainable agriculture. Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute (IPGRI). Proceedings of IPGRI meeting, Pokkhara, Nepal, 5-12
July 1999. Edited by D. Jarvis, B. Sthapit and L. Sears, Rome, Italy, pp. 210-213.
24. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Linking the national genebank of Vietnam and farmers. In:
Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. E.
Friis-Hansen and B. Sthapit (editors). Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Pp. 62-68.
25. Nguyen Ngoc De, 2000. Crop improvement at community level in Vietnam. In:
Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. E.
Friis-Hansen and B. Sthapit (editors). Published by International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Pp. 103-110.
26. Nguyen Ngoc De, Vo-Tong Xuan and Kotaro Ohara, 2004. Farmer-originated
technologies in integrated farming systems development in the Mekong Delta. In: The
229
230
I. TM LC
Cng vi s xut hin ca cc ging la nng sut cao v k thut canh tc thch
hp, nng sut la gia tng trong 2 thp nin gn y. Cc n lc k tip gia tng
kh nng cho nng sut bng cch gia tng mc quang hp, gia tng sinh khi v gia
tng ch s thu hoch khng lm gia tng nng sut c ngha. Mt phng php ang
c theo ui t c mc tiu ny l iu khin trng lng tng ht. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy nh sau:
Gia tng s ht my 3 / (High density grains = HD) c th lm gia tng tim nng
nng sut. Cc ht my gip cho t l xay ch tt hn v t l go nguyn cao hn. C s
khc bit v s ht my gia cc ging la khc nhau.
Trn cng mt bng, c nhng ht lun pht trin thnh ht my. Hu ht cc ht
trn cc nhnh gi bc nht l ht my; cc ht trn cc nhnh gi bc hai c trng lng
ht thp. Nhng l gn bng gp phn quan trng hn trong vic lm y ht. Ct b l
th t k t trn xung lm gia tng trng lng ht v s ht my.
Nhit thp hoc bc x quang hp tch cc (PAR = photosynthetically active
radiation) cao hn sau khi th phn lm cho s ht my cao hn. Bn phn m khng c
nh hng trn s ht my.
Gii hn vic to ht c th l kt qu ca nhiu yu t. Mc d c lng
carbohydrate i na th khng phi tt c cc ht iu pht trin thnh ht my. Cc yu
t gii hn vic to ht bao gm c cu trc ca cung hoa (pedicel), cc hoa v cc cht
iu ho sinh trng.
Da vo cc khm ph trn, mt kiu cy mi c ngh ph v bc trn
nng sut. Cc nghin cu su hn ang c thc hin xc nh cc yu t gii hn
ca cc ging la hin nay, nhm pht trin kiu cy la mi ang c ngh ny.
II. M U
Nng sut la gia tng rt ln trong 2 thp nin gn y ch yu l do vic ci
tin ging v cc bin php canh tc km theo. Vi s pht trin ca IR8 v cc ging la
c kiu cy tng t sau , nng sut la gia tng vng nhit i. Nhng nng sut
hin nay r rng t ti mt bc trn (Flinn v cng tc vin, 1982). Cc n lc k tip
ci thin kh nng cho nng sut khng em li kt qu thit thc.
Cc n lc hin ti nng cao tim nng nng sut tp trung vo vic gia tng tc
quang hp, sinh khi v ch s thu hoch (IRRI, 1982)
III. GIA TNG TC QUANG HP
Nghin cu v tc quang hp trong nhiu nm qua tht s khng thu c
li ch no hoc khng lm gia tng nng sut ht hu ht cc loi cy trng. Vic xc
nh s khc bit gia cc ging v hm lng chlorophyll (Sasahara v cng tc vin ,
231
232
T l ht my (%)
63
57
55
50
48
44
40
39
22
234
T l ht my (%)
237
Ct b cc ht trn
nhnh gi bc nht
Ct b cc ht trn
nhnh gi bc hai
Gi li l c v l th 2
Din tch l = 90 cm2
S ht my = 34
Tt c cc l cn nguyn
Din tch l = 183 cm2
S ht my = 35
Gi li l c, l th 2 v 3
Din tch l = 142 cm2
S ht my = 48
2. Tc to ht
Cc ht c lm y th tch ca n trong vng 11 n 21 ngy (IRRI, 1978;
Singh v Juliana, 1977). Cc ht ln (40g) chn trong thi gian t 16 ti 21 ngy, cc ht
nh (< 18g) t 11 ti 12 ngy; v cc ht trung bnh (20 30g/1000 ht) t 11 ti 21
ngy (IRRI, 1978). Cc ging indica chn sm hn cc ging japonica (Nagato v
Chadhry, 1969; Choi, 1986)
Tc to ht v thi gian to ht c tng quan thun vi kch thc ht (Jones
v cng tc vin, 1984). Thi gian to ht nhnh gi bc nht (12 18 ngy) ngn hn
cc nhnh gi bc 2 (12 29 ngy). Ht trn cc nhnh gi bc 2 c tc to ht thp
hn v trng lng cui cng km hn (Ahn, 1986). iu ny cho thy tc to ht c
nh hng n my ca ht.
3. Lc ko ca sc cha thp
Mc d c y carbohydrate nhng nhiu ht vn khng pht trin ht kh
nng my ht ca n. D c s d phn ca cc cht iu ha sinh trng hay khng,
nh Thorne (1974) ngh trn la m v la mch, n vn cn phi c nghin cu
su hn. Cc d kin ban u cho thy cc ht pht trin thnh ht my c hm lng
IAA (auxin) cao v t gi tr cao nht vo u qu trnh pht trin ca ht (Robles v cc
cng tc vin, ti liu khng xut bn). Vic o lng h hp cho thy cc ht my c
tc h hp cao (i hc s phm Shanghai, 1978).
239
to iu kin sinh cc chi to. Cc chi to hoc khe mnh cho nhiu ht my hn; t l
sink/source (sc cha/ngun) cao hn v s ht/bng, phn trm ht chc, din tch
la/chi, dung lng sc cha cao hn (Choi v Kwon, 1985). Hn ch nhy chi khi s
dng cc ging la nhy chi khe bng cch trng dy hn s khng thc tin v
phng php ny lm cho chi nh, thn mnh khnh, bng pht sinh t cc chi ny
tng i nh.
2. Bng to:
Cn c bng to b p kh nng nhy chi km. S liu t 86 ging la th nghim
cho thy khng c mi tng quan nghch c ngha gia s ht/bng v s ht my
(Samantasinhar v Sahu, 1986). C th c 1 ch s ht my cao vi 1 bng to cho nng
sut ht tng i cao v n nh.
3.Thn dy:
c nhiu b mch, t ng , gip cho bng to hn v s tch ly carbohydrate tt hn.
4. Bng ch c nhnh gi bc nht:
Cc nhnh gi bc nht hu nh c ht my cao v t ht lp lng hn. Phn trm ht
chc c iu khin ch yu bi chc ca cc ht trn nhnh gi bc 2. Matsushima
(1976) ngh rng, nng cao phn trm ht chc cn phi gim s nhnh nh bc 2.
5. B mch cung hoa ln:
chuyn ch cc cht ng ha tt hn. Cha c s liu khoa hc no trn cy la
bin minh cho iu ny. Nhng nu h thng vn chuyn c gii hn th cc b mch ln
hn c th to iu kin cho s di chuyn ca cc cht ng ha tt hn.
6. C ht trung bnh:
C ht trung bnh (c IR8) vi t bc bng (Takita, 1985) m nguyn nhn ch yu l
ht c my km. Tnh bc bng c tng quan thun vi b rng ht cc ging la
indica (Takita, 1986). Ht ln c my km v thng khng pht trin no y hon
ton (Takita, 1986).
7. L dy v thng ng:
Theo Yoshida (1972) l dy v thng ng nh sng phn phi tt hn v tc
quang hp trn n v din tch l cao hn.
8. Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp:
Quang hp cao di iu kin PAR thp vic cung cp carbohydrate khng b hn
ch trong ma ma.
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9. H hp duy tr thp:
Tht kh c th chuyn cy la t h thng quang hp C3 sang h thng C4.
gia tng tc ng ha thun (NAR) c th gim h hp duy tr. T l thn/r cao hn
cng c th lm gim h hp duy tr ca r.
10. Thi gian sinh trng trung bnh:
c th tch ly carbohydrate trc khi tr (Takeda v Murata, 1956; Vergara v
cng tc vin, 1964; Yoshida, 1972). Lng carbohydrate tch ly ny s rt ch cho vic
sn xut bng ln v ht nng hn.
11. Chiu cao cy trung bnh:
Vi ch s thu hoch (HI) bng 0,55. Vic ny s khng ch lm cy khng ng,
gim h hp duy tr, m cn quan trng hn na l vic phn phi carbohydrate vo ht
t ti ho.
X. CC YU CU PHT TRIN CH YU
1. Chn vt liu cha m c s ht my cao. Ngi ta tr liu mt phng php n gin
dng qut gi chn cc ging c ht my cao (Venk-ateswarlu v cng tc vin, 1986).
2. Chn cc cy c s b mch hoc s nhnh gi bc nht/bng nhiu v trc nghim v
s ht my. Choi (1985) ngh c sink (sc cha)/ chi l yu t biu th tim nng
nng sut cao hu hiu nht. iu ny cng nn lu ti trong vic chn ging.
3. Xc nh cc cy c kh nng nhy chi km. Nu khng c sn nhng cy nh vy
nn bt u lai to cho c tnh ny. Dng phng php cy m v cc phng php
khc to ra cc kiu cy nhy chi km. Tr khi kiu cy nh vy c pht trin,
ngi ta s khng th kim nh c tim nng v li ch ca n.
4. Kiu cy nhy chi km s i hi k thut canh tc khc, do cn nn nghin cu
cc k thut ny. Nn nh gi vic s dng my gieo theo hng.
5. Cn nghin cu v vai tr ca Cytokinin, Gibberellin v Auxin trn s tch ly
carbohydrate trong ht. S di chuyn ca nc v cht ng ha trong vng lng ca ht
dng nh c lin kt vi nhau. Garka v Gates (1984) ngh tin hnh cc nghin cu
v vn ny xc nh xem tc nc ly i t ht c nh hng n s di chuyn
ca cc cht ng ha ra khi m libe hay khng. S tch t silica vo v tru c th
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thot hi nc v chuyn v.
6. Cn nghin cu vai tr ca ri l chm v h hp duy tr thp trn vic to ht. Lu
l din tch l 30 ngy sau khi tr c tng quan thun vi trng lng ht (Shin v
Kwon, 1985).
7. Nghin cu mc gii hn s chuyn v vo phi nh v so snh nhng s khc
nhau gia cc ging v hiu qu chuyn v.
8. Tin hnh cc nghin cu v c im di truyn ca ht my, kh nng nhy chi, s
phn nhnh ca bng v b mch ci tin cc c tnh ny.
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GHI CH:
1 /. Bo co trong Hi Ngh Khoa Hc hng nm ln th 9 ca Hc Vin Khoa Hc K
Thut Quc Gia, Trung Tm Hi Ngh Quc T, Philippines, 15 thng 7 nm 1987.
2 /. Nh Sinh L Hc Thc Vt, Vin Nghin Cu La Quc T, Philippines.
3 /. Ht my = HD = High density grain = ht chc pht trin tht no y (Ch thch ca
ngi dch).
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