Massachusetts CDL Manual - Massachusetts CDL Handbook

$5.
00
Version 2.0
C
D
L
ommercial
river's
icense Manual
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Registry of Motor Vehicles
PO Box 55889
Boston, MA 02205
Document Number: T20964 Rev. 1113
Copyright
The body of this document is copyrighted by the American Association of Motor Vehicle
Administrators (AAMVA), and is reprinted herein with their permission. Sections specific to
Massachusetts are property of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles.
Preface: Massachusetts CDL Information
On October 26, 1986, Congress passed the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. This law required each State to
meet the same minimum standards for commercial driver licensing. The standards required commercial motor vehicle drivers
to get a Commercial Drivers License (CDL). You must have a CDL to operate any of the following Commercial Motor Ve
hicles (CMVs):
a)
A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 26,000 pounds.
b)
A trailer with a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds if the gross combination weight rating is more than 26,000
pounds.
c)
A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more persons (including the operator).
d)
Any size vehicle which requires hazardous materials placards.
To get a CDL, you must pass knowledge and skills tests. This manual will help you pass the tests.
Commercial Drivers License Tests
Knowledge Tests
You will have to take one or more knowledge tests to obtain your CDL permit, depending on what class of license and what
endorsements you need. The CDL knowledge tests include:
the General Knowledge Test, taken by all applicants (One hour - 50 questions)
the Passenger Transport Test, taken by all bus driver applicants (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the Air Brakes Test, which you must take if your vehicle has air brakes (25 minutes - 25 questions)
the Combination Vehicles Test, which is required if you want to drive combination vehicles (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the Hazardous Materials Test, required if you want to haul hazardous material or waste (30 minutes - 30 questions)
the Tanker Test, required if you want to haul liquids in bulk (20 minutes - 20 questions)
.
the Doubles/Triples Test, required if you want to pull double or triple trailers (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the School Bus Test, required if you want to transport pre-primary, primary, and secondary school students in a full-sized
"School Bus" (i.e., Big Yellow Bus)
CDL Eligibility Requirements

Applicants must meet the eligibility requirements listed in Federal Regulations 49 CFR Part 391 (Qualifications of Drivers)
or State Regulations 540 CMR 2.06 (Operator's Licensing Requirements) and 14.00 (Motor Carrier Safety and Hazmat
Transportation) .
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Preface/2.0
MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE CLASSIFICATION

WITH THIS CLASS
LICENSE
YOU MAY DRIVE
RELATED
ENDORSEMENTS
Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of

26,001 or more pounds provided the GVWR of
the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of
10,000 pounds. (Holders of a Class A license
may, with any appropriate endorsements,
operate all vehicles within Classes B, C, and D.)
Double/Triple Trailers
Examples include, but are not limited to:
HAZMAT
Tank Vehicles
Tank Vehicles with HAZMAT
Passenger Transport Vehicles

School Bus
Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or

more pounds, or any such vehicle towing a
vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR.
(Holders of a Class B license may, with any
appropriate endorsements, operate all vehicles
within Classes B, C, and D.)
Tank Vehicles
HAZMAT
School Bus
Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

that does not meet the definition of Class A or
Class B, but is either designed to transport 16
or more passengers, including the driver, or is
placarded for hazardous materials. (Holders of a
Class C license may, with any appropriate
endorsements, operate all vehicles within
Classes C and D.)
Example includes, but is not limited to:
Tank Vehicles
HAZMAT
School Bus
The vehicle in which you will take the road skills test must meet the written description for that class. The above
vehicle silhouettes typify, but do not fully cover, the types of vehicles falling within each class.
If you wish to be licensed to drive a vehicle with air brakes, the vehicle in which you will be tested must be
equipped with air brakes.
To operate a school bus, drivers are required to obtain a specific certification from the Massachusetts Depart
ment of Public Utilities (see p. ix), in addition to the appropriate class and endorsement of CDL license.
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Preface/2.0
Beginning the CDL Application Process

You can get an application for a Commercial Driver's License at any RMV branch office or online at www.massrmv.com.
Also, you can take the knowledge test for a CDL permit at most RMV branch offices from 9:00am to 3:00pm, Monday
through Friday (see notes below about Thursday hours and other exceptions).
Currently, the Branch Offices that offer the CDL knowledge test include:
Boston*
Braintree*
Brockton*
Chicopee
Easthampton
Fall River*
Greenfield
Haverhill**
Lawrence*
Leominster*
Lowell*
Martha's Vineyard**
Milford*
Nantucket**
New Bedford*
North Adams**
Pittsfield
Plymouth
Revere*
South Yarmouth*
Springfield*
Taunton*
Watertown*
Wilmington*
Worcester*
Hours and locations are subject to change without notice. Check www.massrmv.com for the most up-to-date list.
*These branches offer CDL knowledge tests from 10:00am until 4:00pm on Thursdays.
**Haverhill offers CDL knowledge tests from 8:00am until 2:00pm.
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket offer CDL knowledge tests from 8:00am until 2:00pm, but are closed between
12:00pm and 1:00pm.
North Adams offers CDL knowledge tests from 9:00am until 3:00pm, but is closed between 1:00pm and 2:00pm.
Note: Depending on the number of endorsement tests you are taking, you may not have time to take all of them if you arrive
late in the day. Please allot your time accordingly.
If You Apply for a CDL as Your First License

If you apply for a CDL as your first license and have never held a private passenger vehicle license, the Massachusetts RMV
requires you to take the knowledge test for a class D (passenger vehicle) permit before taking the CDL knowledge tests.
This is needed to show that you understand the rules of the road. CDL knowledge tests cover the Federal CDL requirements;
they do not test applicants on the rules of the road.
Federal Regulations 49 CFR section 383.23 (c)(2): CDL learners permit issuance requirements state in part that the CDL
learners permit holder must have a valid automobile drivers license, or have passed all vision, sign/symbol, and knowledge
tests as the State issuing the learners permit ordinarily administers.
Questions About CDL

If you have any further questions about Commercial Driver's Licenses, call the RMV Phone Center at 857-368-8000.
Also, see the Registry website at www.massrmv.com.
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The CDL Application

The CDL Application is used in all facets of applying for a CDL from the Registry of Motor Vehicles Division, except for the
Road Test, which requires the CDL Road Test Application. There are a few items on the CDL Application that may cause
questions, and this section will guide you through the reasons and explanations for these questions, in particular about the
requirements under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) that govern how Massachusetts can issue a CDL.
Identification Requirements
Age
Applicants may apply for a CDL beginning at age 18. However, Federal Regulations found at 49 CFR 391.11, state that a
license holder, including CDL holders, must be 21 years of age to drive a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce.
Therefore, CDL holders in Massachusetts under the age of 21 will be issued a K restriction, limiting them to travel within
Massachusetts.
Social Security Number
All CDL holders are required to provide a Social Security Number (SSN) under 49 CFR 383.153 to the Registry of Motor
Vehicles when applying for a CDL. This SSN will be verified through the Social Security Administration and processed as
part of an information package through the National Driver Register (NDR) and Commercial Driver License Information System
(CDLIS) to ensure that your current driving privileges are not under revocation or suspension elsewhere in the United States.
General Information
Residential Address
All applicants for a Massachusetts CDL must live and reside in Massachusetts as defined in 49 CFR 383.5. Your state of
domicile is defined as that State where a person has his/her true, fixed, and permanent home and principal residence and to
which he/she has the intention of returning whenever he/she is absent.
Required Information
Questions 4, 5, 6, and 7
Massachusetts is required to check for your previous states of licensure. This is to ensure that Massachusetts may receive
your complete driving record over your previous 10 years of licensure. Where you have listed your previous states of licen
sure, Massachusetts will inquire against those states databases to obtain your driving history. This is required under 49
CFR 383.73.
Question 8
Massachusetts drivers must be medically qualified to operate a motor vehicle. For a commercial motor vehicle, these
qualifications may be found under 49 CFR 391. For your convenience, the CDL Manual has a section on medical qualifica
tions and the DOT Medical Card found on page xiii of this CDL Manual.
Questions 13 and 14
Massachusetts drivers must certify under 49 CFR 383.71 that they are either qualified to operate in interstate commercial
driving (between states), or that they are only qualified to operate in intrastate commercial driving (exclusively within Massa
chusetts). If you answer No to question 13, then you agree that you are not qualified under federal regulation to operate a
commercial motor vehicle. If you then answer yes to question 14, that you are qualified under state regulation to operate a
commercial motor vehicle, then you will be issued a CDL with an intrastate restriction. If you are under 21, you will be
issued a CDL with the K restriction, limiting you to intrastate commerce. If you are not medically qualified, you must receive
a medical waiver from the Medical Affairs Branch and you will be issued a CDL with the W restriction, limiting you to intrast
ate commerce. If you answer no to both questions, you will not be granted a CDL. Those who wish to operate in interstate
commerce, or hold an unrestricted license, must answer Yes to question #13.
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The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

P.O. Box 55889
Boston, MA 02205-5889
CDL ROAD TEST

INFORMATION SHEET
Please read the following information before scheduling your road test.
To book a road test, call 857-368-8000
Applicant Requirements
Applicants must meet all of the following requirements for a Class A, B, or C road test in order to be tested:
Have a current driver's license, if you are seeking additional endorsements.
Have a valid CDL permit, with proper endorsements for the vehicle used.
Have a valid Department of Transportation (DOT) medical card or medical waiver.*
Have a completed road test application. (If you answered YES to question 7, 8, or 10 on the road test
application, the application must be approved by an RMV branch manager or an authorized RMV employee
before the road test.)
Be on time for the skills test. If you are late, you will not be examined. If you must cancel or reschedule your
appointment with less than 72 hours notice, you will be responsible for the skills test fee.
Be accompanied by a sponsor who:
Is at least 21 years old.
Has a valid U.S. Commercial Driver's License with proper endorsements for the class of vehicle that you
are using.
Has a current DOT medical card. (If the sponsor does not have a current DOT medical card, he/she will
be subject to a fine.* The test, however, will still proceed.)
Vehicle Requirements
Vehicles used for a Class A, B, or C road test must meet the following requirements. Vehicles not meeting the
following requirements will be refused/rejected.
Represent the type and class of vehicle you will be driving when you receive your CDL. For a Passenger
Endorsement, the applicant must have the appropriate class vehicle designed to carry 16 or more passengers,
including the driver.
Be able to pass a safety check. Vehicles with unstable, dangerous, or HAZMAT loads will be rejected. The
vehicle must be completely free of hazardous material.
Have a valid registration and current inspection sticker.
Have adequate seating next to the operator for the use of the examiner.
Have a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) on the vehicle, appropriate for the class of license
for which you are applying. If there is no GVWR on the vehicle, you must have a document from the
manufacturer or a motor vehicle dealer proving the GVWR.
*A DOT medical card is not required for a state or municipal employee using a state or municipal vehicle.
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Preface/2.0
Out-of-state Registered vehicles, trailers, and semi trailers

Carry proof of insurance coverage in the form of a policy or letter from the insurance company specifying the
limits of coverage. The insurance coverage MUST be equal to Massachusetts minimum requirements of $20,000/
$40,000 bodily injury and $5,000 property damage coverage for the vehicle's use in Massachusetts. (No faxes or
photo copies.)
Rental vehicles
Have the rental agreement and written permission on the rental company's letterhead authorizing use of the
vehicle for the road test.
The CDL Skills Test has three parts:

1. The Pre-Trip Inspection is described in Part 3, Section 10 of the CDL Manual. It is important that you can demon
strate this inspection to the examiner by pointing out and naming the parts of the vehicle.
Note: If the vehicle has air brakes, you are also required to demonstrate the air brake test described in Part
3, Section 10 of the CDL Manual. If you are testing a combination vehicle, you must be familiar with Part 2,
Section 6 of the CDL Manual.
2. The Off-Street Skills Test involves the following maneuvers described in Part 3, Section 11 of the CDL Manual.
Forward and back through an offset alley
Parallel parking (conventional)

Parallel parking (sight-side)
Alley dock
3. The On the Road portion of the test, described in Part 3, Section 12 of the CDL Manual, begins immediately following
the successful completion of the pre-trip inspection and all parts of the off-street skills testing maneuvers. This portion
involves driving through various traffic and road conditions to evaluate your judgment, control, and safe operation on the
street, as well as your ability to start, stop, shift, turn competently, and obey all relevant rules of the road.
All parts of the test must be successfully completed to pass the CDL Skills Test and obtain a CDL license.
Note: Removing the air brake restriction, adding a passenger endorsement, or changing a CDL license class requires a
skills test, in addition to the appropriate knowledge tests.
Canceled Road Tests

Road tests may be canceled due to weather, road, or other emergency conditions, such as:
Public school cancellations or delays in the city/town where your test is scheduled (at the discretion of the RMV).
A state of emergency has been declared by the Governor throughout the state or in the region where your road test is
scheduled.
The Road Test Examiner cancels road tests due to scheduling or safety reasons.
If you think that your road test may be canceled, please call the RMV Phone Center at 857-368-8000.
You are responsible for the skills test fee for each failure, rejection, late arrival, or no show.
The Registrar reserves the right to cancel and recall any license if it is later determined that the licensee did not
meet the minimum legal requirements for the road test.
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Directions to CDL Road Test Sites

This list is subject to change. Please call the Phone Center at 857-368-8000 for a list of road test sites. The Phone Center is
open weekdays from 9 am to 5 pm.
Dartmouth DPW (1111)

Dartmouth MassDOT Highway Division
266 Faunce Corner Road
North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747
Take Route I-195 to the North Dartmouth exit. As you come off the exit, the DPW is on the left before the railroad tracks.
Everett MBTA Repair Station (1167)

Everett Shops MBTA Yard
80 Broadway, Route 99
Everett, Massachusetts 02149
Take Route 93S to exit 28 (Sullivan Square). Bear to the right coming down the ramp into Sullivan Square. In the square,
take a left at the traffic light and follow Route 1 North (Schrafft Building will be on the right). Go straight over bridge at Edison
Plant into Everett. Go past McDonalds on the left. Take a left at the next traffic light (Bowdoin Street). Take a left at the end
of Bowdoin Street (Charlton Street). CDL site will be at the end of the road.
Newbury DPW (1109)

Newbury MassDOT Highway Division
198 Scotland Road
Newbury, MA 01951
Take I-95 North to the Scotland Road Exit. Follow Scotland Road approximately one half mile past the State Police Bar
racks. The test site will be on your left.
Otis AFB (1154)

Otis AFB
Generals Boulevard (Building 33001)
Bourne, MA 02542
Cross the Bourne Bridge onto Cape Cod. Follow route 28 South to the Rt. 151 Exit. Turn Left onto Sandwich Road to the
Falmouth Gate. Go Left through the gate onto the Base. Turn Left onto Kitteredge Road then Right onto Generals Boulevard.
Turn Left into the transfer station to the test site.
South Deerfield (1106)

South Deerfield MassDOT Highway Division
75 Sunderland Road, Route 116
South Deerfield, Massachusetts 01342
From the Mass Pike. Take Exit 4 and follow Route 91 North to Exit 24 (Deerfield, Routes 5 & 10N). Take the first Right at the
Mobil station onto Route 116. The test site is approximately 3/4 miles on your left, hidden by trees.
Sterling DPW (1157)

Sterling MassDOT Highway Division
14 Chocksett Road
Sterling, MA 01564
From I-190. Take Exit 6. Turn Left onto Rt. 12S. Turn Left onto Chocksett Road. The test site is approximately a quarter of a
mile on your left.
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Stoughton DPW (1163)

Stoughton MassDOT Highway Division
1045 Park street, Route 27
Stoughton, MA 02072
From Route 24. Take Exit 18B and drive approximately 1/4 mile. At the split, turn Right onto Route 27. The test site will be
approximately one mile ahead on the left, across from the Blue Hills Alzheimers Rehabilitation Center.
Sturbridge DPW (1161)

Sturbridge MassDOT Highway Division
353 Main street, Route 20
Sturbridge, MA 01566
From the Mass Pike. Take Exit 9. The test site is at the intersection of Routes 20 and 131 just South of the Mass Pike
interchange.
Winchendon (1120)
Winchendon Mass DOT Highway Division
127 Baldwin Road
Winchendon, Massachusetts 01475
From Exit 19 off Route 2, take Route 202 North for approximately 10 miles towards Baldwinville Winchendon. The test site
will be on the left, past Lake Dennison State Park, on Baldwin Road.
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Motor Bus/School Bus License

For more information on obtaining a motor bus driver certificate or a school bus driver certificate, contact the Massachusetts
Department of Public Utilities, 1 South Station, Boston, MA 02110 or call (617) 305-3559.
Motor Bus Requirements

To operate a motor bus in Massachusetts, you need a CDL and a Passenger (P) endorsement. You also need a Motor Bus
Driver Certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
School Bus Requirements

To operate a full-sized school bus in Massachusetts, you must have a CDL with a Passenger (P) endorsement and a
School Bus (S) endorsement. You also need a School Bus Driver Certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
To operate a restricted school bus (a school bus with a maximum seating capacity of fourteen passengers), you need a
Class D (Passenger Vehicle) license and a "Restricted School Bus Driver" certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
Note:
To operate a school bus with air brakes, you must, in addition, pass an air-brakes written exam at the RMV and
pass an air-brakes road test.
SCHOOL BUS DRIVER ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
To qualify for a full-sized or restricted School Bus Certificate you must meet the following requirements:

Have three (3) continuous years of driving experience

Pass a Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) check
Pass a Sex Offender Record Information (SORI) check
Pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) physical exam
Have a clean driving record
Pass all required RMV written exams
Pass a Department of Public Utilities road test
STUDY MATERIALS FOR FULL-SIZED SCHOOL BUS WRITTEN EXAM

You need BOTH the Commercial Driver's License Manual (this document) to study for the CDL general knowledge test, the
Passenger endorsement test, and the Air Brakes endorsement test, and Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Driver's
License Manual (version 080904) to study for the S-Endorsement test. Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Driver's
License Manual has been included in this manual as Appendix A.
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Converting an Out-of State CDL

When converting an out-of-state CDL, the written and road tests may be waived if the CMV operator is currently licensed
at the time of his/her application, and the following criteria are met:
(a)
An applicant must certify that, during the two-year period immediately prior to applying for a CDL, he/she:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(b)
Has not had more than one license;

Has not had any license suspended, revoked, or canceled;
Has not had any convictions for any type of motor vehicle for the disqualifying offenses contained in 49
CFR 383.51(b);
Has not had more than one conviction for any type of motor vehicle for serious traffic violations; and
Has not had any conviction for a violation of State or local law relating to motor vehicle traffic control
(other than a parking violation) arising in connection with any traffic accident, and has no record of an
accident in which he/she was at fault; and
An applicant must provide evidence and certify that:

(1)
(2)
He/she is regularly employed in a job requiring operation of a CMV; and

He/she has operated, for at least two years immediately preceding application for a CDL, a vehicle
representative of the commercial motor vehicle the applicant operates or expects to operate.
The following documentation must be provided for waiver consideration:

Current out-of-state Commercial Driver's License

A copy of a driving record from a previous state of licensure, indicating that the customer has the
minimum requirement of two years of experience from the date of issuance of the Commercial Driver's
License
Verification of employment on company letterhead, which must contain dates of employment and class
of vehicle operated
If the above requirements are met, the customer can obtain a Massachusetts Commercial Driver's License without taking
the general knowledge exam or a road test. If the customer cannot meet the above requirements, the out-of-state Com
mercial Driver's License can be converted to a Massachusetts Class D driver's license. The out-of-state license must be
surrendered at this time. The customer may then apply for a Massachusetts Commercial Learner's Permit. Customers
must pass the written and road tests in order to obtain the Commercial Driver's License.
The conversion process is the same for all commercial motor vehicle classes (Class A, Class B, and Class C). However,
note that some states issue non-commercial Class A, B, and/or C driver's licenses that do not qualify as Commercial
Driver's Licenses under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's definition. These can only be converted to a
Massachusetts Class D driver's license.
Expired Commercial Driver's Licenses cannot be converted. However, an out-of-state Commercial Driver's License that
has been expired for less than four years can be converted to a Massachusetts Class D driver's license.
Transferring Endorsements
When a customer applies for a Commercial Driver's License out-of-state conversion, he/she may also choose to transfer
the endorsements on the previous Commercial Driver's License. However, due to federal requirements, a hazardous
materials (H) endorsement is not transferable. To receive an H endorsement on a Massachusetts Commercial Driver's
License, the customer must reapply for the endorsement.
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Hazardous Materials Endorsement

Due to the federal Patriot Act, the rules for obtaining a Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Endorsement have changed as follows:
1. Massachusetts Commercial Learners Permits will no longer be issued with a Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
2. A Commercial License with a Hazardous Materials Endorsement cannot be issued, renewed, or transferred until the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) notifies the RMV that the applicant has passed a Background Check.
Applying for or Adding a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

The RMV recommends that you do not apply for a Hazardous Materials Endorsement until you have already obtained a
Commercial Drivers License.
1. Go to an RMV branch office and do the following:
Complete a CDL Application.

Present required identification documentation.
Pay permit fees.
Take the Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam.
If you pass the Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam, you will receive a Hazardous Materials Pass Certificate.
Exam results are valid for two (2) years.
2. Contact IBT, the Transportation Security Administrations vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov
to apply for the Background Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations nationwide where you can be
fingerprinted. You will need to visit the vendors location and do the following:
Present 2 forms of ID to verify your identity.
Allow yourself to be fingerprinted.
It could take approximately 30 days to receive the results of your Background Check. The Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) will notify you of your results by mail.
3. Upon being notified that you passed the background check, do the following:
Return to an RMV branch office.

Complete a CDL Application
Pass a road test (for a 1st time Commercial Drivers License applicant)
Pay the fees for a Commercial Drivers License with the Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
Renewing a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

1. Approximately ninety (90) days prior to your license expiration, contact IBT, the Transportation Security
Administrations vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov to apply for the Background
Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations nationwide where you can be fingerprinted. You will need to
visit the vendors location and do the following:
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Preface/2.0
Go to an RMV branch office.

Pay applicable fees.
If you pass the Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam, you can renew your license with the Hazmat Endorsement.
If you fail the Background Check or the Knowledge Exam, you will still be able to renew your Commercial Drivers
License, but without the Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
Transferring a Hazardous Materials Endorsement from Out-of-State

Massachusetts does not transfer Hazardous Materials Endorsements. This means that you will be required to take the
Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam and pass a Background Check.
2. Cont act IBT, the Transportation Security Administration s vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit
https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov to apply for the Background Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations
nationwide where you can be fingerprinted. You will need to visit the vendors location and do the following:
3. Upon being notified that you passed the Background Check, do the following:
Pay the fees for a Commercial Drivers License with Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
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DOT Medical Cards

Requirements
To qualify for a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), you must pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) medical examina
tion performed in accordance with CFR 49 391.41 and CFR 49 391.43.
DOT medical examinations are conducted by a licensed medical examiner as defined in CFR 49 390.5.
To find a medical examiner, you may contact your primary care provider to inquire if they will conduct a DOT medical exam.
You may also find a medical examiner in the yellow pages of your telephone book, or on the Internet by using an Internet
directory or search engine.
The examiner will provide you with a medical examiner's certificate that you must carry with you whenever you operate a
Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV). A medical examiner's certificate will also be required, even if you dont have a CDL, if you
operate a CMV, in interstate commerce, with a gross vehicle rating in excess of 10,000 pounds.
Required Forms
If your medical examiner does not have the required forms, they may be obtained from any of the following:

The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration website (www.fmcsa.dot.gov), free of charge
J.J. Keller (item WW-015-MP) by calling 1-877-564-2333 or via the Internet using the Medical Examinations and
Reports link at: www.jjkeller.com
The Massachusetts Motor Truck Association, by calling 617-695-3512 (Free for members only.)
Alternatively, your examiner may print a copy of the forms directly from the FMCSA website.
Expiration
Medical examiner's certificates are valid for no more than two years. Some medical conditions may require you to have a
physical examination more frequently and others may disqualify you from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).
Physical Qualifications
Physical qualifications are listed in CFR 49 391.41.
If you do not meet the vision or diabetes physical qualification standards, or have a loss or impairment of limbs (arms, hands,
fingers, legs, or feet) and want to operate an interstate commercial motor vehicle (CMV), you may be able to satisfy alterna
tive physical qualifications or qualify for an exemption. Contact the Massachusetts State office of FMCSA at 781-425-3210
for additional details. Information is also available on the FMCSA website.
If you cannot meet the medical qualifications for CMV interstate commercial operation, you may qualify for an Intrastate
Medical Waiver. This waiver, available from the RMV, would permit operation of a CMV used in Massachusetts intrastate
commerce only. Call 857-368-8020 for specific details or see www.massrmv.com/rmv/forms/21156.pdf for the Intrastate
Medical Waiver Application.
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Obtaining a CDL is not Easy. Losing it is.

You can be legally disqualified from driving a Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) for one or more of the violations listed below.
Note that some of the major offenses involving alcohol or drugs do not require the offense to be committed in a CMV. Only
you can help to protect your right to operate a CMV.
Major Offenses
For any of the following offenses, you will be disqualified from operating a CMV for at least one (1) year for a conviction of a first
offense and life for a conviction of a second offense arising from two (2) or more separate incidents. If any of the offenses below
occurred while transporting a hazardous material required to be placarded, you will be disqualified for a period of at least three
years. You must not operate a CMV while disqualified.

If you operate a CMV or a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
If you operate a CMV while your Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is 0.04% or more.
If you refuse to submit to a chemical test or analysis of your breath or blood as required by law after operating a
CMV or a motor vehicle.
If you leave the scene of an accident while operating a CMV or a motor vehicle.
If you use a CMV or a motor vehicle in the commission of a felony.
If you cause a fatality through the negligent operation of a CMV.
If you were operating a CMV when, as a result of a prior violation committed operating a CMV, your CDL was sus
pended, revoked, or cancelled, or you were disqualified from operating a CMV.
You will have a lifetime disqualification if you use the vehicle to commit a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or
dispensing of controlled substances.
Serious Traffic Violations

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV:

For at least sixty (60) days if you are convicted of committing two serious traffic violations while operating a CMV arising
from separate incidents within a three-year period.
For at least one hundred twenty (120) days if you are convicted of committing three serious traffic violations while
operating a CMV arising from separate incidents within a three-year period.
Serious traffic violations consist of the following:

Excessive speeding (15 mph or more above posted limit)
Operating to endanger
Reckless driving
Improper or erratic traffic lane changes
Following a vehicle too closely
Page xiv
Preface/2.0
Traffic offenses committed in connection with a fatal traffic accident
Driving a CMV without obtaining a CDL
Driving a CMV without a CDL in the drivers possession
Driving a CMV without the proper class of CDL and/or endorsements for the specific vehicle group being operated or for
the passengers or type of cargo being transported
Serious traffic violations include any and all major disqualifying offenses under 49 CFR 383.51.
Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you are convicted of violating the railroad-highway grade crossing provisions
of 49 CFR 383.51. You will be disqualified for any combination of the following violations while operating a CMV:

The driver is not required to always stop, but fails to slow down and check that the tracks are clear of an approach
ing train.
The driver is not required to always stop, but fails to stop before reaching the crossing, if the tracks are not clear.
The driver is always required to stop, but fails to stop before driving onto the crossing.
The driver fails to have sufficient space to drive completely through the crossing without stopping.
The driver fails to obey a traffic control device or the directions of an enforcement official at the crossing.
The driver fails to negotiate a crossing because of insufficient undercarriage clearance.
The length of the disqualification will be as follows:

Not less than sixty (60) days for a first conviction
Not less than one hundred and twenty (120) days for a second conviction arising from separate incidents within a
three (3) year period.
Not less than one (1) year for a third or subsequent conviction arising from separate incidents within a three (3)
year period.
Violating Out-Of-Service Orders

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you violate an out-of-service order for the following length of time:
Not less than one hundred and eighty (180) days for a first violation
Not less than two (2) years for a second violation arising from separate incidents within a ten (10) year period
Not less than three (3) years for a third or subsequent violation arising from separate incidents within a ten (10) year
period
You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you violate an out-of-service order while transporting hazardous materials
required to be placarded or while operating a motor vehicle designed to transport sixteen (16) or more passengers, including the
driver, for the following length of time:
Not less than three (3) years for a second or subsequent violation of an out-of-service order arising from separate
incidents within a ten (10) year period.
Page xv
Preface/2.0
OUI Offenses for CDL Operators

Use of alcohol or drugs while holding a Commercial Drivers License has serious consequences. Under 49 CFR 383.72, any
person who holds a CDL is considered to have consented to such testing as is required by any state or jurisdiction in the
enforcement of 383.51(b)(2)(i) and 392.5(a)(2) of this chapter. Consent is implied by driving a commercial motor vehicle.
Below is a table of the offenses and the periods for which a driver must be disqualified. The table below is a partial list of the
major offenses taken from 49 CFR 383.51(b). Your license will be revoked for the disqualification period listed, and under 540
CMR 2.06 (9)c(5), you may only regain a CDL by passing the CDL knowledge and road test(s).
If a driver operates
a motor vehicle and
is convicted of:
For a first conviction or refusal to

be tested while
operating a CMV, a
person required to
have a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operating
a CMV for
For a first
conviction or
refusal to be
tested while
operating a nonCMV, a CDL
holder must be
disqualified
from operating a
CMV for
For a first conviction or refusal to be

tested while
operating a CMV
transporting
hazardous materi
als required to be
placarded under
the Hazardous
Materials Regula
tions (49 CFR part
172, subpart F), a
person required to
have a CDL and CDL
holder must be
disqualified from
operating a CMV for
For a second
conviction or
refusal to be
tested in a
separate incident
of any combina
tion of offenses in
this Table while
operating a CMV,
a person required
to have a CDL and
a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operat
ing a CMV for
For a second
conviction or
refusal to be
tested in a
separate incident
of any combina
tion of offenses in
this Table while
operating a nonCMV, a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operat
ing a CMV for
Being under the

influence of alcohol
as prescribed by
State law.
1 year
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Being under the

influence of a
controlled substance.
1 year
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Having an alcohol
concentration of 0.04
or greater while
operating a CMV
1 year
3 years
Life
Not applicable
Refusing to take an
alcohol test as
required by a State or
jurisdiction under its
implied consent laws
or regulations as
defined in 383.72 of
this part.
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Using the vehicle in

the commission of a
felony involving
manufacturing,
distributing, or
dispensing a con
trolled substance.
Page xvi
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Not applicable
1 year
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Preface/2.0
CDL Self Certification

Overview of 2012 Self-Certification Mandate
By January 30, 2014 all CDL drivers are required under Federal regulation to inform the RMV of the type of commerce they
plan to operate within (interstate or intrastate) and whether or not they are required to hold a medical certificate. This notifica
tion is called self-certification. It is called self-certification because the driver alone needs to determine the self-certification
category he/she falls into based on his/her driving information.
Customers who wish to obtain, or who currently hold a Commercial Driver's License that is being renewed, upgraded, or
transferred from another State, will be required to complete their CDL Self-Certification. The CDL Self-Certification Form and
a copy of the medical certificate, if applicable, must be presented at the time of the transaction. The CDL Self-Certification
Form can be found on the RMV website in the Forms & Manuals section under Licensing at www.massrmv.com.
CDL drivers that will not be completing a transaction with the RMV between now and January 30, 2014, do not have to visit a
RMV branch office at this time. Compliance information for these drivers will be available in early 2013.
Individuals initially applying for a Commercial Learner's Permit must present their medical certificate prior to being issued a
Commercial Learner's Permit, unless they have an intrastate medical waiver or are in an excepted category. The exemption
from carrying a medical certificate applies to federal, state, or municipal employees only when operating a federal, state, or
municipal vehicle in the course of their employment and who plan to take their road test in a federal, state, or municipal
vehicle.
Existing Commercial Driver's License or permit holders who are required to carry a medical certificate must bring a copy
when going to a RMV branch to:

Apply for a CDL

Renew a CDL
Upgrade a CDL
Transfer a CDL from another State
If a driver's medical examiner's certificate is only valid with a vision, diabetes, or skills performance evaluation variance letter
granted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the driver will also need to provide this documentation
to the RMV.
The medical certificate is a document that most CDL drivers are currently required to carry. The new regulation simply
requires drivers to provide the Registry with a copy as part of their self-certification.
All drivers must self-certify and provide their medical certificate, if applicable, by January 30, 2014.
Drivers are required to continue to carry a physical copy of their medical certificate through January 30, 2014. Commercial
drivers with a federal medical variance, Skill Performance Evaluation, or state issued medical waiver are required to carry this
documentation indefinitely.
A driver's self-certification category and medical certificate information will be become part of the CDLIS driver record for use
by law enforcement.
Self-Certification Categories
There are four self-certification categories. A driver must self-certify to one of these four categories. The category a driver
should choose depends on whether he/she operates in interstate or intrastate commerce and whether or not he/she is
required to have a medical certificate or is exempt:

Page xvii
Non-Excepted Interstate (NI) - Driver is engaged in Interstate commerce and must meet the federal DOT
medical card requirements
Excepted Interstate (EI) - Driver is engaged in Interstate commerce and does not have to meet the DOT
Non-Excepted Intrastate (NA) - Driver is engaged in Intrastate commerce and must meet state driver
qualification requirements
Preface/2.0
Excepted Intrastate (EA) - Driver is engaged in Intrastate commerce and does not have to meet the DOT
The medical documentation that a driver is required to provide is dependent on the category of self-certification selected. In
Massachusetts, drivers that self-certify in the NI or NA category are required to provide the RMV with a copy of their current
medical certificate, with the exception of NA drivers that have been issued an Intrastate Medical Waiver and, as a result, have
a W restriction on their license. If a driver's medical examiner's certificate is only valid with a vision, diabetes, or a skills
performance evaluation variance granted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the driver will also
need to provide this documentation to the RMV.
Category Descriptions
Non-excepted Interstate (NI)

All Class A, Class B, or Class C privately or self-employed commercial drivers who operate or
expect to operate in interstate commerce, and are subject to meet the federal medical standard and
therefore are required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate.

All Class A, B, or C drivers who do not fall under any other category or who have been granted a
federal vision or diabetes exemption or a Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE). See Federal
regulations 49 CFR 391.49.
Excepted Interstate (EI)

Drivers who operate or expect to operate in interstate commerce but engage exclusively in
transportation or operations and are not required to meet all or parts of the federal qualification
requirements, and are therefore not required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate.

Examples of EI Drivers include:
City, municipal, or state employed Commercial Driver's License holders
Non-excepted Intrastate (NA)

All Class A, B, or C privately employed or self-employed commercial drivers who only operate in
intrastate commerce and are subject to state driver qualification requirements

Examples of NA Drivers include:

Drivers 18-21 years of age with a K Restriction associated with their license to operate

Drivers 21 and over with a W restriction associated with their license to operate
Excepted Intrastate (EA)

Drivers who operate in intrastate commerce, but engage exclusively in transportation or operations
that are not required to meet all or parts of the state driver qualification requirements, and are
therefore not required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate

Examples of EA Drivers include:
Guidance for Selecting a Self-Certification Category

A driver should self-certify at the highest standard for which he/she qualifies so as not to limit work opportunities. Nonexcepted Interstate (NI) is the broadest category and the one a driver should select if he/she meets the criteria, even if he/
she currently does not consider himself/herself an interstate driver.
Interstate Commerce versus Intrastate Commerce
When making a decision about what type of commerce a driver operates or expects to operate within, consider the following
definitions:
Interstate commerce is trade, traffic, or transportation involving the crossing of a state boundary. Either the vehicle, its
passengers, or cargo must cross a state boundary, or there must be the intent to cross a state boundary to be considered
an interstate carrier.
Intrastate commerce is trade, traffic, or transportation within a single state.
For additional information on interstate and intrastate commerce, please refer to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administra
tion Website at www.fmcsa.dot.gov.
Page xviii
Preface/2.0
Compliance Requirements
Downgrade for Non-Compliance
Failure to initially provide self-certification information and a copy of a medical certificate, if a driver requires one, by January
30, 2014 will result in the downgrade of the driver's Commercial Driver's License to a Class D license.
Class A, B, or C Learner's Permits are not subject to a downgrade. A Commercial Driver's Learner's Permit will be deleted
upon the expiration or self-certification expiration, whichever comes first.
Re-Certification - Submission Cycle
For NI and NA categorized drivers, self-certification is tied to the expiration date of the medical certificate, variance or waiver.
Therefore, drivers will need to self-certify at least every two years.
An NI or NA driver will receive notice from the Registry of Motor Vehicles notifying him/her of the self-certification expiration
date. NI and NA categorized drivers that do not re-certify by the expiration date will no longer be authorized to operate a
vehicle requiring a commercial driver's license. The following will occur for a driver that does not re-certify within sixty days
from the expiration date:
1. The Registry will downgrade the driver to a Class D license which will be mailed to him/her
2. A $25.00 license amendment fee will be posted on the customer's record to be collected at the time of his/
her next license transaction
EI and EA drivers will need to re-certify every five years at the time of license renewal.
A driver may also need to re-certify prior to an expiration date if the type of driving that is conducted has changed.
Restoring a Downgraded License to a Commercial Driver's License
To restore a Commercial Driver's License within 365 days of the downgrade, the customer must go to a Registry branch
office and request a restoration. The customer must submit all required paperwork. If eligible, the system will allow the
customer to restore and/or renew. If the restored Commercial Driver's License is not renewed, the expiration date will con
tinue from the pre-downgrade date. The customer must pay all required fees.
To restore a Commercial Driver's License after 365 days of the downgrade, the customer must go to a Registry branch office
and request a restoration. The customer must retake the Commercial Driver's License learner's permit exam and road test
and submit all required paperwork. If the customer passes both tests, he/she will be issued a new, five-year license. The
customer must pay all required fees.
Checking Self-Certification Status
A driver may check his/her self-certification status online at www.massrmv.com by selecting More from the Online Services
tab, and then selecting License Permit Status in the Check My Status section at the bottom of the License/ID column. The
driver's self-certification category and expiration date will be displayed.
Page xix
Preface/2.0
Page xx
Preface/2.0
Table of Contents
PART ONE
Section 1:
1.1
1.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Commercial Driver License Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Other CDL Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Section 2:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
Driving Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Control of Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communicating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controlling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Managing Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Very Hot Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroad Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mountain Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seeing Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Skid Control and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accident Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Staying Alert and Fit to Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazardous Materials Rules For All Commercial Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1

2-1

2-15

2-17

2-19

2-22

2-24

2-27

2-31

2-34

2-34

2-37

2-38

2-39

2-41

2-45

2-49

2-51

2-52

2-54

2-57

Section 3:
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Transporting Cargo Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inspecting Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weight and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Securing Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Cargo Needing Special Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1

3-1

3-2

3-4

3-5

Section 4:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Transporting Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-trip Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading and Trip Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
After-trip Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prohibited Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use of Brake-door Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1

4-1

4-2

4-4

4-5

4-5

4-6

Section 5:
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Parts of an Air Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Air Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspecting Air Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1

5-1

5-6

5-6

5-8

Section 6:
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Combination Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving Combination Vehicles Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combination Vehicle Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspecting a Combination Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1

6-1

6-5

6-8

6-14

Section 7:
Doubles and Triples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

PART TWO
Table of Contents/2.0
Page 1
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Pulling Double/Triple Trailers ..................................................................................

Coupling and Uncoupling ........................................................................................
Inspecting Doubles and Triples ...............................................................................
Doubles/Triples Air Brake Check.............................................................................
7-1

7-2

7-5

7-6

Section 8:
8.1
8.2
8.3
Tank Vehicles .........................................................................................................

Inspecting Tank Vehicles ........................................................................................
Driving Tank Vehicles .............................................................................................
Safe Driving Rules..................................................................................................
8-1

8-1

8-2

8-3

Section 9:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Hazardous Materials ............................................................................................... 9-1

The Intent of the Regulations .................................................................................. 9-2

Hazardous Materials Transportation--Who Does What ............................................ 9-3

Communication Rules............................................................................................. 9-4

Loading and Unloading .......................................................................................... 9-16

Bulk Packaging Marking, Loading and Unloading................................................... 9-20

Hazardous Materials--Driving and Parking Rules ................................................... 9-21

Hazardous Materials--Emergencies ....................................................................... 9-25

Table A
Radioactive Separation Table...................................................................... 9-30

Table B
Table of Hazard Class Definitions ................................................................ 9-30

Hazardous Materials Glossary .......................................................................................... 9-31

PART THREE
Section 10:
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10-5
Pre-trip Vehicle Inspection Test ............................................................................. 10-1

All Vehicles............................................................................................................ 10-1

External Inspection (School Bus/Truck/Tractor) ..................................................... 10-6

School Bus Only .................................................................................................. 10-10

Trailer .................................................................................................................. 10-12

Coach/Transit Bus ................................................................................................ 10-14

Section 11:
11.1
11.2
Basic Vehicle Control Skills Test ............................................................................ 11-1

Exercises............................................................................................................... 11-2

Scoring .................................................................................................................. 11-2

Section 12:
12.1
On-road Driving Test ............................................................................................. 12-1

How You Will Be Tested ........................................................................................ 12-1

APPENDIX A: Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Drivers License Manual .............. Appendix A-1

Page 2
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Introduction
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Definitions You
Should Know
You are responsible for not being overloaded.

definitions of weight you should know:
Here are some
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW). The total weight of a single vehicle plus
its load.
Gross Combination Weight (GCW). The total weight of a powered
unit plus trailer(s) plus the cargo.
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). The maximum GVW
specified by the manufacturer for a single vehicle plus its load.
Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR). The maximum GCW
specified by the manufacturer for a specific combination of vehicles plus
its load.
Axle Weight. The weight transmitted to the ground by one axle or one
set of axles.
Tire Load. The maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified
pressure. This rating is stated on the side of each tire.
Suspension Systems. Suspension systems have a manufacturers
weight capacity rating.
Coupling Device Capacity. Coupling devices are rated for the
maximum weight they can pull and/or carry.
Legal Weight Limits
You must keep weights within legal limits. States have maximums for
GVWs, GCWs and axle weights. Often, maximum axle weights are set
by a bridge formula. A bridge formula permits less maximum axle
weight for axles that are closer together. This is to prevent overloading
bridges and roadways.
Overloading can have bad effects on steering, braking, and speed
control. Overloaded trucks have to go very slow on upgrades. Worse,
they may gain too much speed on downgrades. Stopping distance
increases. Brakes can fail when forced to work too hard.
During bad weather or in mountains, it may not be safe to operate at
legal maximum weights. Take this into account before driving.
Don't Be Top-heavy
Page 3-2
The height of the vehicles center of gravity is very important for safe
handling. A high center of gravity (cargo piled up high or heavy cargo
on top) means you are more likely to tip over. It is most dangerous in
curves or if you have to swerve to avoid a hazard. It is very important
to distribute the cargo so it is as low as possible. Put the heaviest parts
of the cargo under the lightest parts.
Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe. Too much
weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering. It can damage the
steering axle and tires. Underloaded front axles (caused by shifting
weight too far to the rear) can make the steering axle weight too light to
steer safely. Too little weight on the driving axles can cause poor
traction. The drive wheels may spin easily. During bad weather, the
truck may not be able to keep going. Weight that is loaded so there is
a high center of gravity causes greater chance of rollover. On flat bed
vehicles, there is also a greater chance that the load will shift to the side
or fall off. Figure 3-1 shows examples of the right and wrong way to
balance cargo weight.
Wrong
Balance the Weight
Right
Wrong
Wrong
Wrong
Right
Right
Figure 3-1
Always load cargo the right way!
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For what three things related to cargo are drivers responsible?

How often must you stop while on the road to check your cargo?
How is Gross Combination Weight Rating different from Gross Combination Weight?
Name two situations where legal maximum weights may not be safe.
What can happen if you dont have enough weight on the front axle?
These questions may be on your test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
Page 3-3
3.3 Securing Cargo
Blocking and Bracing
Cargo Tiedown
Blocking is used in the front, back, and/or sides of a piece of cargo to

keep it from sliding. Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo. It
is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement. Bracing is
also used to prevent movement of cargo. Bracing goes from the upper
part of the cargo to the floor and/or walls of the cargo compartment.
On flatbed trailers or trailers without sides, cargo must be secured to
keep it from shifting or falling off. In closed vans, tiedowns can also be
important to prevent cargo shifting that may affect the handling of the
vehicle. Tiedowns must be of the proper type and proper strength. The
combined strength of all cargo tiedowns must be strong enough to lift
one and one-half times the weight of the piece of cargo tied down.
Proper tiedown equipment must be used, including ropes, straps,
chains, and tensioning devices (winches, ratchets, clinching
components). Tiedowns must be attached to the vehicle correctly
(hook, bolt, rails, rings).
Cargo should have at least one tiedown for each ten feet of cargo.
Make sure you have enough tiedowns to meet this need. No matter
how small the cargo, it should have at least two tiedowns holding it.
There are special requirements for securing various heavy pieces of
metal. Find out what they are if you are to carry such loads.
Header Boards
Covering Cargo
Front end header boards ("headache racks") protect you from your
cargo in case of a crash or emergency stop. Make sure the front end
structure is in good condition. The front end structure should block the
forward movement of any cargo you carry.
There are two basic reasons for covering cargo, (1) to protect people
from spilled cargo, and (2) to protect the cargo from weather. Spill
protection is a safety requirement in many states. Be familiar with the
laws in the states you drive in.
You should look at your cargo covers in the mirrors from time to time
while driving. A flapping cover can tear loose, uncovering the cargo,
and possibly block your view or someone elses.
You cannot inspect sealed loads, but you should check that you dont
exceed gross weight and axle weight limits.
Sealed and
Containerized Loads
Page 3-4
Containerized loads generally are used when freight is carried part way
by rail or ship. Delivery by truck occurs at the beginning and/or end of
the journey. Some containers have their own tiedown devices or locks
that attach directly to a special frame. Others have to be loaded onto
flat bed trailers. They must be properly secured just like any other
cargo.
Dry bulk tanks require special care because they often have a high
center of gravity, and the load can shift. Be extremely cautious (slow
and careful) going around curves and making sharp turns.
Hanging meat (suspended beef, pork, lamb) in a refrigerated truck can
be a very unstable load with a high center of gravity. Particular caution
is needed on sharp curves such as off ramps and on ramps. Go slow.
Livestock can move around in a trailer, causing unsafe handling. With
less than a full load, use false bulkheads to keep livestock bunched
together. Even when bunched, special care is necessary because
livestock can lean on curves. This shifts the center of gravity and
makes rollover more likely.
Over-length, over-width, and/or overweight loads require special
transit permits. Driving is usually limited to certain times. Special
equipment may be necessary such as "wide load" signs, flashing lights,
flags, etc. Such loads may require a police escort or pilot vehicles
bearing warning signs and/or flashing lights. These special loads
require special driving care.
3.4 Other Cargo Needing

Special Attention
Dry Bulk
Hanging Meat
Livestock
Oversized Loads
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the minimum number of tiedowns for any flat bed load?
What is the minimum number of tiedowns for a 20-foot load?
Name the two basic reasons for covering cargo on an open bed.
What must you check before transporting a sealed load?
Page 3-5
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Test Trailer Service Brakes. Check for normal air pressure, release
the parking brakes, move the vehicle forward slowly, and apply trailer
brakes with the hand control (trolley valve), if so equipped. You should
feel the brakes come on. This tells you the trailer brakes are connected
and working. (The trailer brakes should be tested with the hand valve
but controlled in normal operation with the foot pedal, which applies air
to the service brakes at all wheels.)
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Which shut-off valves should be open and which closed?

How can you test that air flows to all trailers?
How can you test the tractor protection valve?
How can you test the trailer emergency brakes?
How can you test the trailer service brakes?
These questions may be on your test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Section 6.4.
Page 6-16
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Page 7-1
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Uncoupling Twin Trailers
Page 7-3
Uncouple Converter Dolly
Lower dolly landing gear.
Disconnect safety chains.
Apply converter gear spring brakes or chock wheels.
Release pintle hook on first semi-trailer.
Slowly pull clear of dolly.
Caution: Never unlock the pintle hook with the dolly still under the
rear trailer. The dolly tow bar may fly up, possibly causing injury, and
making it very difficult to re-couple.

Triple Trailers
Couple Second and Third Trailers
Couple second and third trailers using the method for coupling
doubles.
Uncouple tractor and pull away from second and third trailers.
Couple Tractor/First Semi-trailer to Second/Third Trailers
Couple tractor to first trailer. Use the method already

described for coupling tractor-semitrailers.
Move converter dolly into position and couple first trailer to

second trailer using the method for coupling doubles. Triples
rig is now complete.
Uncouple Triple-trailer Rig

Other Combinations
Page 7-4
Uncouple third trailer by pulling the dolly out, then unhitching

the dolly using the method for uncoupling doubles.
Uncouple remainder of rig as you would any double-bottom rig

using the method already described.
The methods described so far apply to the more common tractor-trailer

combinations. However, there are other ways of coupling and
uncoupling the many types of truck-trailer and tractor-trailer
combinations that are in use. There are too many to cover in this
manual. Learn the right way to couple the vehicle(s) you will drive
according to the manufacturer and/or owner.
Use the seven-step inspection procedure described in Section 2 to

inspect your combination vehicle. There are more things to inspect on
a combination vehicle than on a single vehicle. Many of these items are
simply more of what you would find on a single vehicle. (For example,
tires, wheels, lights, reflectors, etc.) However, there are also some new
things to check. These are discussed below.
7.3 Inspecting Doubles

and Triples
Do these checks in addition to those already listed in Section 2, "Step

5: Do Walkaround Inspection."
Coupling System Areas
Check fifth wheel (lower).

- Securely mounted to frame.
- No missing, damaged parts.
- Enough grease.
- No visible space between upper and lower fifth wheel.
- Locking jaws around the shank, not the head of kingpin.
- Release arm properly seated and safety latch/lock
engaged.
Fifth wheel (upper).

- Glide plate securely mounted to trailer frame.
- Kingpin not damaged.
Air and electric lines to trailer.

- Electrical cord firmly plugged in and secured.
- Air lines properly connected to glad hands, no air leaks,
properly secured with enough slack for turns.
- All lines free from damage.
Sliding fifth wheel.

- Slide not damaged or parts missing.
- Properly greased.
- All locking pins present and locked in place.
- If air powered -- no air leaks.
- Check that fifth wheel is not so far forward that tractor
frame will hit landing gear, or cab hit the trailer, during
turns.
Check During a
Landing Gear
Fully raised, no missing parts, not bent or otherwise damaged.
Crank handle in place and secured.
If power operated, no air or hydraulic leaks.
Double and Triple Trailers
Shut-off valves (at rear of trailers, in service and emergency

lines):
- Rear of front trailers: OPEN.
- Rear of last trailer: CLOSED.
- Converter dolly air tank drain valve: CLOSED.
Page 7-5
Be sure air lines are supported and glad hands are properly
connected.
If spare tire is carried on converter gear (dolly), make sure it's

secured.
Be sure pintle-eye of dolly is in place in pintle hook of trailer(s).
Make sure pintle hook is latched.
Safety chains should be secured to trailer(s).
Be sure light cords are firmly in sockets on trailers.
Do these checks in addition to Section 5.3, "Inspecting Air Brake

Systems."
7.4 Doubles/Triples
Air Brake Check
Check That Air Flows to

All Trailers (Double and
Triple Trailers)
Test Tractor Protection

Valve
Check the brakes on a double or triple trailer as you would any

combination vehicle. Section 6.2 explains how to check air brakes on
combination vehicles. You must also make the following checks on
your double or triple trailers:
Use the tractor parking brake and/or chock the wheels to hold the
vehicle. Wait for air pressure to reach normal, then push in the red
"trailer air supply" knob. This will supply air to the emergency (supply)
lines. Use the trailer handbrake to provide air to the service line. Go to
the rear of the rig. Open the emergency line shut-off valve at the rear of
the last trailer. You should hear air escaping, showing the entire system
is charged. Close the emergency line valve. Open the service line
valve to check that service pressure goes through all the trailers (this
test assumes that the trailer handbrake or the service brake pedal is
on), then close the valve. If you do NOT hear air escaping from both
lines, check that the shut-off valves on the trailer(s) and dolly (s) are in
the OPEN position. You MUST have air all the way to the back for all
the brakes to work.
Charge the trailer air brake system. (That is, build up normal air
pressure and push the "air supply" knob in.) Shut the engine off. Step
on and off the brake pedal several times to reduce the air pressure in
the tanks. The trailer air supply control (also called the tractor
protection valve control) should pop out (or go from "normal" to
"emergency" position) when the air pressure falls into the pressure
range specified by the manufacturer. (Usually within the range of 20 to
45 psi.)
If the tractor protection valve doesnt work right, an air hose or trailer
brake leak could drain all the air from the tractor. This would cause the
emergency brakes to come on, with possible loss of control.
Page 7-6
Charge the trailer air brake system and check that the trailer rolls freely.
Then stop and pull out the trailer air supply control (also called tractor
protection valve control or trailer emergency valve) or place it in the
"emergency" position. Pull gently on the trailer with the tractor to check
that the trailer emergency brakes are on.
Test Trailer Emergency

Brakes
Check for normal air pressure, release the parking brakes, move the
vehicle forward slowly, and apply trailer brakes with the hand control
(trolley valve), if so equipped. You should feel the brakes come on. This
tells you the trailer brakes are connected and working. (The trailer
brakes should be tested with the hand valve, but controlled in normal
operation with the foot pedal, which applies air to the service brakes at
all wheels.)
Test Trailer Service Brakes
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is a converter dolly?

Do converter dollies have spring brakes?
What three methods can you use to secure a second trailer before coupling?
How do you check to make sure trailer height is correct before coupling?
What do you check when making a visual check of coupling?
Why should you pull a dolly out from under a trailer before you disconnect it from the trailer in
front?
What should you check for when inspecting the converter dolly? The pintle hook?
Should the shut-off valves on the rear of the last trailer be open or closed? On the first trailer in a
set of doubles? On the middle trailer of a set of triples?
These questions may be on your test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and
7.4.
Page 7-7
Page 7-8
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Page 8-2
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Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How are bulkheads different than baffles?

Should a tank vehicle take curves, on-ramps, or off-ramps at the posted speed limits?
How are smooth bore tankers different to drive than those with baffles?
What three things determine how much liquid you can load?
What is outage?
What two reasons make special care necessary when driving tank vehicles?
These questions may be on the test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Section 8.2.
Tank Vehicles/2.0
Page 8-3
Page 8-4
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In addition to checking for spare electrical fuses (if equipped),

three red reflective triangles, and a properly charged and
rated fire extinguisher, school bus drivers must also inspect
the following emergency equipment:
Page 10-10
Three red-burning flares (fusees).
A nine-item first-aid kit.
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In addition to checking the lighting indicators listed in Section
10.2 of this manual, school bus drivers must check the following
lighting indicators (internal panel lights):

Alternately flashing amber lights indicator, if equipped.

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If equipped with a handicap lift, look for leaking, damaged, or
missing parts and explain how lift should be checked for
correct operation. Lift must be fully retracted and latched
securely.
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Make sure that all emergency exits are not damaged, operate
smoothly, and close securely from the inside.
Check that any emergency exit warning devices are working.
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Look for broken seat frames and check that seat frames are
firmly attached to the floor.
Check that seat cushions are attached securely to the seat
frames.
Page 10-11
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Check that baggage and all other exterior compartment doors
are not damaged, operate properly, and latch securely.
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Wherever located, see that battery(s) are secure, connections
are tight, and cell caps are present.
Battery connections should not show signs of excessive corrosion.
Check that battery box and cover or door is not damaged and
is secure.
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Please refer to Section 10.2 of this manual for detailed inspection
procedures regarding the following components:
- Wheels.
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before you can proceed to the basic vehicle control skills test.
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Section 12: On-road Driving Test

You will drive over a test route that has a variety of traffic situations.
At all times during the test, you must drive in a safe and responsible
manner.
This Section Covers
How You Will Be Tested
During the driving test, the examiner will be scoring you on specific
driving maneuvers as well as on your general driving behavior. You
will follow the directions of the examiner. Directions will be given to
you so you will have plenty of time to do what the examiner has
asked. You will not be asked to drive in an unsafe manner.
If your test route does not have certain traffic situations, you may be
asked to simulate a traffic situation. You will do this by telling the
examiner what you are or would be doing if you were in that traffic
situation. See the CDL On-Road Score Sheet (Figure 12-1).
You have been asked to make a turn:
Check traffic in all directions.
Use turn signals and safely get into the lane needed for the
turn.
12.1
How You Will Be

Tested
Turns
As you approach the turn:
Use turn signals to warn others of your turn.
Slow down smoothly, change gears as needed to keep

power, but do not coast unsafely. Unsafe coasting occurs
when your vehicle is out of gear (clutch depressed or
gearshift in neutral) for more than the length of your vehicle.
If you must stop before making the turn:
Come to a smooth stop without skidding.
Come to a complete stop behind the stop line, crosswalk, or

stop sign.
If stopping behind another vehicle, stop where you can see

the rear tires on the vehicle ahead of you (safe gap).
Do not let your vehicle roll.
Keep the front wheels aimed straight ahead.
On-road Driving Test/2.0
Page 12-1
When ready to turn:
Keep both hands on the steering wheel during the turn.
Do not change gears during the turn.
Keep checking your mirror to make sure the vehicle does

not hit anything on the inside of the turn.
Vehicle should not move into oncoming traffic.
Vehicle should finish turn in correct lane.
After turn:
Make sure turn signal is off.
Get up to speed of traffic, use turn signal, and move into

right-most lane when safe to do so (if not already there).
As you approach an intersection:

Intersections
Check traffic thoroughly in all directions.
Decelerate gently.
Brake smoothly and, if necessary, change gears.
If necessary, come to a complete stop (no coasting) behind

any stop signs, signals, sidewalks, or stop lines maintaining
a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you.
Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward.
When driving through an intersection:
Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the

intersection.
Do not change lanes or shift gears while proceeding through

the intersection.
Keep your hands on the wheel.
Once through the intersection:
Page 12-2
Continue checking traffic.
Accelerate smoothly and change gears as necessary.
During this part of the test, you are expected to make regular traffic
checks and maintain a safe following distance. Your vehicle should
be centered in the proper lane (right-most lane) and you should keep
up with the flow of traffic but not exceed the posted speed limit.
Urban/Rural Straight
During the multiple lane portion of the urban and rural sections, you
will be asked to change lanes to the left, and then back to the right.
You should make the necessary traffic checks first, then use proper
signals and smoothly change lanes when it is safe to do so.
Urban/Rural Lane
Changes
Before entering the expressway:
Expressway
Stop/Start
Check traffic.
Use proper signals.
Merge smoothly into the proper lane of traffic.
Once on the expressway:
Maintain proper lane positioning, vehicle spacing, and

vehicle speed.
Continue to check traffic thoroughly in all directions.
You will be instructed to change lanes:
You must make necessary traffic checks.
Use proper signals.
Change lanes smoothly when it is safe to do so.
When exiting the expressway:
Make necessary traffic checks.
Use proper signals.
Decelerate smoothly in the exit lane.
Once on the exit ramp, you must continue to decelerate

within the lane markings and maintain adequate spacing
between your vehicle and other vehicles.
For this maneuver, you will be asked to pull your vehicle over to the
side of the road and stop as if you were going to get out and check
something on your vehicle. You must check traffic thoroughly in all
directions and move to the right-most lane or shoulder of road.
Page 12-3
As you prepare for the stop:
Check traffic.
Activate your right turn signal.
Decelerate smoothly, brake evenly, change gears as

necessary.
Bring your vehicle to a full stop without coasting.
Once stopped:
Vehicle must be parallel to the curb or shoulder of the road

and safely out of the traffic flow.
Vehicle should not be blocking driveways, fire hydrants,

intersections, signs, etc.
Cancel your turn signal.
Activate your four-way emergency flashers.
Apply the parking brake.
Move the gear shift to neutral or park.
Remove your feet from the brake and clutch pedals.
When instructed to resume:
Page 12-4
Check traffic and your mirrors thoroughly in all directions.
Turn off your four-way flashers.
Activate the left turn signal.
When traffic permits, you should release the parking brake

and pull straight ahead.
Do not turn the wheel before your vehicle moves.
Check traffic from all directions, especially to the left.
Steer and accelerate smoothly into the proper lane when

safe to do so.
Once your vehicle is back into the flow of traffic, cancel your
left turn signal.
When approaching a curve:
Before entering the curve, reduce speed so further braking

or shifting is not required in the curve.
Keep vehicle in the lane.
Continue checking traffic in all directions.
As you approach the upgrade:
Select the proper gear to maintain speed and not lug the
engine.
Check traffic thoroughly in all directions and move to the

right-most or curb lane.
If legal to do so, use four-way flashers if traveling too slowly

for the flow of traffic.
Before starting down the grade:
Curve
Upgrade
Downgrade
Downshift as needed to help control engine speed and test

brakes by gently applying the foot brake to ensure they are
functioning properly. As your vehicle moves down the
grade, continue checking traffic in all directions, stay in the
right-most or curb lane, and, if legal to do so, use four-way
flashers if your vehicle is moving too slowly for traffic.
Increase following distance and observe the following
downhill braking procedures:
- Select a "safe" speed, one that is not too fast for the
weight of the vehicle, length and steepness of the grade,
weather, and road conditions.
- Once a "safe" speed has been reached, apply the brake
hard enough to feel a definite slowdown.
- When speed has been reduced to five mph below the
"safe" speed, release the brakes. [This application should
last for about three seconds.]
- Once speed has increased to the "safe" speed, repeat
the procedure.
For example, if your "safe" speed is 40 mph, you should apply the
brakes once your vehicle speed reaches 40 mph. Your brakes
should be applied hard enough to reduce your speed to 35 mph.
Once your vehicle speed reaches 35 mph, release your brakes.
Repeat this procedure as often as necessary until you have reached
the end of the downgrade. This braking technique is called
"snubbing."
When operating any commercial vehicle, do not ride the clutch, race
the engine, change gears, or coast while driving down the grade. At
the bottom of the grade, be sure to cancel your four-way flashers.
Page 12-5
Not all test routes will contain an area of sufficient grade to test your
skill adequately. Therefore, you may be asked to simulate
(verbally) driving up and down a steep hill. You must be familiar
with the upgrade/downgrade procedures so that you can explain
and/or demonstrate them to the examiner at any time during the
driving test.
Railroad Crossing
Before reaching the crossing, all commercial drivers should:
Decelerate, brake smoothly, and shift gears as necessary.
Look and listen for the presence of trains.
Do not stop, change gears, pass another vehicle, or change lanes

while any part of your vehicle is in the crossing.
If you are driving a bus, a school bus, or a vehicle displaying
placards, you should be prepared to observe the following
procedures at every railroad crossing (unless the crossing is
exempt):
Bridge/Overpass/Sign
As the vehicle approaches a railroad crossing, activate the

four-way flashers.
Stop the vehicle within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from
the nearest rail.
Listen and look in both directions along the track for an

approaching train and for signals indicating the approach of
a train. If operating a bus, you may also be required to open
the window and door prior to crossing tracks.
Keep hands on the steering wheel as the vehicle crosses the

tracks.
Do not stop, change gears, or change lanes while any part

of your vehicle is proceeding across the tracks.
Four-way flashers should be deactivated after the vehicle

crosses the tracks.
Not all driving road test routes will have a railroad crossing.
You may be asked to explain and demonstrate the proper
railroad crossing procedures to the examiner at a simulated
location.
After driving under an overpass, you may be asked to tell the
examiner what the posted clearance or height was. After going over
a bridge, you may be asked to tell the examiner what the posted
weight limit was. If your test route does not have a bridge or
overpass, you may be asked about another traffic sign. When
asked, be prepared to identify and explain to the examiner any
traffic sign which may appear on the route.
Page 12-6
During the driving test you must:
Wear your safety belt.
Obey all traffic signs, signals, and laws.
Complete the test without an accident or moving violation.
You will be scored on your overall performance in the following

general driving behavior categories:
Clutch Usage (for manual transmission)
Always use clutch to shift.
Double-clutch if vehicle is equipped with non-synchronized

transmission.
Do not rev or lug the engine.
Do not ride clutch to control speed, coast with the clutch

depressed, or "pop" the clutch.
Gear Usage (for manual transmission)
Do not grind or clash gears.
Select gear that does not rev or lug engine.
Do not shift in turns and intersections.
Brake Usage
Do not ride or pump brake.
Do not brake harshly.

pressure.
Brake smoothly using steady
Lane Usage
Do not put vehicle over curbs, sidewalks, or lane markings.
Stop behind stop lines, crosswalks, or stop signs.
Complete a turn in the proper lane on a multiple lane road

(vehicle should finish a left turn in the lane directly to the
right of the center line).
Finish a right turn in the right-most (curb) lane.
Move to or remain in right-most lane unless lane is blocked.
Page 12-7
Figure 12-1: CDL On-Road Score Sheet
Page 12-8
Appendix A: Section 10 of the 2004 Model

Commercial Drivers License Manual
Appendix A- 1
S Endorsement Knowledge Exam Study Materials

Attached is Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Drivers License Manual (version 080904). This section
contains all of the federal school bus operational standards.
All of the questions that will appear on the school bus S endorsement written knowledge exam are based on the
information included in Section 10. You should study all the information provided prior to taking the mandatory
knowledge test.
This test is solely based on the federal standards, so answers should be based on the Section 10 study materials
provided. In cases where Massachusetts and federal standards conflict, use the federal standards in your answers.
Please note that the following federal standards included in this section conflict with Massachusetts standards:
Page 10-1 (figure 10-1) The Danger Zones

The federal danger zone in front of and behind a school bus is 12 feet. The Massachusetts danger
zone in front of and behind a school bus is 10 feet.
Page 10-9 (section 10.4.3) Approaching the Crossing

When a school bus is approaching a railroad crossing, federal standards require the operator to
activate hazard lamps approximately 200 feet before the crossing.
Massachusetts standards require the operator to activate hazard lamps approximately 100 feet before the
crossing.
Page 10-9 (section 10.4.3) At the Crossing

When a school bus is stopped at a railroad crossing, federal standards require the operator to
Place the transmission in Park, or if there is no Park shift point, in Neutral and press down on
the service brake or set the parking brakes.
Massachusetts does not require this procedure.
Since the knowledge exam is based on the federal standards, you will need to learn all of the information
in Section 10, even when it conflicts with Massachusetts standards. However, when operating a school
bus in Massachusetts, you must always follow Massachusetts standards.
Appendix A- 2
SECTION 10
SCHOOL BUSES
operating the school bus to obtain maximum viewing

area consistent with the vision requirements of
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard N0. 111,
Mirror Systems. If necessary, have the mirrors
adjusted.
This Section Covers
Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors

Emergency Exit and Evacuation
Railroad-highway Grade Crossings
Student Management
Antilock Braking Systems
Special Safety Situation
School bus drivers must have a commercial drivers

license if they drive a vehicle designed to transport
(seat) 16 or more persons, including the driver.
School bus drivers must have a school bus
endorsement in addition to a passenger
endorsement on their commercial drivers license
(CDL). To get the school bus endorsement, you
must pass a knowledge test on sections 2, 4 and 10
of this manual. (If your school bus has air brakes,
you must also pass a knowledge test on Section 5.)
You must also pass the skills test required for the
class of school bus you drive or intend to drive.
This section does NOT provide information on all the
federal and state requirements needed before you
drive a school bus. You should be thoroughly familiar
with all specific school bus procedures, laws and
regulations in your state and local school district.
10.1 - Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors

10.1.1 - Danger Zones
The danger zone is the area anywhere outside of
the bus where children are in the most danger of
being hit, either by another vehicle or their own bus.
The danger zones extend as much as 30 feet from
the front bumper, 10 feet from the left and right
sides of the bus and 10 feet behind the rear bumper
of the school bus. In addition, the area to the left of
the bus is always considered dangerous because of
passing vehicles. Figure 10.1 illustrates these
danger zones.
Figure 10.1
10.1.3 - Outside Left and Right Side Flat

Mirrors
These mirrors are mounted at the left and right front
corners of the bus at the side or front of the
windshield. They are used to monitor traffic, check
clearances and students on the sides and to the rear
of the bus. There is a blind spot immediately below
and in front of each mirror and directly in back of the
rear bumper. The blind spot behind the bus could
extend up to 400 feet depending on the width of the
bus.
Ensure that the mirrors are properly adjusted so you
can see:
10.1.2 - Correct Mirror Adjustment

Proper adjustment and use of all mirrors is vital to
the safe operation of the school bus in order to
observe the danger zone around the bus and look
for students, traffic, and other objects in this area.
You should always check each mirror before
200 feet or 4 bus lengths behind the bus.

Along the sides of the bus.
The rear tires touching the ground.
Figure 10.2 shows how both the outside left and right
side flat mirrors should be adjusted.
Appendix A- 3
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.2
10.1.4 - Outside Left and Right Side Convex

Mirrors
The convex mirrors are located below the outside flat
mirrors. They are used to monitor the left and right
sides at a wide angle. They provide a view of traffic,
clearances, and students at the side of the bus.
These mirrors present a view of people and objects
that does not accurately reflect their size and
distance from the bus.
can see:
The entire side of the bus up to the mirror

mounts.
Front of the rear tires touching the ground.
At least one traffic lane on either side of the bus.
side convex mirrors should be adjusted.
10.1.5 - Outside Left and Right Side Cross

View Mirrors
These mirrors are mounted on both left and right
front corners of the bus. They are used to see the
danger zone area directly in front of the bus that is
not visible by direct vision, and to view the danger
zone areas to the left side and right side of the bus,
including the service door and front wheel areas.
The mirror presents a view of people and objects
distance from the bus. The driver must ensure that
these mirrors are properly adjusted.
can see:
The entire area in front of the bus from the front

bumper at ground level to a point where direct
vision is possible. Direct vision and mirror view
vision should overlap.
The right and left front tires touching the ground.
The area from the front of the bus to the service
door.
These mirrors, along with the convex and flat
mirrors, should be viewed in a logical sequence
to ensure that a child or object is not in any of
the danger zones.
Appendix A- 4
Figures 10.4a and 10.4b illustrate how the left and

right side cross view mirrors should be adjusted.
approved by the school district prior to making the

stop. You should never change the location of a bus
stop without written approval from the appropriate
school district official.
You must use extreme caution when approaching a
school bus stop. You are in a very demanding
situation when entering these areas. It is critical that
you understand and follow all state and local laws
and regulations regarding approaching a school bus
stop. This would involve the proper use of mirrors,
alternating flashing lamps, and when equipped, the
moveable stop signal arm and crossing control arm.
When approaching the stop, you should:
Figure 10.4a
Figure 10.4b
10.1.6 - Overhead Inside Rearview Mirror

This mirror is mounted directly above the windshield
on the drivers side area of the bus. This mirror is
used to monitor passenger activity inside the bus. It
may provide limited visibility directly in back of the
bus if the bus is equipped with a glass-bottomed rear
emergency door. There is a blind spot area directly
behind the drivers seat as well as a large blind spot
area that begins at the rear bumper and could
extend up to 400 feet or more behind the bus. You
must use the exterior side mirrors to monitor traffic
that approaches and enters this area.

can see:
The top of the rear window in the top of the

mirror.
All of the students, including the heads of the
students right behind you.
10.2 - Loading and Unloading

More students are killed while getting on or off a
school bus each year than are killed as passengers
inside of a school bus. As a result, knowing what to
do before, during, and after loading or unloading
students is critical. This section will give you
procedures to help you avoid unsafe conditions
which could result in injuries and fatalities during and
after loading and unloading students.
10.2.1 - Approaching the Stop

Each school district establishes official routes and
official school bus stops. All stops should be
Approach cautiously at a slow rate of speed.

Look for pedestrians, traffic, or other objects
before, during, and after coming to a stop.
Continuously check all mirrors.
If the school bus is so equipped, activate
alternating flashing amber warning lamps before
the school bus stop in accordance with state
law.
Continuously check mirrors to monitor the
danger zones for students, traffic, and other
objects.
Move as far as possible to the right on the
traveled portion of the roadway.
Bring school bus to a full stop with the front
bumper at least 10 feet away from students at
the designated stop. This forces the students to
walk to the bus so you have a better view of
their movements.
Place transmission in Park, or if there is no Park
shift point, in Neutral and set the parking brake
at each stop.
Open service door, if possible, enough to
activate alternating red lamps when traffic is a
safe distance from the school bus.
Make a final check to see that all traffic has
stopped before completely opening the door
and signaling students to approach.
10.2.2 - Loading Procedures
Perform a safe stop as described in subsection

10.2.1.
Students should wait in a designated location
for the school bus, facing the bus as it
approaches.
Students should board the bus only when
signaled by the driver.
Monitor all mirrors continuously.
Count the number of students at the bus stop
and be sure all board the bus. If possible, know
names of students at each stop. If there is a
Appendix A- 5
student missing, ask the other students where

the student is.
Have the students board the school bus slowly,
in single file, and use the handrail. The dome
light should be on while loading in the dark.
Wait until students are seated and facing
forward before moving the bus.
Check all mirrors. Make certain no one is
running to catch the bus.
If you cannot account for a student outside,
secure the bus, take the key, and check around
and underneath the bus.
When all students are accounted for, prepare to
leave by:
Closing the door.

Engaging the transmission.
Releasing the parking brake.
Turning off alternating flashing red lamps.
Turning on left turn signal.
Allowing congested traffic to disperse.
Checking all mirrors again.
When it is safe, move the bus to enter traffic

flow and continue the route.
Perform a safe stop at designated unloading

areas as described in subsection 10.2.1.
Have the students remain seated until told to
exit.
Check all mirrors.
Count the number of students while unloading
to confirm the location of all students before
pulling away from the stop.
Tell students to exit the bus and walk at least 10
feet away from the side of the bus to a position
where the driver can plainly see all students.
Check all mirrors again. Make sure no students
are around or returning to the bus.
If you cannot account for a student outside the
bus, secure the bus, and check around and
underneath the bus.
When it is safe, move the bus, enter the traffic

Additional Procedures for Students That Must

Cross the Roadway
You should understand what students should do
when exiting a school bus and crossing the street in
front of the bus. In addition, the school bus driver
should understand that students might not always
do what they are supposed to do. If a student or
students must cross the roadway, they should follow
these procedures:
Turn off the ignition switch.

Remove key if leaving drivers compartment.
Position yourself to supervise loading as
required or recommended by your state or local
regulations.
10.2.3 - Unloading Procedures on the Route
Closing the door.

Engaging transmission.
Releasing parking brake.
Note. If you have missed a students unloading

stop, do not back up. Be sure to follow local
procedures.
The loading procedure is essentially the same

wherever you load students, but there are slight
differences. When students are loading at the
school campus, you should:

leave by:
When students reach the edge of the roadway,

they should:
Walk approximately 10 feet away from the

side of the school bus to a position where
you can see them.
Walk to a location at least 10 feet in front of
the right corner of the bumper, but still
remaining away from the front of the school
bus.
Stop at the right edge of the roadway. You
should be able to see the students feet.
Stop and look in all directions, making sure

the roadway is clear and is safe.
Check to see if the red flashing lamps on
the bus are still flashing.
Wait for your signal before crossing the
roadway.
Upon your signal, the students should:
Cross far enough in front of the school bus

to be in your view.
Walk to the left edge of the school bus,
stop, and look again for your signal to
continue to cross the roadway.
Look for traffic in both directions, making
sure roadway is clear.
Appendix A- 6
Proceed across the roadway, continuing to

look in all directions.
Notes:
1. The school bus driver should enforce any state
or local regulations or recommendations concerning
student actions outside the school bus.
2. It is important for the driver to understand that
any hand or other signal that is given to a student
also could be misinterpreted by motorists that are
stopped in the area.
10.2.4 - Unloading Procedures at School

State and local laws and regulations regarding
unloading students at schools, particularly in
situations where such activities take place in the
school parking lot or other location that is off the
traveled roadway, are often different than unloading
along the school bus route. It is important that the
school bus driver understands and obeys state and
local laws and regulations.
The following
procedures are meant to be general guidelines.
When unloading at the school you should follow
these procedures:

Secure the bus by:
Turning off the ignition switch.

key
if
leaving
compartment.
Removing
drivers

exit.
Position yourself to supervise unloading as
regulations.
Have students exit in orderly fashion.
Observe students as they step from bus to see
that all move promptly away from the unloading
area.
Walk through the bus and check for
hiding/sleeping students and items left by
students.
Check all mirrors. Make certain no students are
returning to the bus.
bus and the bus is secure, check around and
underneath the bus.
leave by:
Starting engine.
When it is safe, pull away from the unloading

area.
10.2.5 - Special Dangers of Loading and

Unloading
Dropped or Forgotten Objects. Always focus on
students as they approach the bus and watch for
any who disappear from sight.
Students may drop an object near the bus during
loading and unloading. Stopping to pick up the
object, or returning to pick up the object, may cause
the student to disappear from the drivers sight at a
very dangerous moment.
Students should be told to leave any dropped object
and move to a point of safety out of the danger
zones and attempt to get the drivers attention to
retrieve the object.
Handrail Hang-ups. Students have been injured or
killed when clothing, accessories, or even parts of
their body get caught in the handrail or door as they
exited the bus. You should closely observe all
students exiting the bus to confirm that they are in a
safe location prior to moving the bus.
10.2.6 - Post-trip Inspection

When your route or school activity trip is finished,
you should conduct a post-trip inspection of the bus.
You should walk through the bus and around the
bus looking for the following:
Articles left on the bus.

Sleeping students.
Open windows and doors.
Mechanical/operational problems with the bus,
with special attention to items that are unique to
school buses mirror systems, flashing warning
lamps and stop signal arms.
Damage or vandalism.
Closing the door.

Fastening safety belt.
Appendix A- 7
Any problems or special situations should be

reported immediately to your supervisor or school
authorities.
10.3 - Emergency Exit and Evacuation
An emergency situation can happen to anyone,

anytime, anywhere. It could be a crash, a stalled
school bus on a railroad-highway crossing or in a
high-speed intersection, an electrical fire in the
engine compartment, a medical emergency to a
student on the school bus, etc. Knowing what to do
in an emergencybefore, during and after an
evacuationcan mean the difference between life
and death.
10.3.1 - Planning for Emergencies

Determine Need to Evacuate Bus
The first and most important consideration is for you
to recognize the hazard. If time permits, school bus
drivers should contact their dispatcher to explain the
situation before making a decision to evacuate the
school bus.
As a general rule, student safety and control is best
maintained by keeping students on the bus during
an emergency and/or impending crisis situation, if
so doing does not expose them to unnecessary risk
or injury. Remember, the decision to evacuate the
bus must be a timely one.
A decision to evacuate should include consideration
of the following conditions:
Is there a fire or danger of fire?

Is there a smell of leaking fuel?
Is there a chance the bus could be hit by other
vehicles?
Is the bus in the path of a sighted tornado or
rising waters?
Are there downed power lines?
Would removing students expose them to
speeding traffic, severe weather, or a dangerous
environment such as downed power lines?
Would moving students complicate injuries such
as neck and back injuries and fractures?
Is there a hazardous spill involved? Sometimes,
it may be safer to remain on the bus and not
come in contact with the material.
The bus is stalled on or adjacent to a railroadhighway crossing.

The position of the bus may change and
increase the danger.
There is an imminent danger of collision.
There is a need to quickly evacuate because of
a hazardous materials spill.
10.3.2 - Evacuation Procedures

Be Prepared and Plan Ahead. When possible,
assign two responsible, older student assistants to
each emergency exit. Teach them how to assist the
other students off the bus. Assign another student
assistant to lead the students to a safe place after
evacuation. However, you must recognize that there
may not be older, responsible students on the bus at
the time of the emergency. Therefore, emergency
evacuation procedures must be explained to all
students. This includes ensuring that they know the
location of and operation of the various emergency
exits, and the importance of listening to and following
all instructions given by you.
Some tips to determine a safe place:
A safe place for the students will be at least 100

feet off the road in the direction of oncoming
traffic. This will keep them from being hit by
debris if another vehicle collides with the bus.
Lead students upwind of the bus if fire is
present.
Lead students as far away from railroad tracks
as possible and in the direction of any oncoming
train.
Lead students upwind of the bus at least 300
feet if there is a risk from spilled hazardous
materials.
If the bus is in the direct path of a sighted
tornado and evacuation is ordered, escort
students to a nearby ditch or culvert if shelter in
a building is not readily available, and direct
them to lie face down, hands covering their
head. They should be far enough away so the
bus cannot topple on them. Avoid areas that are
subject to flash floods.
General Procedures. Determine if evacuation is in

the best interest of safety.
Determine the best type of evacuation:
Mandatory Evacuations. The driver must evacuate

the bus when:
The bus is on fire or there is a threat of a fire.
Front, rear or side door evacuation, or some

combination of doors.
Roof or window evacuation.
Secure the bus by:
Appendix A- 8
If time allows, notify dispatch office of evacuation

location, conditions, and type of assistance
needed.
Dangle radio microphone or telephone out of
drivers window for later use, if operable.
If no radio, or radio is inoperable, dispatch a
passing motorist or area resident to call for help.
As a last resort, dispatch two older, responsible
students to go for help.
Order the evacuation.
Evacuate students from the bus.
Placing transmission in Park, or if there is no

shift point, in Neutral.
Setting parking brakes.
Shutting off the engine.
Removing ignition key.
Activating hazard-warning lamps.
10.4.2 - Warning Signs and Devices

Advance Warning Signs. The round, black-onyellow warning sign is placed ahead of a public
railroad-highway crossing. The advance warning
sign tells you to slow down, look and listen for the
train, and be prepared to stop at the tracks if a train
is coming. See Figure 10.5.
Do not move a student you believe may

have suffered a neck or spinal injury unless
his or her life is in immediate danger.
Special procedures must be used to move
neck spinal injury victims to prevent further
injury.
Direct a student assistant to lead students to the

nearest safe place.
Walk through the bus to ensure no students
remain on the bus.
Retrieve emergency
equipment.
Join waiting students. Account for all students
and check for their safety.
Protect the scene. Set out emergency warning
devices as necessary and appropriate.
Prepare information for emergency responders.
10.4 - Railroad-highway Crossings

10.4.1 - Types of Crossings
Passive Crossings. This type of crossing does
not have any type of traffic control device. You
must stop at these crossings and follow proper
procedures. However, the decision to proceed
rests entirely in your hands. Passive crossings
require you to recognize the crossing, search for
any train using the tracks and decide if there is
sufficient clear space to cross safely. Passive
crossings have yellow circular advance warning
signs, pavement markings and crossbucks to
assist you in recognizing a crossing.
Figure 10.5
Pavement Markings. Pavement markings mean
the same as the advance warning sign. They
consist of an X with the letters RR and a nopassing marking on two-lane roads. See Figure
10.6.
There is also a no passing zone sign on two-lane
roads. There may be a white stop line painted on
the pavement before the railroad tracks. The front
of the school bus must remain behind this line while
stopped at the crossing.
Active Crossings. This type of crossing has a

traffic control device installed at the crossing to
regulate traffic. These active devices can include
flashing red lights, flashing red lights with bells and
flashing red lights with bells and gates.
Appendix A- 9
Figure 10.6
Crossbuck Signs. This sign marks a passive
crossing. It requires you to yield the right-of-way to
the train. When the road crosses over more than
one set of tracks, a sign below the crossbuck
indicates the number of tracks. See Figure 10.7.
Figure 10.7
Flashing Red Light Signals. At many active

highway-rail grade crossings, the crossbuck sign
has flashing red lights and bells. When the lights
begin to flash, stop! A train is approaching. You
are required to yield the right-of-way to the train. If
there is more than one track, make sure all tracks
are clear before crossing. See Figure 10.8.
Gates. Many active railroad-highway crossings
have gates with flashing red lights and bells. Stop
when the lights begin to flash and before the gate
lowers across the road lane. Remain stopped until
the gates go up and the lights have stopped
flashing. Proceed when it is safe. If the gate stays
down after the train passes, do not drive around the
gate. Instead, contact your dispatcher. See Figure
10.8.
Figure 10.8
10.4.3 - Recommended Procedures

Each state has laws and regulations governing how
school buses must operate at railroad-highway
crossings. It is important for you to understand and
obey these state laws and regulations. In general,
school buses must stop at all crossings, and ensure
Appendix A- 10
it is safe before proceeding across the tracks. The

specific procedures required in each state vary.
A school bus is one of the safest vehicles on the
highway. However, a school bus does not have
the slightest edge when involved in a crash with a
train. Because of a trains size and weight it cannot
stop quickly. An emergency escape route does not
exist for a train. You can prevent school bus/train
crashes by following these recommended
procedures.
Approaching the Crossing:
At the Crossing:
Slow down, including shifting to a lower

gear in a manual transmission bus, and
test your brakes.
Activate hazard lamps approximately 200
feet before the crossing. Make sure your
intentions are known.
Scan your surroundings and check for
traffic behind you.
Stay to the right of the roadway if possible.
Choose an escape route in the event of a
brake failure or problems behind you.
Stop no closer than 15 feet and no farther

than 50 feet from the nearest rail, where
you have the best view of the tracks.
Place the transmission in Park, or if there
is no Park shift point, in Neutral and press
down on the service brake or set the
parking brakes.
Turn off all radios and noisy equipment,
and silence the passengers.
Open the service door and drivers
window.
Look and listen for an
approaching train.
Crossing the Track:
Check the crossing signals again before

proceeding.
At a multiple-track crossing, stop only
before the first set of tracks. When you
are sure no train is approaching on any
track, proceed across all of the tracks until
you have completely cleared them.
Cross the tracks in a low gear. Do not
change gears while crossing.
If the gate comes down after you have
started across, drive through it even if it
means you will break the gate.
10.4.4 - Special Situations

Bus Stalls or Trapped on Tracks. If your bus
stalls or is trapped on the tracks, get everyone out
of the bus and off the tracks immediately. Move
everyone far from the bus at an angle, which is
both away from the tracks and toward the train.
Police Officer at the Crossing. If a police officer
is at the crossing, obey directions. If there is no
police officer, and you believe the signal is
malfunctioning, contact your dispatcher to report
the situation and ask for instructions on how to
proceed.
Obstructed View of Tracks. Plan your route so it
provides maximum sight distance at highway-rail
grade crossings. Do not attempt to cross the
tracks unless you can see far enough down the
track to know for certain that no trains are
approaching. Be especially careful at passive
crossings. Even if there are active railroad signals
that indicate the tracks are clear, you must look
and listen to be sure it is safe to proceed.
Containment or Storage Areas. If it wont fit,
dont commit! Know the length of your bus and the
size of the containment area at highway-rail
crossings on the school bus route, as well as any
crossing you encounter in the course of a school
activity trip. When approaching a crossing with a
signal or stop sign on the opposite side, pay
attention to the amount of room there. Be certain
the bus has enough containment or storage area
to completely clear the railroad tracks on the other
side if there is a need to stop. As a general rule,
add 15 feet to the length of the school bus to
determine an acceptable amount of containment or
storage area.
10.5 - Student Management

10.5.1 - Dont Deal With On-bus Problems
When Loading and Unloading
In order to get students to and from school safely
and on time, you need to be able to concentrate on
the driving task.
Loading and unloading requires all your
concentration. Dont take your eyes off what is
happening outside the bus.
If there is a behavior problem on the bus, wait until
the students unloading are safely off the bus and
have moved away. If necessary, pull the bus over
to handle the problem.
Appendix A- 11
10.5.2 - Handling Serious Problems

Tips on handling serious problems:
Follow your schools procedures for discipline

or refusal of rights to ride the bus.
Stop the bus. Park in a safe location off the
road, perhaps a parking lot or a driveway.
Secure the bus. Take the ignition key with you
if you leave your seat.
Stand up and speak respectfully to the
offender or offenders. Speak in a courteous
manner with a firm voice. Remind the offender
of the expected behavior. Do not show anger,
but do show that you mean business.
If a change of seating is needed, request that
the student move to a seat near you.
Never put a student off the bus except at
school or at his or her designated school bus
stop. If you feel that the offense is serious
enough that you cannot safely drive the bus,
calling for a school administrator or the police
to come and remove the student may be
appropriate. Always follow you state or local
procedures for requesting assistance.
10.6 Antilock Braking Systems

10.6.1 - Vehicles Required to have Antilock
Braking Systems
The Department of Transportation requires that
antilock braking systems be on:
Air brakes vehicles, (trucks, buses, trailers and

converter dollies) built on or after March 1,
1998.
Hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a
gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lbs or
more built on or after March 1, 1999.
Many buses built before these dates have been

voluntarily equipped with ABS.
ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up and maintain

control. You may or may not be able to stop faster
with ABS, but you should be able to steer around
an obstacle while braking, and avoid skids caused
by over braking.
10.6.3 - Braking With ABS

When you drive a vehicle with ABS, you should
brake as you always have. In other words:
Use only the braking force necessary to stop

safely and stay in control.
Brake the same way, regardless of whether
you have ABS on the bus. However, in
emergency braking, do not pump the brakes
on a bus with ABS.
As you slow down, monitor your bus and back
off the brakes (if it is safe to do so) to stay in
control.
10.6.4 - Braking if ABS is Not Working

Without ABS, you still have normal brake functions.
Drive and brake as you always have.
Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps
to tell you if something is not working. The yellow
ABS malfunction lamp is on the buss instrument
panel.
As a system check on newer vehicles, the
malfunction lamp comes on at start-up for a bulb
check and then goes out quickly.
On older
systems, the lamp could stay on until you are
driving over five mph.
If the lamp stays on after the bulb check, or goes
on once you are under way, you may have lost
ABS control at one or more wheels.
Remember, if your ABS malfunctions, you still
have regular brakes. Drive normally, but get the
system serviced soon.
Your school bus will have a yellow ABS

malfunction lamp on the instrument panel if it is
equipped with ABS.
10.6.2 - How ABS Helps You

When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a
vehicle without ABS, your wheels may lock up.
When your steering wheels lock up, you lose
steering control. When your other wheels lock up,
you may skid or even spin the vehicle.
Appendix A- 12
10.6.5 - Safety Reminders
ABS does not compensate for bad driving

habits, such as driving too fast, following too
closely, or driving less carefully.
ABS wont prevent power or turning skidsABS
should prevent brake-induced skids but not
those caused by spinning the drive wheels or
going too fast in a turn.
ABS wont necessarily shorten stopping
distance.
ABS will help maintain vehicle
control, but not always shorten stopping
distance.
ABS wont increase or decrease ultimate
stopping powerABS is an add-on to your
normal brakes, not a replacement for them.
ABS wont change the way you normally
brake. Under normal brake conditions, your
vehicle will stop as it always stopped. ABS
only comes into play when a wheel would
normally have locked up because of over
braking.
ABS wont compensate for bad brakes or poor
brake maintenance.
Remember: The best vehicle safety feature is
still a safe driver.
Remember: Drive so you never need to use
your ABS.
Remember: If you need it, ABS could help to
prevent a serious crash.
10.7.3 - Backing
Backing a school bus is strongly discouraged. You
should back your bus only when you have no other
safe way to move the vehicle. You should never
back a school bus when students are outside of
the bus. Backing is dangerous and increases your
risk of a collision.
If you have no choice and you must back your bus,
follow these procedures:
10.7.1 - Strobe Lights
10.7.2 - Driving in High Winds
Post a lookout, preferably inside the school bus

looking out the rear window. The purpose of
the lookout is to warn you about obstacles,
approaching persons, and other vehicles. The
lookout should not give directions on how to
back the bus.
Signal for quiet on the bus.
Constantly check all mirrors and rear windows.
Back slowly and smoothly.
If no lookout is available:
10.7 - Special Safety Considerations
Some school buses are equipped with roofmounted, white strobe lights. If your bus is so
equipped, the overhead strobe light should be
used when you have limited visibility. This means
that you cannot easily see around you in front,
behind, or beside the school bus. Your visibility
could be only slightly limited or it could be so bad
that you can see nothing at all. In all instances,
understand and obey your state or local
regulations concerning the use of these lights.
Keep a strong grip on the steering wheel. Try to

anticipate gusts.
You should slow down to lessen the effect of
the wind, or pull off the roadway and wait.
Contact your dispatcher to get more information
on how to proceed.
Set the parking brake.

Turn off the motor and take the keys with
you.
Walk to the rear of the bus to determine
whether the way is clear.
If you must back-up at a student pick-up point,
be sure to pick up students before backing and
watch for late comers at all times.
Be sure that all students are in the bus before
backing.
If you must back-up at a student drop-off point,
be sure to unload students after backing.
10.7.4 Tail Swing

A school bus can have up to a three-foot tail swing.
You need to check your mirrors before and during
any turning movements to monitor the tail swing.
Strong winds affect the handling of the school bus!

The side of a school bus acts like a sail on a
sailboat. Strong winds can push the school bus
sideways. They can even move the school bus off
the road or, in extreme conditions, tip it over.
If you are caught in strong winds:
Appendix A- 13
Section 10
Test Your Knowledge
1. Define the danger zone. How far does the
danger zone extend around the bus?
2. What should you be able to see if the outside
flat mirrors are adjusted properly? The outside
convex mirrors? The cross view mirrors?
3. You are loading students along the route.
When should you activate your alternating
flashing amber warning lamps?
4. You are unloading students along your route.
Where should students walk to after exiting the
bus?
5. After unloading at school, why should you walk
through the bus?
6. What position should students be in front of the
bus before they cross the roadway?
7. Under what conditions must you evacuate the
bus?
8. How far from the nearest rail should you stop at
a highway-rail crossing?
9. What is a passive highway-rail crossing? Why
should you be extra cautious at this type of
crossing?
10. How should you use your brakes if your
vehicle is equipped with antilock brakes
(ABS)?
If you cant answer these questions, re-read Section
10.
Appendix A- 14
$5.00
Version 2.0
C
D
L
ommercial
river's
icense Manual
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
PO Box 55889
Boston, MA 02205
Document Number: T20964 Rev. 1113
Copyright
The body of this document is copyrighted by the American Association of Motor Vehicle
Administrators (AAMVA), and is reprinted herein with their permission. Sections specific to
Massachusetts are property of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles.
Preface: Massachusetts CDL Information
On October 26, 1986, Congress passed the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. This law required each State to
meet the same minimum standards for commercial driver licensing. The standards required commercial motor vehicle drivers
to get a Commercial Drivers License (CDL). You must have a CDL to operate any of the following Commercial Motor Ve
hicles (CMVs):
a)
A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 26,000 pounds.
b)
A trailer with a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds if the gross combination weight rating is more than 26,000
pounds.
c)
A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more persons (including the operator).
d)
Any size vehicle which requires hazardous materials placards.
To get a CDL, you must pass knowledge and skills tests. This manual will help you pass the tests.
Commercial Drivers License Tests
Knowledge Tests
You will have to take one or more knowledge tests to obtain your CDL permit, depending on what class of license and what
endorsements you need. The CDL knowledge tests include:
the General Knowledge Test, taken by all applicants (One hour - 50 questions)
the Passenger Transport Test, taken by all bus driver applicants (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the Air Brakes Test, which you must take if your vehicle has air brakes (25 minutes - 25 questions)
the Combination Vehicles Test, which is required if you want to drive combination vehicles (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the Hazardous Materials Test, required if you want to haul hazardous material or waste (30 minutes - 30 questions)
the Tanker Test, required if you want to haul liquids in bulk (20 minutes - 20 questions)
.
the Doubles/Triples Test, required if you want to pull double or triple trailers (20 minutes - 20 questions)
the School Bus Test, required if you want to transport pre-primary, primary, and secondary school students in a full-sized
"School Bus" (i.e., Big Yellow Bus)
CDL Eligibility Requirements

Applicants must meet the eligibility requirements listed in Federal Regulations 49 CFR Part 391 (Qualifications of Drivers)
or State Regulations 540 CMR 2.06 (Operator's Licensing Requirements) and 14.00 (Motor Carrier Safety and Hazmat
Transportation) .
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Preface/2.0
MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE CLASSIFICATION

WITH THIS CLASS
LICENSE
YOU MAY DRIVE
RELATED
ENDORSEMENTS
Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of

26,001 or more pounds provided the GVWR of
the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of
10,000 pounds. (Holders of a Class A license
may, with any appropriate endorsements,
operate all vehicles within Classes B, C, and D.)
Double/Triple Trailers
HAZMAT
Tank Vehicles

School Bus
Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or

more pounds, or any such vehicle towing a
vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR.
(Holders of a Class B license may, with any
appropriate endorsements, operate all vehicles
within Classes B, C, and D.)
Tank Vehicles
HAZMAT
School Bus
Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

that does not meet the definition of Class A or
Class B, but is either designed to transport 16
or more passengers, including the driver, or is
placarded for hazardous materials. (Holders of a
Class C license may, with any appropriate
endorsements, operate all vehicles within
Classes C and D.)
Example includes, but is not limited to:
Tank Vehicles
HAZMAT
School Bus
The vehicle in which you will take the road skills test must meet the written description for that class. The above
vehicle silhouettes typify, but do not fully cover, the types of vehicles falling within each class.
If you wish to be licensed to drive a vehicle with air brakes, the vehicle in which you will be tested must be
equipped with air brakes.
To operate a school bus, drivers are required to obtain a specific certification from the Massachusetts Depart
ment of Public Utilities (see p. ix), in addition to the appropriate class and endorsement of CDL license.
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Preface/2.0
Beginning the CDL Application Process

You can get an application for a Commercial Driver's License at any RMV branch office or online at www.massrmv.com.
Also, you can take the knowledge test for a CDL permit at most RMV branch offices from 9:00am to 3:00pm, Monday
through Friday (see notes below about Thursday hours and other exceptions).
Currently, the Branch Offices that offer the CDL knowledge test include:
Boston*
Braintree*
Brockton*
Chicopee
Easthampton
Fall River*
Greenfield
Haverhill**
Lawrence*
Leominster*
Lowell*
Martha's Vineyard**
Milford*
Nantucket**
New Bedford*
North Adams**
Pittsfield
Plymouth
Revere*
South Yarmouth*
Springfield*
Taunton*
Watertown*
Wilmington*
Worcester*
Hours and locations are subject to change without notice. Check www.massrmv.com for the most up-to-date list.
*These branches offer CDL knowledge tests from 10:00am until 4:00pm on Thursdays.
**Haverhill offers CDL knowledge tests from 8:00am until 2:00pm.
Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket offer CDL knowledge tests from 8:00am until 2:00pm, but are closed between
12:00pm and 1:00pm.
North Adams offers CDL knowledge tests from 9:00am until 3:00pm, but is closed between 1:00pm and 2:00pm.
Note: Depending on the number of endorsement tests you are taking, you may not have time to take all of them if you arrive
late in the day. Please allot your time accordingly.
If You Apply for a CDL as Your First License

If you apply for a CDL as your first license and have never held a private passenger vehicle license, the Massachusetts RMV
requires you to take the knowledge test for a class D (passenger vehicle) permit before taking the CDL knowledge tests.
This is needed to show that you understand the rules of the road. CDL knowledge tests cover the Federal CDL requirements;
they do not test applicants on the rules of the road.
Federal Regulations 49 CFR section 383.23 (c)(2): CDL learners permit issuance requirements state in part that the CDL
learners permit holder must have a valid automobile drivers license, or have passed all vision, sign/symbol, and knowledge
tests as the State issuing the learners permit ordinarily administers.
Questions About CDL

If you have any further questions about Commercial Driver's Licenses, call the RMV Phone Center at 857-368-8000.
Also, see the Registry website at www.massrmv.com.
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The CDL Application

The CDL Application is used in all facets of applying for a CDL from the Registry of Motor Vehicles Division, except for the
Road Test, which requires the CDL Road Test Application. There are a few items on the CDL Application that may cause
questions, and this section will guide you through the reasons and explanations for these questions, in particular about the
requirements under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) that govern how Massachusetts can issue a CDL.
Identification Requirements
Age
Applicants may apply for a CDL beginning at age 18. However, Federal Regulations found at 49 CFR 391.11, state that a
license holder, including CDL holders, must be 21 years of age to drive a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce.
Therefore, CDL holders in Massachusetts under the age of 21 will be issued a K restriction, limiting them to travel within
Massachusetts.
Social Security Number
All CDL holders are required to provide a Social Security Number (SSN) under 49 CFR 383.153 to the Registry of Motor
Vehicles when applying for a CDL. This SSN will be verified through the Social Security Administration and processed as
part of an information package through the National Driver Register (NDR) and Commercial Driver License Information System
(CDLIS) to ensure that your current driving privileges are not under revocation or suspension elsewhere in the United States.
General Information
Residential Address
All applicants for a Massachusetts CDL must live and reside in Massachusetts as defined in 49 CFR 383.5. Your state of
domicile is defined as that State where a person has his/her true, fixed, and permanent home and principal residence and to
which he/she has the intention of returning whenever he/she is absent.
Required Information
Questions 4, 5, 6, and 7
Massachusetts is required to check for your previous states of licensure. This is to ensure that Massachusetts may receive
your complete driving record over your previous 10 years of licensure. Where you have listed your previous states of licen
sure, Massachusetts will inquire against those states databases to obtain your driving history. This is required under 49
CFR 383.73.
Question 8
Massachusetts drivers must be medically qualified to operate a motor vehicle. For a commercial motor vehicle, these
qualifications may be found under 49 CFR 391. For your convenience, the CDL Manual has a section on medical qualifica
tions and the DOT Medical Card found on page xiii of this CDL Manual.
Questions 13 and 14
Massachusetts drivers must certify under 49 CFR 383.71 that they are either qualified to operate in interstate commercial
driving (between states), or that they are only qualified to operate in intrastate commercial driving (exclusively within Massa
chusetts). If you answer No to question 13, then you agree that you are not qualified under federal regulation to operate a
commercial motor vehicle. If you then answer yes to question 14, that you are qualified under state regulation to operate a
commercial motor vehicle, then you will be issued a CDL with an intrastate restriction. If you are under 21, you will be
issued a CDL with the K restriction, limiting you to intrastate commerce. If you are not medically qualified, you must receive
a medical waiver from the Medical Affairs Branch and you will be issued a CDL with the W restriction, limiting you to intrast
ate commerce. If you answer no to both questions, you will not be granted a CDL. Those who wish to operate in interstate
commerce, or hold an unrestricted license, must answer Yes to question #13.
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Preface/2.0
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

P.O. Box 55889
Boston, MA 02205-5889
CDL ROAD TEST

INFORMATION SHEET
Please read the following information before scheduling your road test.
To book a road test, call 857-368-8000
Applicant Requirements
Applicants must meet all of the following requirements for a Class A, B, or C road test in order to be tested:
Have a current driver's license, if you are seeking additional endorsements.
Have a valid CDL permit, with proper endorsements for the vehicle used.
Have a valid Department of Transportation (DOT) medical card or medical waiver.*
Have a completed road test application. (If you answered YES to question 7, 8, or 10 on the road test
application, the application must be approved by an RMV branch manager or an authorized RMV employee
before the road test.)
Be on time for the skills test. If you are late, you will not be examined. If you must cancel or reschedule your
appointment with less than 72 hours notice, you will be responsible for the skills test fee.
Be accompanied by a sponsor who:
Is at least 21 years old.
Has a valid U.S. Commercial Driver's License with proper endorsements for the class of vehicle that you
are using.
Has a current DOT medical card. (If the sponsor does not have a current DOT medical card, he/she will
be subject to a fine.* The test, however, will still proceed.)
Vehicle Requirements
Vehicles used for a Class A, B, or C road test must meet the following requirements. Vehicles not meeting the
following requirements will be refused/rejected.
Represent the type and class of vehicle you will be driving when you receive your CDL. For a Passenger
Endorsement, the applicant must have the appropriate class vehicle designed to carry 16 or more passengers,
including the driver.
Be able to pass a safety check. Vehicles with unstable, dangerous, or HAZMAT loads will be rejected. The
vehicle must be completely free of hazardous material.
Have a valid registration and current inspection sticker.
Have adequate seating next to the operator for the use of the examiner.
Have a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) on the vehicle, appropriate for the class of license
for which you are applying. If there is no GVWR on the vehicle, you must have a document from the
manufacturer or a motor vehicle dealer proving the GVWR.
*A DOT medical card is not required for a state or municipal employee using a state or municipal vehicle.
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Preface/2.0
Out-of-state Registered vehicles, trailers, and semi trailers

Carry proof of insurance coverage in the form of a policy or letter from the insurance company specifying the
limits of coverage. The insurance coverage MUST be equal to Massachusetts minimum requirements of $20,000/
$40,000 bodily injury and $5,000 property damage coverage for the vehicle's use in Massachusetts. (No faxes or
photo copies.)
Rental vehicles
Have the rental agreement and written permission on the rental company's letterhead authorizing use of the
vehicle for the road test.
The CDL Skills Test has three parts:

1. The Pre-Trip Inspection is described in Part 3, Section 10 of the CDL Manual. It is important that you can demon
strate this inspection to the examiner by pointing out and naming the parts of the vehicle.
Note: If the vehicle has air brakes, you are also required to demonstrate the air brake test described in Part
3, Section 10 of the CDL Manual. If you are testing a combination vehicle, you must be familiar with Part 2,
Section 6 of the CDL Manual.
2. The Off-Street Skills Test involves the following maneuvers described in Part 3, Section 11 of the CDL Manual.
Forward and back through an offset alley
Parallel parking (conventional)

Parallel parking (sight-side)
Alley dock
3. The On the Road portion of the test, described in Part 3, Section 12 of the CDL Manual, begins immediately following
the successful completion of the pre-trip inspection and all parts of the off-street skills testing maneuvers. This portion
involves driving through various traffic and road conditions to evaluate your judgment, control, and safe operation on the
street, as well as your ability to start, stop, shift, turn competently, and obey all relevant rules of the road.
All parts of the test must be successfully completed to pass the CDL Skills Test and obtain a CDL license.
Note: Removing the air brake restriction, adding a passenger endorsement, or changing a CDL license class requires a
skills test, in addition to the appropriate knowledge tests.
Canceled Road Tests

Road tests may be canceled due to weather, road, or other emergency conditions, such as:
Public school cancellations or delays in the city/town where your test is scheduled (at the discretion of the RMV).
A state of emergency has been declared by the Governor throughout the state or in the region where your road test is
scheduled.
The Road Test Examiner cancels road tests due to scheduling or safety reasons.
If you think that your road test may be canceled, please call the RMV Phone Center at 857-368-8000.
You are responsible for the skills test fee for each failure, rejection, late arrival, or no show.
The Registrar reserves the right to cancel and recall any license if it is later determined that the licensee did not
meet the minimum legal requirements for the road test.
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Preface/2.0
Directions to CDL Road Test Sites

This list is subject to change. Please call the Phone Center at 857-368-8000 for a list of road test sites. The Phone Center is
open weekdays from 9 am to 5 pm.
Dartmouth DPW (1111)

Dartmouth MassDOT Highway Division
266 Faunce Corner Road
North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747
Take Route I-195 to the North Dartmouth exit. As you come off the exit, the DPW is on the left before the railroad tracks.
Everett MBTA Repair Station (1167)

Everett Shops MBTA Yard
80 Broadway, Route 99
Everett, Massachusetts 02149
Take Route 93S to exit 28 (Sullivan Square). Bear to the right coming down the ramp into Sullivan Square. In the square,
take a left at the traffic light and follow Route 1 North (Schrafft Building will be on the right). Go straight over bridge at Edison
Plant into Everett. Go past McDonalds on the left. Take a left at the next traffic light (Bowdoin Street). Take a left at the end
of Bowdoin Street (Charlton Street). CDL site will be at the end of the road.
Newbury DPW (1109)

Newbury MassDOT Highway Division
198 Scotland Road
Newbury, MA 01951
Take I-95 North to the Scotland Road Exit. Follow Scotland Road approximately one half mile past the State Police Bar
racks. The test site will be on your left.
Otis AFB (1154)

Otis AFB
Generals Boulevard (Building 33001)
Bourne, MA 02542
Cross the Bourne Bridge onto Cape Cod. Follow route 28 South to the Rt. 151 Exit. Turn Left onto Sandwich Road to the
Falmouth Gate. Go Left through the gate onto the Base. Turn Left onto Kitteredge Road then Right onto Generals Boulevard.
Turn Left into the transfer station to the test site.
South Deerfield (1106)

South Deerfield MassDOT Highway Division
75 Sunderland Road, Route 116
South Deerfield, Massachusetts 01342
From the Mass Pike. Take Exit 4 and follow Route 91 North to Exit 24 (Deerfield, Routes 5 & 10N). Take the first Right at the
Mobil station onto Route 116. The test site is approximately 3/4 miles on your left, hidden by trees.
Sterling DPW (1157)

Sterling MassDOT Highway Division
14 Chocksett Road
Sterling, MA 01564
From I-190. Take Exit 6. Turn Left onto Rt. 12S. Turn Left onto Chocksett Road. The test site is approximately a quarter of a
mile on your left.
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Stoughton DPW (1163)

Stoughton MassDOT Highway Division
1045 Park street, Route 27
Stoughton, MA 02072
From Route 24. Take Exit 18B and drive approximately 1/4 mile. At the split, turn Right onto Route 27. The test site will be
approximately one mile ahead on the left, across from the Blue Hills Alzheimers Rehabilitation Center.
Sturbridge DPW (1161)

Sturbridge MassDOT Highway Division
353 Main street, Route 20
Sturbridge, MA 01566
From the Mass Pike. Take Exit 9. The test site is at the intersection of Routes 20 and 131 just South of the Mass Pike
interchange.
Winchendon (1120)
Winchendon Mass DOT Highway Division
127 Baldwin Road
Winchendon, Massachusetts 01475
From Exit 19 off Route 2, take Route 202 North for approximately 10 miles towards Baldwinville Winchendon. The test site
will be on the left, past Lake Dennison State Park, on Baldwin Road.
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Motor Bus/School Bus License

For more information on obtaining a motor bus driver certificate or a school bus driver certificate, contact the Massachusetts
Department of Public Utilities, 1 South Station, Boston, MA 02110 or call (617) 305-3559.
Motor Bus Requirements

To operate a motor bus in Massachusetts, you need a CDL and a Passenger (P) endorsement. You also need a Motor Bus
Driver Certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
School Bus Requirements

To operate a full-sized school bus in Massachusetts, you must have a CDL with a Passenger (P) endorsement and a
School Bus (S) endorsement. You also need a School Bus Driver Certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
To operate a restricted school bus (a school bus with a maximum seating capacity of fourteen passengers), you need a
Class D (Passenger Vehicle) license and a "Restricted School Bus Driver" certificate from the Department of Public Utilities.
Note:
To operate a school bus with air brakes, you must, in addition, pass an air-brakes written exam at the RMV and
pass an air-brakes road test.
SCHOOL BUS DRIVER ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
To qualify for a full-sized or restricted School Bus Certificate you must meet the following requirements:

Have three (3) continuous years of driving experience

Pass a Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) check
Pass a Sex Offender Record Information (SORI) check
Pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) physical exam
Have a clean driving record
Pass all required RMV written exams
Pass a Department of Public Utilities road test
STUDY MATERIALS FOR FULL-SIZED SCHOOL BUS WRITTEN EXAM

You need BOTH the Commercial Driver's License Manual (this document) to study for the CDL general knowledge test, the
Passenger endorsement test, and the Air Brakes endorsement test, and Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Driver's
License Manual (version 080904) to study for the S-Endorsement test. Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Driver's
License Manual has been included in this manual as Appendix A.
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Converting an Out-of State CDL

When converting an out-of-state CDL, the written and road tests may be waived if the CMV operator is currently licensed
at the time of his/her application, and the following criteria are met:
(a)
An applicant must certify that, during the two-year period immediately prior to applying for a CDL, he/she:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(b)
Has not had more than one license;

Has not had any license suspended, revoked, or canceled;
Has not had any convictions for any type of motor vehicle for the disqualifying offenses contained in 49
CFR 383.51(b);
Has not had more than one conviction for any type of motor vehicle for serious traffic violations; and
Has not had any conviction for a violation of State or local law relating to motor vehicle traffic control
(other than a parking violation) arising in connection with any traffic accident, and has no record of an
accident in which he/she was at fault; and
An applicant must provide evidence and certify that:

(1)
(2)
He/she is regularly employed in a job requiring operation of a CMV; and

He/she has operated, for at least two years immediately preceding application for a CDL, a vehicle
representative of the commercial motor vehicle the applicant operates or expects to operate.
The following documentation must be provided for waiver consideration:

Current out-of-state Commercial Driver's License

A copy of a driving record from a previous state of licensure, indicating that the customer has the
minimum requirement of two years of experience from the date of issuance of the Commercial Driver's
License
Verification of employment on company letterhead, which must contain dates of employment and class
of vehicle operated
If the above requirements are met, the customer can obtain a Massachusetts Commercial Driver's License without taking
the general knowledge exam or a road test. If the customer cannot meet the above requirements, the out-of-state Com
mercial Driver's License can be converted to a Massachusetts Class D driver's license. The out-of-state license must be
surrendered at this time. The customer may then apply for a Massachusetts Commercial Learner's Permit. Customers
must pass the written and road tests in order to obtain the Commercial Driver's License.
The conversion process is the same for all commercial motor vehicle classes (Class A, Class B, and Class C). However,
note that some states issue non-commercial Class A, B, and/or C driver's licenses that do not qualify as Commercial
Driver's Licenses under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's definition. These can only be converted to a
Massachusetts Class D driver's license.
Expired Commercial Driver's Licenses cannot be converted. However, an out-of-state Commercial Driver's License that
has been expired for less than four years can be converted to a Massachusetts Class D driver's license.
Transferring Endorsements
When a customer applies for a Commercial Driver's License out-of-state conversion, he/she may also choose to transfer
the endorsements on the previous Commercial Driver's License. However, due to federal requirements, a hazardous
materials (H) endorsement is not transferable. To receive an H endorsement on a Massachusetts Commercial Driver's
License, the customer must reapply for the endorsement.
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Preface/2.0
Hazardous Materials Endorsement

Due to the federal Patriot Act, the rules for obtaining a Hazardous Materials (HazMat) Endorsement have changed as follows:
1. Massachusetts Commercial Learners Permits will no longer be issued with a Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
2. A Commercial License with a Hazardous Materials Endorsement cannot be issued, renewed, or transferred until the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) notifies the RMV that the applicant has passed a Background Check.
Applying for or Adding a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

The RMV recommends that you do not apply for a Hazardous Materials Endorsement until you have already obtained a
Commercial Drivers License.

Present required identification documentation.
Pay permit fees.
2. Contact IBT, the Transportation Security Administrations vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov
to apply for the Background Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations nationwide where you can be
fingerprinted. You will need to visit the vendors location and do the following:
Return to an RMV branch office.

Complete a CDL Application
Pass a road test (for a 1st time Commercial Drivers License applicant)
Pay the fees for a Commercial Drivers License with the Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
Renewing a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

1. Approximately ninety (90) days prior to your license expiration, contact IBT, the Transportation Security
Administrations vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov to apply for the Background
Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations nationwide where you can be fingerprinted. You will need to
visit the vendors location and do the following:
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Preface/2.0

If you pass the Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam, you can renew your license with the Hazmat Endorsement.
If you fail the Background Check or the Knowledge Exam, you will still be able to renew your Commercial Drivers
License, but without the Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
Transferring a Hazardous Materials Endorsement from Out-of-State

Massachusetts does not transfer Hazardous Materials Endorsements. This means that you will be required to take the
Hazardous Materials Knowledge Exam and pass a Background Check.
2. Cont act IBT, the Transportation Security Administration s vendor, at 1-877-429-7746 or visit
https://hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov to apply for the Background Check, pay the application fee, and identify locations
nationwide where you can be fingerprinted. You will need to visit the vendors location and do the following:
3. Upon being notified that you passed the Background Check, do the following:
Pay the fees for a Commercial Drivers License with Hazardous Materials Endorsement.
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DOT Medical Cards

Requirements
To qualify for a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), you must pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) medical examina
tion performed in accordance with CFR 49 391.41 and CFR 49 391.43.
DOT medical examinations are conducted by a licensed medical examiner as defined in CFR 49 390.5.
To find a medical examiner, you may contact your primary care provider to inquire if they will conduct a DOT medical exam.
You may also find a medical examiner in the yellow pages of your telephone book, or on the Internet by using an Internet
directory or search engine.
The examiner will provide you with a medical examiner's certificate that you must carry with you whenever you operate a
Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV). A medical examiner's certificate will also be required, even if you dont have a CDL, if you
operate a CMV, in interstate commerce, with a gross vehicle rating in excess of 10,000 pounds.
Required Forms
If your medical examiner does not have the required forms, they may be obtained from any of the following:

The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration website (www.fmcsa.dot.gov), free of charge
J.J. Keller (item WW-015-MP) by calling 1-877-564-2333 or via the Internet using the Medical Examinations and
Reports link at: www.jjkeller.com
The Massachusetts Motor Truck Association, by calling 617-695-3512 (Free for members only.)
Alternatively, your examiner may print a copy of the forms directly from the FMCSA website.
Expiration
Medical examiner's certificates are valid for no more than two years. Some medical conditions may require you to have a
physical examination more frequently and others may disqualify you from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).
Physical Qualifications
Physical qualifications are listed in CFR 49 391.41.
If you do not meet the vision or diabetes physical qualification standards, or have a loss or impairment of limbs (arms, hands,
fingers, legs, or feet) and want to operate an interstate commercial motor vehicle (CMV), you may be able to satisfy alterna
tive physical qualifications or qualify for an exemption. Contact the Massachusetts State office of FMCSA at 781-425-3210
for additional details. Information is also available on the FMCSA website.
If you cannot meet the medical qualifications for CMV interstate commercial operation, you may qualify for an Intrastate
Medical Waiver. This waiver, available from the RMV, would permit operation of a CMV used in Massachusetts intrastate
commerce only. Call 857-368-8020 for specific details or see www.massrmv.com/rmv/forms/21156.pdf for the Intrastate
Medical Waiver Application.
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Obtaining a CDL is not Easy. Losing it is.

You can be legally disqualified from driving a Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) for one or more of the violations listed below.
Note that some of the major offenses involving alcohol or drugs do not require the offense to be committed in a CMV. Only
you can help to protect your right to operate a CMV.
Major Offenses
For any of the following offenses, you will be disqualified from operating a CMV for at least one (1) year for a conviction of a first
offense and life for a conviction of a second offense arising from two (2) or more separate incidents. If any of the offenses below
occurred while transporting a hazardous material required to be placarded, you will be disqualified for a period of at least three
years. You must not operate a CMV while disqualified.

If you operate a CMV or a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
If you operate a CMV while your Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is 0.04% or more.
If you refuse to submit to a chemical test or analysis of your breath or blood as required by law after operating a
CMV or a motor vehicle.
If you leave the scene of an accident while operating a CMV or a motor vehicle.
If you use a CMV or a motor vehicle in the commission of a felony.
If you cause a fatality through the negligent operation of a CMV.
If you were operating a CMV when, as a result of a prior violation committed operating a CMV, your CDL was sus
pended, revoked, or cancelled, or you were disqualified from operating a CMV.
You will have a lifetime disqualification if you use the vehicle to commit a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or
dispensing of controlled substances.

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV:

For at least sixty (60) days if you are convicted of committing two serious traffic violations while operating a CMV arising
from separate incidents within a three-year period.
For at least one hundred twenty (120) days if you are convicted of committing three serious traffic violations while
operating a CMV arising from separate incidents within a three-year period.
Serious traffic violations consist of the following:

Excessive speeding (15 mph or more above posted limit)
Operating to endanger
Reckless driving
Improper or erratic traffic lane changes
Following a vehicle too closely
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Traffic offenses committed in connection with a fatal traffic accident
Driving a CMV without obtaining a CDL
Driving a CMV without a CDL in the drivers possession
Driving a CMV without the proper class of CDL and/or endorsements for the specific vehicle group being operated or for
the passengers or type of cargo being transported
Serious traffic violations include any and all major disqualifying offenses under 49 CFR 383.51.
Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you are convicted of violating the railroad-highway grade crossing provisions
of 49 CFR 383.51. You will be disqualified for any combination of the following violations while operating a CMV:

The driver is not required to always stop, but fails to slow down and check that the tracks are clear of an approach
ing train.
The driver is not required to always stop, but fails to stop before reaching the crossing, if the tracks are not clear.
The driver is always required to stop, but fails to stop before driving onto the crossing.
The driver fails to have sufficient space to drive completely through the crossing without stopping.
The driver fails to obey a traffic control device or the directions of an enforcement official at the crossing.
The driver fails to negotiate a crossing because of insufficient undercarriage clearance.
The length of the disqualification will be as follows:

Not less than sixty (60) days for a first conviction
Not less than one hundred and twenty (120) days for a second conviction arising from separate incidents within a
three (3) year period.
Not less than one (1) year for a third or subsequent conviction arising from separate incidents within a three (3)
year period.
Violating Out-Of-Service Orders

You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you violate an out-of-service order for the following length of time:
Not less than two (2) years for a second violation arising from separate incidents within a ten (10) year period
Not less than three (3) years for a third or subsequent violation arising from separate incidents within a ten (10) year
period
You will be disqualified from operating a CMV if you violate an out-of-service order while transporting hazardous materials
required to be placarded or while operating a motor vehicle designed to transport sixteen (16) or more passengers, including the
driver, for the following length of time:
Not less than three (3) years for a second or subsequent violation of an out-of-service order arising from separate
incidents within a ten (10) year period.
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OUI Offenses for CDL Operators

Use of alcohol or drugs while holding a Commercial Drivers License has serious consequences. Under 49 CFR 383.72, any
person who holds a CDL is considered to have consented to such testing as is required by any state or jurisdiction in the
enforcement of 383.51(b)(2)(i) and 392.5(a)(2) of this chapter. Consent is implied by driving a commercial motor vehicle.
Below is a table of the offenses and the periods for which a driver must be disqualified. The table below is a partial list of the
major offenses taken from 49 CFR 383.51(b). Your license will be revoked for the disqualification period listed, and under 540
CMR 2.06 (9)c(5), you may only regain a CDL by passing the CDL knowledge and road test(s).
If a driver operates
a motor vehicle and
is convicted of:
For a first conviction or refusal to

be tested while
operating a CMV, a
person required to
have a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operating
a CMV for
For a first
conviction or
refusal to be
tested while
operating a nonCMV, a CDL
holder must be
disqualified
from operating a
CMV for
For a first conviction or refusal to be

tested while
operating a CMV
transporting
hazardous materi
als required to be
placarded under
the Hazardous
Materials Regula
tions (49 CFR part
172, subpart F), a
person required to
have a CDL and CDL
holder must be
disqualified from
operating a CMV for
For a second
conviction or
refusal to be
tested in a
separate incident
of any combina
tion of offenses in
this Table while
operating a CMV,
a person required
to have a CDL and
a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operat
ing a CMV for
For a second
conviction or
refusal to be
tested in a
separate incident
of any combina
tion of offenses in
this Table while
operating a nonCMV, a CDL holder
must be disquali
fied from operat
ing a CMV for
Being under the

influence of alcohol
as prescribed by
State law.
1 year
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Being under the

influence of a
controlled substance.
1 year
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Having an alcohol
concentration of 0.04
or greater while
operating a CMV
1 year
3 years
Life
Not applicable
Refusing to take an
alcohol test as
required by a State or
jurisdiction under its
implied consent laws
or regulations as
defined in 383.72 of
this part.
1 year
3 years
Life
Life
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Using the vehicle in

the commission of a
felony involving
manufacturing,
distributing, or
dispensing a con
trolled substance.
Page xvi
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Not applicable
1 year
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Life-not eligible
for 10-year
reinstatement.
Preface/2.0
CDL Self Certification

Overview of 2012 Self-Certification Mandate
By January 30, 2014 all CDL drivers are required under Federal regulation to inform the RMV of the type of commerce they
plan to operate within (interstate or intrastate) and whether or not they are required to hold a medical certificate. This notifica
tion is called self-certification. It is called self-certification because the driver alone needs to determine the self-certification
category he/she falls into based on his/her driving information.
Customers who wish to obtain, or who currently hold a Commercial Driver's License that is being renewed, upgraded, or
transferred from another State, will be required to complete their CDL Self-Certification. The CDL Self-Certification Form and
a copy of the medical certificate, if applicable, must be presented at the time of the transaction. The CDL Self-Certification
Form can be found on the RMV website in the Forms & Manuals section under Licensing at www.massrmv.com.
CDL drivers that will not be completing a transaction with the RMV between now and January 30, 2014, do not have to visit a
RMV branch office at this time. Compliance information for these drivers will be available in early 2013.
Individuals initially applying for a Commercial Learner's Permit must present their medical certificate prior to being issued a
Commercial Learner's Permit, unless they have an intrastate medical waiver or are in an excepted category. The exemption
from carrying a medical certificate applies to federal, state, or municipal employees only when operating a federal, state, or
municipal vehicle in the course of their employment and who plan to take their road test in a federal, state, or municipal
vehicle.
Existing Commercial Driver's License or permit holders who are required to carry a medical certificate must bring a copy
when going to a RMV branch to:

Apply for a CDL

Renew a CDL
Upgrade a CDL
Transfer a CDL from another State
If a driver's medical examiner's certificate is only valid with a vision, diabetes, or skills performance evaluation variance letter
granted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the driver will also need to provide this documentation
to the RMV.
The medical certificate is a document that most CDL drivers are currently required to carry. The new regulation simply
requires drivers to provide the Registry with a copy as part of their self-certification.
All drivers must self-certify and provide their medical certificate, if applicable, by January 30, 2014.
Drivers are required to continue to carry a physical copy of their medical certificate through January 30, 2014. Commercial
drivers with a federal medical variance, Skill Performance Evaluation, or state issued medical waiver are required to carry this
documentation indefinitely.
A driver's self-certification category and medical certificate information will be become part of the CDLIS driver record for use
by law enforcement.
Self-Certification Categories
There are four self-certification categories. A driver must self-certify to one of these four categories. The category a driver
should choose depends on whether he/she operates in interstate or intrastate commerce and whether or not he/she is
required to have a medical certificate or is exempt:

Page xvii
Non-Excepted Interstate (NI) - Driver is engaged in Interstate commerce and must meet the federal DOT
Excepted Interstate (EI) - Driver is engaged in Interstate commerce and does not have to meet the DOT
Non-Excepted Intrastate (NA) - Driver is engaged in Intrastate commerce and must meet state driver
qualification requirements
Preface/2.0
Excepted Intrastate (EA) - Driver is engaged in Intrastate commerce and does not have to meet the DOT
The medical documentation that a driver is required to provide is dependent on the category of self-certification selected. In
Massachusetts, drivers that self-certify in the NI or NA category are required to provide the RMV with a copy of their current
medical certificate, with the exception of NA drivers that have been issued an Intrastate Medical Waiver and, as a result, have
a W restriction on their license. If a driver's medical examiner's certificate is only valid with a vision, diabetes, or a skills
performance evaluation variance granted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), the driver will also
need to provide this documentation to the RMV.
Category Descriptions
Non-excepted Interstate (NI)

All Class A, Class B, or Class C privately or self-employed commercial drivers who operate or
expect to operate in interstate commerce, and are subject to meet the federal medical standard and
therefore are required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate.

All Class A, B, or C drivers who do not fall under any other category or who have been granted a
federal vision or diabetes exemption or a Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE). See Federal
regulations 49 CFR 391.49.
Excepted Interstate (EI)

Drivers who operate or expect to operate in interstate commerce but engage exclusively in
transportation or operations and are not required to meet all or parts of the federal qualification
requirements, and are therefore not required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate.

Examples of EI Drivers include:
Non-excepted Intrastate (NA)

All Class A, B, or C privately employed or self-employed commercial drivers who only operate in
intrastate commerce and are subject to state driver qualification requirements

Examples of NA Drivers include:

Drivers 18-21 years of age with a K Restriction associated with their license to operate

Drivers 21 and over with a W restriction associated with their license to operate
Excepted Intrastate (EA)

Drivers who operate in intrastate commerce, but engage exclusively in transportation or operations
that are not required to meet all or parts of the state driver qualification requirements, and are
therefore not required to obtain a medical examiner's certificate

Examples of EA Drivers include:
Guidance for Selecting a Self-Certification Category

A driver should self-certify at the highest standard for which he/she qualifies so as not to limit work opportunities. Nonexcepted Interstate (NI) is the broadest category and the one a driver should select if he/she meets the criteria, even if he/
she currently does not consider himself/herself an interstate driver.
Interstate Commerce versus Intrastate Commerce
When making a decision about what type of commerce a driver operates or expects to operate within, consider the following
definitions:
Interstate commerce is trade, traffic, or transportation involving the crossing of a state boundary. Either the vehicle, its
passengers, or cargo must cross a state boundary, or there must be the intent to cross a state boundary to be considered
an interstate carrier.
Intrastate commerce is trade, traffic, or transportation within a single state.
For additional information on interstate and intrastate commerce, please refer to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administra
tion Website at www.fmcsa.dot.gov.
Page xviii
Preface/2.0
Compliance Requirements
Downgrade for Non-Compliance
Failure to initially provide self-certification information and a copy of a medical certificate, if a driver requires one, by January
30, 2014 will result in the downgrade of the driver's Commercial Driver's License to a Class D license.
Class A, B, or C Learner's Permits are not subject to a downgrade. A Commercial Driver's Learner's Permit will be deleted
upon the expiration or self-certification expiration, whichever comes first.
Re-Certification - Submission Cycle
For NI and NA categorized drivers, self-certification is tied to the expiration date of the medical certificate, variance or waiver.
Therefore, drivers will need to self-certify at least every two years.
An NI or NA driver will receive notice from the Registry of Motor Vehicles notifying him/her of the self-certification expiration
date. NI and NA categorized drivers that do not re-certify by the expiration date will no longer be authorized to operate a
vehicle requiring a commercial driver's license. The following will occur for a driver that does not re-certify within sixty days
from the expiration date:
1. The Registry will downgrade the driver to a Class D license which will be mailed to him/her
2. A $25.00 license amendment fee will be posted on the customer's record to be collected at the time of his/
her next license transaction
EI and EA drivers will need to re-certify every five years at the time of license renewal.
A driver may also need to re-certify prior to an expiration date if the type of driving that is conducted has changed.
Restoring a Downgraded License to a Commercial Driver's License
To restore a Commercial Driver's License within 365 days of the downgrade, the customer must go to a Registry branch
office and request a restoration. The customer must submit all required paperwork. If eligible, the system will allow the
customer to restore and/or renew. If the restored Commercial Driver's License is not renewed, the expiration date will con
tinue from the pre-downgrade date. The customer must pay all required fees.
To restore a Commercial Driver's License after 365 days of the downgrade, the customer must go to a Registry branch office
and request a restoration. The customer must retake the Commercial Driver's License learner's permit exam and road test
and submit all required paperwork. If the customer passes both tests, he/she will be issued a new, five-year license. The
customer must pay all required fees.
Checking Self-Certification Status
A driver may check his/her self-certification status online at www.massrmv.com by selecting More from the Online Services
tab, and then selecting License Permit Status in the Check My Status section at the bottom of the License/ID column. The
driver's self-certification category and expiration date will be displayed.
Page xix
Preface/2.0
Page xx
Preface/2.0
Table of Contents
PART ONE
Section 1:
1.1
1.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Commercial Driver License Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Other CDL Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Section 2:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
Driving Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Control of Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communicating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controlling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Managing Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving in Very Hot Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroad Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mountain Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seeing Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Skid Control and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accident Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Staying Alert and Fit to Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazardous Materials Rules For All Commercial Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1

2-1

2-15

2-17

2-19

2-22

2-24

2-27

2-31

2-34

2-34

2-37

2-38

2-39

2-41

2-45

2-49

2-51

2-52

2-54

2-57

Section 3:
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Transporting Cargo Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inspecting Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weight and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Securing Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Cargo Needing Special Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1

3-1

3-2

3-4

3-5

Section 4:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Transporting Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-trip Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading and Trip Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
After-trip Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prohibited Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use of Brake-door Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1

4-1

4-2

4-4

4-5

4-5

4-6

Section 5:
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Parts of an Air Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Air Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspecting Air Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5-1

5-1

5-6

5-6

5-8

Section 6:
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Combination Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driving Combination Vehicles Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combination Vehicle Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspecting a Combination Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1

6-1

6-5

6-8

6-14

Section 7:
Doubles and Triples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

PART TWO
Table of Contents/2.0
Page 1
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Pulling Double/Triple Trailers ..................................................................................

Coupling and Uncoupling ........................................................................................
Inspecting Doubles and Triples ...............................................................................
Doubles/Triples Air Brake Check.............................................................................
7-1

7-2

7-5

7-6

Section 8:
8.1
8.2
8.3
Tank Vehicles .........................................................................................................

Inspecting Tank Vehicles ........................................................................................
Driving Tank Vehicles .............................................................................................
Safe Driving Rules..................................................................................................
8-1

8-1

8-2

8-3

Section 9:
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Hazardous Materials ............................................................................................... 9-1

The Intent of the Regulations .................................................................................. 9-2

Hazardous Materials Transportation--Who Does What ............................................ 9-3

Communication Rules............................................................................................. 9-4

Loading and Unloading .......................................................................................... 9-16

Bulk Packaging Marking, Loading and Unloading................................................... 9-20

Hazardous Materials--Driving and Parking Rules ................................................... 9-21

Hazardous Materials--Emergencies ....................................................................... 9-25

Table A
Radioactive Separation Table...................................................................... 9-30

Table B
Table of Hazard Class Definitions ................................................................ 9-30

Hazardous Materials Glossary .......................................................................................... 9-31

PART THREE
Section 10:
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10-5
Pre-trip Vehicle Inspection Test ............................................................................. 10-1

All Vehicles............................................................................................................ 10-1

External Inspection (School Bus/Truck/Tractor) ..................................................... 10-6

School Bus Only .................................................................................................. 10-10

Trailer .................................................................................................................. 10-12

Coach/Transit Bus ................................................................................................ 10-14

Section 11:
11.1
11.2
Basic Vehicle Control Skills Test ............................................................................ 11-1

Exercises............................................................................................................... 11-2

Scoring .................................................................................................................. 11-2

Section 12:
12.1
On-road Driving Test ............................................................................................. 12-1

How You Will Be Tested ........................................................................................ 12-1

APPENDIX A: Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Drivers License Manual .............. Appendix A-1

Page 2
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Definitions You
Should Know
You are responsible for not being overloaded.

definitions of weight you should know:
Here are some
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW). The total weight of a single vehicle plus
its load.
Gross Combination Weight (GCW). The total weight of a powered
unit plus trailer(s) plus the cargo.
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). The maximum GVW
specified by the manufacturer for a single vehicle plus its load.
Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR). The maximum GCW
specified by the manufacturer for a specific combination of vehicles plus
its load.
Axle Weight. The weight transmitted to the ground by one axle or one
set of axles.
Tire Load. The maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified
pressure. This rating is stated on the side of each tire.
Suspension Systems. Suspension systems have a manufacturers
weight capacity rating.
Coupling Device Capacity. Coupling devices are rated for the
maximum weight they can pull and/or carry.
Legal Weight Limits
You must keep weights within legal limits. States have maximums for
GVWs, GCWs and axle weights. Often, maximum axle weights are set
by a bridge formula. A bridge formula permits less maximum axle
weight for axles that are closer together. This is to prevent overloading
bridges and roadways.
Overloading can have bad effects on steering, braking, and speed
control. Overloaded trucks have to go very slow on upgrades. Worse,
they may gain too much speed on downgrades. Stopping distance
increases. Brakes can fail when forced to work too hard.
During bad weather or in mountains, it may not be safe to operate at
legal maximum weights. Take this into account before driving.
Don't Be Top-heavy
Page 3-2
The height of the vehicles center of gravity is very important for safe
handling. A high center of gravity (cargo piled up high or heavy cargo
on top) means you are more likely to tip over. It is most dangerous in
curves or if you have to swerve to avoid a hazard. It is very important
to distribute the cargo so it is as low as possible. Put the heaviest parts
of the cargo under the lightest parts.
Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe. Too much
weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering. It can damage the
steering axle and tires. Underloaded front axles (caused by shifting
weight too far to the rear) can make the steering axle weight too light to
steer safely. Too little weight on the driving axles can cause poor
traction. The drive wheels may spin easily. During bad weather, the
truck may not be able to keep going. Weight that is loaded so there is
a high center of gravity causes greater chance of rollover. On flat bed
vehicles, there is also a greater chance that the load will shift to the side
or fall off. Figure 3-1 shows examples of the right and wrong way to
balance cargo weight.
Wrong
Balance the Weight
Right
Wrong
Wrong
Wrong
Right
Right
Figure 3-1
Always load cargo the right way!
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For what three things related to cargo are drivers responsible?

How often must you stop while on the road to check your cargo?
How is Gross Combination Weight Rating different from Gross Combination Weight?
Name two situations where legal maximum weights may not be safe.
What can happen if you dont have enough weight on the front axle?
Page 3-3
3.3 Securing Cargo
Blocking and Bracing
Cargo Tiedown
Blocking is used in the front, back, and/or sides of a piece of cargo to

keep it from sliding. Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo. It
is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement. Bracing is
also used to prevent movement of cargo. Bracing goes from the upper
part of the cargo to the floor and/or walls of the cargo compartment.
On flatbed trailers or trailers without sides, cargo must be secured to
keep it from shifting or falling off. In closed vans, tiedowns can also be
important to prevent cargo shifting that may affect the handling of the
vehicle. Tiedowns must be of the proper type and proper strength. The
combined strength of all cargo tiedowns must be strong enough to lift
one and one-half times the weight of the piece of cargo tied down.
Proper tiedown equipment must be used, including ropes, straps,
chains, and tensioning devices (winches, ratchets, clinching
components). Tiedowns must be attached to the vehicle correctly
(hook, bolt, rails, rings).
Cargo should have at least one tiedown for each ten feet of cargo.
Make sure you have enough tiedowns to meet this need. No matter
how small the cargo, it should have at least two tiedowns holding it.
There are special requirements for securing various heavy pieces of
metal. Find out what they are if you are to carry such loads.
Header Boards
Covering Cargo
Front end header boards ("headache racks") protect you from your
cargo in case of a crash or emergency stop. Make sure the front end
structure is in good condition. The front end structure should block the
forward movement of any cargo you carry.
There are two basic reasons for covering cargo, (1) to protect people
from spilled cargo, and (2) to protect the cargo from weather. Spill
protection is a safety requirement in many states. Be familiar with the
laws in the states you drive in.
You should look at your cargo covers in the mirrors from time to time
while driving. A flapping cover can tear loose, uncovering the cargo,
and possibly block your view or someone elses.
You cannot inspect sealed loads, but you should check that you dont
exceed gross weight and axle weight limits.
Sealed and
Containerized Loads
Page 3-4
Containerized loads generally are used when freight is carried part way
by rail or ship. Delivery by truck occurs at the beginning and/or end of
the journey. Some containers have their own tiedown devices or locks
that attach directly to a special frame. Others have to be loaded onto
flat bed trailers. They must be properly secured just like any other
cargo.
Dry bulk tanks require special care because they often have a high
center of gravity, and the load can shift. Be extremely cautious (slow
and careful) going around curves and making sharp turns.
Hanging meat (suspended beef, pork, lamb) in a refrigerated truck can
be a very unstable load with a high center of gravity. Particular caution
is needed on sharp curves such as off ramps and on ramps. Go slow.
Livestock can move around in a trailer, causing unsafe handling. With
less than a full load, use false bulkheads to keep livestock bunched
together. Even when bunched, special care is necessary because
livestock can lean on curves. This shifts the center of gravity and
makes rollover more likely.
Over-length, over-width, and/or overweight loads require special
transit permits. Driving is usually limited to certain times. Special
equipment may be necessary such as "wide load" signs, flashing lights,
flags, etc. Such loads may require a police escort or pilot vehicles
bearing warning signs and/or flashing lights. These special loads
require special driving care.
3.4 Other Cargo Needing

Special Attention
Dry Bulk
Hanging Meat
Livestock
Oversized Loads
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the minimum number of tiedowns for any flat bed load?
What is the minimum number of tiedowns for a 20-foot load?
Name the two basic reasons for covering cargo on an open bed.
What must you check before transporting a sealed load?
Page 3-5
Page 3-6
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Doubles and Triples
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Test Trailer Service Brakes. Check for normal air pressure, release
the parking brakes, move the vehicle forward slowly, and apply trailer
brakes with the hand control (trolley valve), if so equipped. You should
feel the brakes come on. This tells you the trailer brakes are connected
and working. (The trailer brakes should be tested with the hand valve
but controlled in normal operation with the foot pedal, which applies air
to the service brakes at all wheels.)
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Which shut-off valves should be open and which closed?

How can you test the tractor protection valve?
How can you test the trailer emergency brakes?
How can you test the trailer service brakes?
These questions may be on your test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Section 6.4.
Page 6-16
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Uncoupling Twin Trailers
Page 7-3
Uncouple Converter Dolly
Lower dolly landing gear.
Disconnect safety chains.
Apply converter gear spring brakes or chock wheels.
Release pintle hook on first semi-trailer.
Slowly pull clear of dolly.
Caution: Never unlock the pintle hook with the dolly still under the
rear trailer. The dolly tow bar may fly up, possibly causing injury, and
making it very difficult to re-couple.

Triple Trailers
Couple Second and Third Trailers
Couple second and third trailers using the method for coupling
doubles.
Uncouple tractor and pull away from second and third trailers.
Couple Tractor/First Semi-trailer to Second/Third Trailers
Couple tractor to first trailer. Use the method already

described for coupling tractor-semitrailers.
Move converter dolly into position and couple first trailer to

second trailer using the method for coupling doubles. Triples
rig is now complete.
Uncouple Triple-trailer Rig

Other Combinations
Page 7-4
Uncouple third trailer by pulling the dolly out, then unhitching

the dolly using the method for uncoupling doubles.
Uncouple remainder of rig as you would any double-bottom rig

using the method already described.
The methods described so far apply to the more common tractor-trailer

combinations. However, there are other ways of coupling and
uncoupling the many types of truck-trailer and tractor-trailer
combinations that are in use. There are too many to cover in this
manual. Learn the right way to couple the vehicle(s) you will drive
according to the manufacturer and/or owner.
Use the seven-step inspection procedure described in Section 2 to

inspect your combination vehicle. There are more things to inspect on
a combination vehicle than on a single vehicle. Many of these items are
simply more of what you would find on a single vehicle. (For example,
tires, wheels, lights, reflectors, etc.) However, there are also some new
things to check. These are discussed below.
7.3 Inspecting Doubles

and Triples
Do these checks in addition to those already listed in Section 2, "Step

5: Do Walkaround Inspection."
Coupling System Areas
Check fifth wheel (lower).

- Securely mounted to frame.
- No missing, damaged parts.
- Enough grease.
- No visible space between upper and lower fifth wheel.
- Locking jaws around the shank, not the head of kingpin.
- Release arm properly seated and safety latch/lock
engaged.
Fifth wheel (upper).

- Glide plate securely mounted to trailer frame.
- Kingpin not damaged.
Air and electric lines to trailer.

- Electrical cord firmly plugged in and secured.
- Air lines properly connected to glad hands, no air leaks,
properly secured with enough slack for turns.
- All lines free from damage.
Sliding fifth wheel.

- Slide not damaged or parts missing.
- Properly greased.
- All locking pins present and locked in place.
- If air powered -- no air leaks.
- Check that fifth wheel is not so far forward that tractor
frame will hit landing gear, or cab hit the trailer, during
turns.
Check During a
Landing Gear
Fully raised, no missing parts, not bent or otherwise damaged.
Crank handle in place and secured.
If power operated, no air or hydraulic leaks.
Double and Triple Trailers
Shut-off valves (at rear of trailers, in service and emergency

lines):
- Rear of front trailers: OPEN.
- Rear of last trailer: CLOSED.
- Converter dolly air tank drain valve: CLOSED.
Page 7-5
Be sure air lines are supported and glad hands are properly
connected.
If spare tire is carried on converter gear (dolly), make sure it's

secured.
Be sure pintle-eye of dolly is in place in pintle hook of trailer(s).
Make sure pintle hook is latched.
Safety chains should be secured to trailer(s).
Be sure light cords are firmly in sockets on trailers.
Do these checks in addition to Section 5.3, "Inspecting Air Brake

Systems."
7.4 Doubles/Triples
Air Brake Check
Check That Air Flows to

All Trailers (Double and
Triple Trailers)
Test Tractor Protection

Valve
Check the brakes on a double or triple trailer as you would any

combination vehicle. Section 6.2 explains how to check air brakes on
combination vehicles. You must also make the following checks on
your double or triple trailers:
Use the tractor parking brake and/or chock the wheels to hold the
vehicle. Wait for air pressure to reach normal, then push in the red
"trailer air supply" knob. This will supply air to the emergency (supply)
lines. Use the trailer handbrake to provide air to the service line. Go to
the rear of the rig. Open the emergency line shut-off valve at the rear of
the last trailer. You should hear air escaping, showing the entire system
is charged. Close the emergency line valve. Open the service line
valve to check that service pressure goes through all the trailers (this
test assumes that the trailer handbrake or the service brake pedal is
on), then close the valve. If you do NOT hear air escaping from both
lines, check that the shut-off valves on the trailer(s) and dolly (s) are in
the OPEN position. You MUST have air all the way to the back for all
the brakes to work.
Charge the trailer air brake system. (That is, build up normal air
pressure and push the "air supply" knob in.) Shut the engine off. Step
on and off the brake pedal several times to reduce the air pressure in
the tanks. The trailer air supply control (also called the tractor
protection valve control) should pop out (or go from "normal" to
"emergency" position) when the air pressure falls into the pressure
range specified by the manufacturer. (Usually within the range of 20 to
45 psi.)
If the tractor protection valve doesnt work right, an air hose or trailer
brake leak could drain all the air from the tractor. This would cause the
emergency brakes to come on, with possible loss of control.
Page 7-6
Charge the trailer air brake system and check that the trailer rolls freely.
Then stop and pull out the trailer air supply control (also called tractor
protection valve control or trailer emergency valve) or place it in the
"emergency" position. Pull gently on the trailer with the tractor to check
that the trailer emergency brakes are on.
Test Trailer Emergency

Brakes
Check for normal air pressure, release the parking brakes, move the
vehicle forward slowly, and apply trailer brakes with the hand control
(trolley valve), if so equipped. You should feel the brakes come on. This
tells you the trailer brakes are connected and working. (The trailer
brakes should be tested with the hand valve, but controlled in normal
operation with the foot pedal, which applies air to the service brakes at
all wheels.)
Test Trailer Service Brakes
Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is a converter dolly?

Do converter dollies have spring brakes?
What three methods can you use to secure a second trailer before coupling?
How do you check to make sure trailer height is correct before coupling?
What do you check when making a visual check of coupling?
Why should you pull a dolly out from under a trailer before you disconnect it from the trailer in
front?
What should you check for when inspecting the converter dolly? The pintle hook?
Should the shut-off valves on the rear of the last trailer be open or closed? On the first trailer in a
set of doubles? On the middle trailer of a set of triples?
These questions may be on your test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and
7.4.
Page 7-7
Page 7-8
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Test Your Knowledge

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How are bulkheads different than baffles?

Should a tank vehicle take curves, on-ramps, or off-ramps at the posted speed limits?
How are smooth bore tankers different to drive than those with baffles?
What three things determine how much liquid you can load?
What is outage?
What two reasons make special care necessary when driving tank vehicles?
These questions may be on the test. If you cant answer them all, re-read Section 8.2.
Tank Vehicles/2.0
Page 8-3
Page 8-4
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In addition to checking for spare electrical fuses (if equipped),

three red reflective triangles, and a properly charged and
rated fire extinguisher, school bus drivers must also inspect
the following emergency equipment:
Page 10-10
Three red-burning flares (fusees).
A nine-item first-aid kit.
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In addition to checking the lighting indicators listed in Section
10.2 of this manual, school bus drivers must check the following
lighting indicators (internal panel lights):

Alternately flashing amber lights indicator, if equipped.

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If equipped with a handicap lift, look for leaking, damaged, or
missing parts and explain how lift should be checked for
correct operation. Lift must be fully retracted and latched
securely.
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Make sure that all emergency exits are not damaged, operate
smoothly, and close securely from the inside.
Check that any emergency exit warning devices are working.
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firmly attached to the floor.
Check that seat cushions are attached securely to the seat
frames.
Page 10-11
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Check that baggage and all other exterior compartment doors
are not damaged, operate properly, and latch securely.
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Wherever located, see that battery(s) are secure, connections
are tight, and cell caps are present.
Battery connections should not show signs of excessive corrosion.
Check that battery box and cover or door is not damaged and
is secure.
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Please refer to Section 10.2 of this manual for detailed inspection
procedures regarding the following components:
- Wheels.
Remember, the pre-trip vehicle inspection must be passed
before you can proceed to the basic vehicle control skills test.
Page 10-15
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Section 12: On-road Driving Test

You will drive over a test route that has a variety of traffic situations.
At all times during the test, you must drive in a safe and responsible
manner.
This Section Covers
How You Will Be Tested
During the driving test, the examiner will be scoring you on specific
driving maneuvers as well as on your general driving behavior. You
will follow the directions of the examiner. Directions will be given to
you so you will have plenty of time to do what the examiner has
asked. You will not be asked to drive in an unsafe manner.
If your test route does not have certain traffic situations, you may be
asked to simulate a traffic situation. You will do this by telling the
examiner what you are or would be doing if you were in that traffic
situation. See the CDL On-Road Score Sheet (Figure 12-1).
You have been asked to make a turn:
Use turn signals and safely get into the lane needed for the
turn.
12.1
How You Will Be

Tested
Turns
As you approach the turn:
Use turn signals to warn others of your turn.
Slow down smoothly, change gears as needed to keep

power, but do not coast unsafely. Unsafe coasting occurs
when your vehicle is out of gear (clutch depressed or
gearshift in neutral) for more than the length of your vehicle.
If you must stop before making the turn:
Come to a smooth stop without skidding.
Come to a complete stop behind the stop line, crosswalk, or

stop sign.
If stopping behind another vehicle, stop where you can see

the rear tires on the vehicle ahead of you (safe gap).
Do not let your vehicle roll.
Keep the front wheels aimed straight ahead.
Page 12-1
When ready to turn:
Keep both hands on the steering wheel during the turn.
Do not change gears during the turn.
Keep checking your mirror to make sure the vehicle does

not hit anything on the inside of the turn.
Vehicle should not move into oncoming traffic.
Vehicle should finish turn in correct lane.
After turn:
Make sure turn signal is off.
Get up to speed of traffic, use turn signal, and move into

right-most lane when safe to do so (if not already there).
As you approach an intersection:

Intersections
Decelerate gently.
Brake smoothly and, if necessary, change gears.
If necessary, come to a complete stop (no coasting) behind

any stop signs, signals, sidewalks, or stop lines maintaining
a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you.
Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward.
When driving through an intersection:
Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the

intersection.
Do not change lanes or shift gears while proceeding through

the intersection.
Keep your hands on the wheel.
Once through the intersection:
Page 12-2
Continue checking traffic.
Accelerate smoothly and change gears as necessary.
During this part of the test, you are expected to make regular traffic
checks and maintain a safe following distance. Your vehicle should
be centered in the proper lane (right-most lane) and you should keep
up with the flow of traffic but not exceed the posted speed limit.
Urban/Rural Straight
During the multiple lane portion of the urban and rural sections, you
will be asked to change lanes to the left, and then back to the right.
You should make the necessary traffic checks first, then use proper
signals and smoothly change lanes when it is safe to do so.
Urban/Rural Lane
Changes
Before entering the expressway:
Expressway
Stop/Start
Check traffic.
Use proper signals.
Merge smoothly into the proper lane of traffic.
Once on the expressway:
Maintain proper lane positioning, vehicle spacing, and

vehicle speed.
Continue to check traffic thoroughly in all directions.
You will be instructed to change lanes:
You must make necessary traffic checks.
Use proper signals.
Change lanes smoothly when it is safe to do so.
When exiting the expressway:
Make necessary traffic checks.
Use proper signals.
Decelerate smoothly in the exit lane.
Once on the exit ramp, you must continue to decelerate

within the lane markings and maintain adequate spacing
between your vehicle and other vehicles.
For this maneuver, you will be asked to pull your vehicle over to the
side of the road and stop as if you were going to get out and check
something on your vehicle. You must check traffic thoroughly in all
directions and move to the right-most lane or shoulder of road.
Page 12-3
As you prepare for the stop:
Check traffic.
Activate your right turn signal.
Decelerate smoothly, brake evenly, change gears as

necessary.
Bring your vehicle to a full stop without coasting.
Once stopped:
Vehicle must be parallel to the curb or shoulder of the road

and safely out of the traffic flow.
Vehicle should not be blocking driveways, fire hydrants,

intersections, signs, etc.
Cancel your turn signal.
Activate your four-way emergency flashers.
Apply the parking brake.
Move the gear shift to neutral or park.
Remove your feet from the brake and clutch pedals.
When instructed to resume:
Page 12-4
Check traffic and your mirrors thoroughly in all directions.
Turn off your four-way flashers.
Activate the left turn signal.
When traffic permits, you should release the parking brake

and pull straight ahead.
Do not turn the wheel before your vehicle moves.
Check traffic from all directions, especially to the left.
Steer and accelerate smoothly into the proper lane when

safe to do so.
Once your vehicle is back into the flow of traffic, cancel your
left turn signal.
When approaching a curve:
Before entering the curve, reduce speed so further braking

or shifting is not required in the curve.
Keep vehicle in the lane.
Continue checking traffic in all directions.
As you approach the upgrade:
Select the proper gear to maintain speed and not lug the
engine.
Check traffic thoroughly in all directions and move to the

right-most or curb lane.
If legal to do so, use four-way flashers if traveling too slowly

for the flow of traffic.
Before starting down the grade:
Curve
Upgrade
Downgrade
Downshift as needed to help control engine speed and test

brakes by gently applying the foot brake to ensure they are
functioning properly. As your vehicle moves down the
grade, continue checking traffic in all directions, stay in the
right-most or curb lane, and, if legal to do so, use four-way
flashers if your vehicle is moving too slowly for traffic.
Increase following distance and observe the following
downhill braking procedures:
- Select a "safe" speed, one that is not too fast for the
weight of the vehicle, length and steepness of the grade,
weather, and road conditions.
- Once a "safe" speed has been reached, apply the brake
hard enough to feel a definite slowdown.
- When speed has been reduced to five mph below the
"safe" speed, release the brakes. [This application should
last for about three seconds.]
- Once speed has increased to the "safe" speed, repeat
the procedure.
For example, if your "safe" speed is 40 mph, you should apply the
brakes once your vehicle speed reaches 40 mph. Your brakes
should be applied hard enough to reduce your speed to 35 mph.
Once your vehicle speed reaches 35 mph, release your brakes.
Repeat this procedure as often as necessary until you have reached
the end of the downgrade. This braking technique is called
"snubbing."
When operating any commercial vehicle, do not ride the clutch, race
the engine, change gears, or coast while driving down the grade. At
the bottom of the grade, be sure to cancel your four-way flashers.
Page 12-5
Not all test routes will contain an area of sufficient grade to test your
skill adequately. Therefore, you may be asked to simulate
(verbally) driving up and down a steep hill. You must be familiar
with the upgrade/downgrade procedures so that you can explain
and/or demonstrate them to the examiner at any time during the
driving test.
Railroad Crossing
Before reaching the crossing, all commercial drivers should:
Decelerate, brake smoothly, and shift gears as necessary.
Look and listen for the presence of trains.
Do not stop, change gears, pass another vehicle, or change lanes

while any part of your vehicle is in the crossing.
If you are driving a bus, a school bus, or a vehicle displaying
placards, you should be prepared to observe the following
procedures at every railroad crossing (unless the crossing is
exempt):
Bridge/Overpass/Sign
As the vehicle approaches a railroad crossing, activate the

four-way flashers.
Stop the vehicle within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from
the nearest rail.
Listen and look in both directions along the track for an

approaching train and for signals indicating the approach of
a train. If operating a bus, you may also be required to open
the window and door prior to crossing tracks.
Keep hands on the steering wheel as the vehicle crosses the

tracks.
Do not stop, change gears, or change lanes while any part

of your vehicle is proceeding across the tracks.
Four-way flashers should be deactivated after the vehicle

crosses the tracks.
Not all driving road test routes will have a railroad crossing.
You may be asked to explain and demonstrate the proper
railroad crossing procedures to the examiner at a simulated
location.
After driving under an overpass, you may be asked to tell the
examiner what the posted clearance or height was. After going over
a bridge, you may be asked to tell the examiner what the posted
weight limit was. If your test route does not have a bridge or
overpass, you may be asked about another traffic sign. When
asked, be prepared to identify and explain to the examiner any
traffic sign which may appear on the route.
Page 12-6
During the driving test you must:
Wear your safety belt.
Obey all traffic signs, signals, and laws.
Complete the test without an accident or moving violation.
You will be scored on your overall performance in the following

general driving behavior categories:
Clutch Usage (for manual transmission)
Always use clutch to shift.
Double-clutch if vehicle is equipped with non-synchronized

transmission.
Do not rev or lug the engine.
Do not ride clutch to control speed, coast with the clutch

depressed, or "pop" the clutch.
Gear Usage (for manual transmission)
Do not grind or clash gears.
Select gear that does not rev or lug engine.
Do not shift in turns and intersections.
Brake Usage
Do not ride or pump brake.
Do not brake harshly.

pressure.
Brake smoothly using steady
Lane Usage
Do not put vehicle over curbs, sidewalks, or lane markings.
Stop behind stop lines, crosswalks, or stop signs.
Complete a turn in the proper lane on a multiple lane road

(vehicle should finish a left turn in the lane directly to the
right of the center line).
Finish a right turn in the right-most (curb) lane.
Move to or remain in right-most lane unless lane is blocked.
Page 12-7
Figure 12-1: CDL On-Road Score Sheet
Page 12-8
Appendix A: Section 10 of the 2004 Model

Commercial Drivers License Manual
Appendix A- 1
S Endorsement Knowledge Exam Study Materials

Attached is Section 10 of the 2004 Model Commercial Drivers License Manual (version 080904). This section
contains all of the federal school bus operational standards.
All of the questions that will appear on the school bus S endorsement written knowledge exam are based on the
information included in Section 10. You should study all the information provided prior to taking the mandatory
knowledge test.
This test is solely based on the federal standards, so answers should be based on the Section 10 study materials
provided. In cases where Massachusetts and federal standards conflict, use the federal standards in your answers.
Please note that the following federal standards included in this section conflict with Massachusetts standards:
Page 10-1 (figure 10-1) The Danger Zones

The federal danger zone in front of and behind a school bus is 12 feet. The Massachusetts danger
zone in front of and behind a school bus is 10 feet.
Page 10-9 (section 10.4.3) Approaching the Crossing

When a school bus is approaching a railroad crossing, federal standards require the operator to
activate hazard lamps approximately 200 feet before the crossing.
Massachusetts standards require the operator to activate hazard lamps approximately 100 feet before the
crossing.
Page 10-9 (section 10.4.3) At the Crossing

When a school bus is stopped at a railroad crossing, federal standards require the operator to
Place the transmission in Park, or if there is no Park shift point, in Neutral and press down on
the service brake or set the parking brakes.
Massachusetts does not require this procedure.
Since the knowledge exam is based on the federal standards, you will need to learn all of the information
in Section 10, even when it conflicts with Massachusetts standards. However, when operating a school
bus in Massachusetts, you must always follow Massachusetts standards.
Appendix A- 2
SECTION 10
SCHOOL BUSES
operating the school bus to obtain maximum viewing

area consistent with the vision requirements of
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard N0. 111,
Mirror Systems. If necessary, have the mirrors
adjusted.
This Section Covers
Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors

Emergency Exit and Evacuation
Railroad-highway Grade Crossings
Student Management
Antilock Braking Systems
Special Safety Situation
School bus drivers must have a commercial drivers

license if they drive a vehicle designed to transport
(seat) 16 or more persons, including the driver.
School bus drivers must have a school bus
endorsement in addition to a passenger
endorsement on their commercial drivers license
(CDL). To get the school bus endorsement, you
must pass a knowledge test on sections 2, 4 and 10
of this manual. (If your school bus has air brakes,
you must also pass a knowledge test on Section 5.)
You must also pass the skills test required for the
class of school bus you drive or intend to drive.
This section does NOT provide information on all the
federal and state requirements needed before you
drive a school bus. You should be thoroughly familiar
with all specific school bus procedures, laws and
regulations in your state and local school district.
10.1 - Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors

10.1.1 - Danger Zones
The danger zone is the area anywhere outside of
the bus where children are in the most danger of
being hit, either by another vehicle or their own bus.
The danger zones extend as much as 30 feet from
the front bumper, 10 feet from the left and right
sides of the bus and 10 feet behind the rear bumper
of the school bus. In addition, the area to the left of
the bus is always considered dangerous because of
passing vehicles. Figure 10.1 illustrates these
danger zones.
Figure 10.1
10.1.3 - Outside Left and Right Side Flat

Mirrors
These mirrors are mounted at the left and right front
corners of the bus at the side or front of the
windshield. They are used to monitor traffic, check
clearances and students on the sides and to the rear
of the bus. There is a blind spot immediately below
and in front of each mirror and directly in back of the
rear bumper. The blind spot behind the bus could
extend up to 400 feet depending on the width of the
bus.
can see:
10.1.2 - Correct Mirror Adjustment

Proper adjustment and use of all mirrors is vital to
the safe operation of the school bus in order to
observe the danger zone around the bus and look
for students, traffic, and other objects in this area.
You should always check each mirror before
200 feet or 4 bus lengths behind the bus.

Along the sides of the bus.
The rear tires touching the ground.
side flat mirrors should be adjusted.
Appendix A- 3
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.2
10.1.4 - Outside Left and Right Side Convex

Mirrors
The convex mirrors are located below the outside flat
mirrors. They are used to monitor the left and right
sides at a wide angle. They provide a view of traffic,
clearances, and students at the side of the bus.
These mirrors present a view of people and objects
distance from the bus.
can see:
The entire side of the bus up to the mirror

mounts.
Front of the rear tires touching the ground.
At least one traffic lane on either side of the bus.
side convex mirrors should be adjusted.
10.1.5 - Outside Left and Right Side Cross

View Mirrors
These mirrors are mounted on both left and right
front corners of the bus. They are used to see the
danger zone area directly in front of the bus that is
not visible by direct vision, and to view the danger
zone areas to the left side and right side of the bus,
including the service door and front wheel areas.
The mirror presents a view of people and objects
distance from the bus. The driver must ensure that
these mirrors are properly adjusted.
can see:
The entire area in front of the bus from the front

bumper at ground level to a point where direct
vision is possible. Direct vision and mirror view
vision should overlap.
The right and left front tires touching the ground.
The area from the front of the bus to the service
door.
These mirrors, along with the convex and flat
mirrors, should be viewed in a logical sequence
to ensure that a child or object is not in any of
the danger zones.
Appendix A- 4
Figures 10.4a and 10.4b illustrate how the left and

right side cross view mirrors should be adjusted.
approved by the school district prior to making the

stop. You should never change the location of a bus
stop without written approval from the appropriate
school district official.
You must use extreme caution when approaching a
school bus stop. You are in a very demanding
situation when entering these areas. It is critical that
you understand and follow all state and local laws
and regulations regarding approaching a school bus
stop. This would involve the proper use of mirrors,
alternating flashing lamps, and when equipped, the
moveable stop signal arm and crossing control arm.
When approaching the stop, you should:
Figure 10.4a
Figure 10.4b
10.1.6 - Overhead Inside Rearview Mirror

This mirror is mounted directly above the windshield
on the drivers side area of the bus. This mirror is
used to monitor passenger activity inside the bus. It
may provide limited visibility directly in back of the
bus if the bus is equipped with a glass-bottomed rear
emergency door. There is a blind spot area directly
behind the drivers seat as well as a large blind spot
area that begins at the rear bumper and could
extend up to 400 feet or more behind the bus. You
must use the exterior side mirrors to monitor traffic
that approaches and enters this area.

can see:
The top of the rear window in the top of the

mirror.
All of the students, including the heads of the
students right behind you.
10.2 - Loading and Unloading

More students are killed while getting on or off a
school bus each year than are killed as passengers
inside of a school bus. As a result, knowing what to
do before, during, and after loading or unloading
students is critical. This section will give you
procedures to help you avoid unsafe conditions
which could result in injuries and fatalities during and
after loading and unloading students.
10.2.1 - Approaching the Stop

Each school district establishes official routes and
official school bus stops. All stops should be
Approach cautiously at a slow rate of speed.

Look for pedestrians, traffic, or other objects
before, during, and after coming to a stop.
Continuously check all mirrors.
If the school bus is so equipped, activate
alternating flashing amber warning lamps before
the school bus stop in accordance with state
law.
Continuously check mirrors to monitor the
danger zones for students, traffic, and other
objects.
Move as far as possible to the right on the
traveled portion of the roadway.
Bring school bus to a full stop with the front
bumper at least 10 feet away from students at
the designated stop. This forces the students to
walk to the bus so you have a better view of
their movements.
Place transmission in Park, or if there is no Park
shift point, in Neutral and set the parking brake
at each stop.
Open service door, if possible, enough to
activate alternating red lamps when traffic is a
safe distance from the school bus.
Make a final check to see that all traffic has
stopped before completely opening the door
and signaling students to approach.
10.2.2 - Loading Procedures
Perform a safe stop as described in subsection

10.2.1.
Students should wait in a designated location
for the school bus, facing the bus as it
approaches.
Students should board the bus only when
signaled by the driver.
Monitor all mirrors continuously.
Count the number of students at the bus stop
and be sure all board the bus. If possible, know
names of students at each stop. If there is a
Appendix A- 5
student missing, ask the other students where

the student is.
Have the students board the school bus slowly,
in single file, and use the handrail. The dome
light should be on while loading in the dark.
Wait until students are seated and facing
forward before moving the bus.
Check all mirrors. Make certain no one is
running to catch the bus.
If you cannot account for a student outside,
secure the bus, take the key, and check around
and underneath the bus.
leave by:
Closing the door.

When it is safe, move the bus to enter traffic


exit.
Check all mirrors.
Count the number of students while unloading
to confirm the location of all students before
pulling away from the stop.
Tell students to exit the bus and walk at least 10
feet away from the side of the bus to a position
where the driver can plainly see all students.
Check all mirrors again. Make sure no students
are around or returning to the bus.
bus, secure the bus, and check around and
underneath the bus.
When it is safe, move the bus, enter the traffic

Additional Procedures for Students That Must

Cross the Roadway
You should understand what students should do
when exiting a school bus and crossing the street in
front of the bus. In addition, the school bus driver
should understand that students might not always
do what they are supposed to do. If a student or
students must cross the roadway, they should follow
these procedures:
Turn off the ignition switch.

Remove key if leaving drivers compartment.
Position yourself to supervise loading as
regulations.
10.2.3 - Unloading Procedures on the Route
Closing the door.

Engaging transmission.
Releasing parking brake.
Note. If you have missed a students unloading

stop, do not back up. Be sure to follow local
procedures.
The loading procedure is essentially the same

wherever you load students, but there are slight
differences. When students are loading at the
school campus, you should:

leave by:
When students reach the edge of the roadway,

they should:
Walk approximately 10 feet away from the

side of the school bus to a position where
you can see them.
Walk to a location at least 10 feet in front of
the right corner of the bumper, but still
remaining away from the front of the school
bus.
Stop at the right edge of the roadway. You
should be able to see the students feet.
Stop and look in all directions, making sure

the roadway is clear and is safe.
Check to see if the red flashing lamps on
the bus are still flashing.
Wait for your signal before crossing the
roadway.
Upon your signal, the students should:
Cross far enough in front of the school bus

to be in your view.
Walk to the left edge of the school bus,
stop, and look again for your signal to
continue to cross the roadway.
Look for traffic in both directions, making
sure roadway is clear.
Appendix A- 6
Proceed across the roadway, continuing to

look in all directions.
Notes:
1. The school bus driver should enforce any state
or local regulations or recommendations concerning
student actions outside the school bus.
2. It is important for the driver to understand that
any hand or other signal that is given to a student
also could be misinterpreted by motorists that are
stopped in the area.
10.2.4 - Unloading Procedures at School

State and local laws and regulations regarding
unloading students at schools, particularly in
situations where such activities take place in the
school parking lot or other location that is off the
traveled roadway, are often different than unloading
along the school bus route. It is important that the
school bus driver understands and obeys state and
local laws and regulations.
The following
procedures are meant to be general guidelines.
When unloading at the school you should follow
these procedures:

Secure the bus by:
Turning off the ignition switch.

key
if
leaving
compartment.
Removing
drivers

exit.
Position yourself to supervise unloading as
regulations.
Have students exit in orderly fashion.
Observe students as they step from bus to see
that all move promptly away from the unloading
area.
Walk through the bus and check for
hiding/sleeping students and items left by
students.
Check all mirrors. Make certain no students are
returning to the bus.
bus and the bus is secure, check around and
underneath the bus.
leave by:
Starting engine.
When it is safe, pull away from the unloading

area.
10.2.5 - Special Dangers of Loading and

Unloading
Dropped or Forgotten Objects. Always focus on
students as they approach the bus and watch for
any who disappear from sight.
Students may drop an object near the bus during
loading and unloading. Stopping to pick up the
object, or returning to pick up the object, may cause
the student to disappear from the drivers sight at a
very dangerous moment.
Students should be told to leave any dropped object
and move to a point of safety out of the danger
zones and attempt to get the drivers attention to
retrieve the object.
Handrail Hang-ups. Students have been injured or
killed when clothing, accessories, or even parts of
their body get caught in the handrail or door as they
exited the bus. You should closely observe all
students exiting the bus to confirm that they are in a
safe location prior to moving the bus.
10.2.6 - Post-trip Inspection

When your route or school activity trip is finished,
you should conduct a post-trip inspection of the bus.
You should walk through the bus and around the
bus looking for the following:
Articles left on the bus.

Sleeping students.
Open windows and doors.
Mechanical/operational problems with the bus,
with special attention to items that are unique to
school buses mirror systems, flashing warning
lamps and stop signal arms.
Damage or vandalism.
Closing the door.

Fastening safety belt.
Appendix A- 7
Any problems or special situations should be

reported immediately to your supervisor or school
authorities.
10.3 - Emergency Exit and Evacuation
An emergency situation can happen to anyone,

anytime, anywhere. It could be a crash, a stalled
school bus on a railroad-highway crossing or in a
high-speed intersection, an electrical fire in the
engine compartment, a medical emergency to a
student on the school bus, etc. Knowing what to do
in an emergencybefore, during and after an
evacuationcan mean the difference between life
and death.
10.3.1 - Planning for Emergencies

Determine Need to Evacuate Bus
The first and most important consideration is for you
to recognize the hazard. If time permits, school bus
drivers should contact their dispatcher to explain the
situation before making a decision to evacuate the
school bus.
As a general rule, student safety and control is best
maintained by keeping students on the bus during
an emergency and/or impending crisis situation, if
so doing does not expose them to unnecessary risk
or injury. Remember, the decision to evacuate the
bus must be a timely one.
A decision to evacuate should include consideration
of the following conditions:
Is there a fire or danger of fire?

Is there a smell of leaking fuel?
Is there a chance the bus could be hit by other
vehicles?
Is the bus in the path of a sighted tornado or
rising waters?
Are there downed power lines?
Would removing students expose them to
speeding traffic, severe weather, or a dangerous
environment such as downed power lines?
Would moving students complicate injuries such
as neck and back injuries and fractures?
Is there a hazardous spill involved? Sometimes,
it may be safer to remain on the bus and not
come in contact with the material.
The bus is stalled on or adjacent to a railroadhighway crossing.

The position of the bus may change and
increase the danger.
There is an imminent danger of collision.
There is a need to quickly evacuate because of
a hazardous materials spill.
10.3.2 - Evacuation Procedures

Be Prepared and Plan Ahead. When possible,
assign two responsible, older student assistants to
each emergency exit. Teach them how to assist the
other students off the bus. Assign another student
assistant to lead the students to a safe place after
evacuation. However, you must recognize that there
may not be older, responsible students on the bus at
the time of the emergency. Therefore, emergency
evacuation procedures must be explained to all
students. This includes ensuring that they know the
location of and operation of the various emergency
exits, and the importance of listening to and following
all instructions given by you.
Some tips to determine a safe place:
A safe place for the students will be at least 100

feet off the road in the direction of oncoming
traffic. This will keep them from being hit by
debris if another vehicle collides with the bus.
Lead students upwind of the bus if fire is
present.
Lead students as far away from railroad tracks
as possible and in the direction of any oncoming
train.
Lead students upwind of the bus at least 300
feet if there is a risk from spilled hazardous
materials.
If the bus is in the direct path of a sighted
tornado and evacuation is ordered, escort
students to a nearby ditch or culvert if shelter in
a building is not readily available, and direct
them to lie face down, hands covering their
head. They should be far enough away so the
bus cannot topple on them. Avoid areas that are
subject to flash floods.
General Procedures. Determine if evacuation is in

the best interest of safety.
Determine the best type of evacuation:
Mandatory Evacuations. The driver must evacuate

the bus when:
The bus is on fire or there is a threat of a fire.
Front, rear or side door evacuation, or some

combination of doors.
Roof or window evacuation.
Secure the bus by:
Appendix A- 8
If time allows, notify dispatch office of evacuation

location, conditions, and type of assistance
needed.
Dangle radio microphone or telephone out of
drivers window for later use, if operable.
If no radio, or radio is inoperable, dispatch a
passing motorist or area resident to call for help.
As a last resort, dispatch two older, responsible
students to go for help.
Order the evacuation.
Evacuate students from the bus.
Placing transmission in Park, or if there is no

shift point, in Neutral.
Setting parking brakes.
Shutting off the engine.
Removing ignition key.
Activating hazard-warning lamps.
10.4.2 - Warning Signs and Devices

Advance Warning Signs. The round, black-onyellow warning sign is placed ahead of a public
railroad-highway crossing. The advance warning
sign tells you to slow down, look and listen for the
train, and be prepared to stop at the tracks if a train
is coming. See Figure 10.5.
Do not move a student you believe may

have suffered a neck or spinal injury unless
his or her life is in immediate danger.
Special procedures must be used to move
neck spinal injury victims to prevent further
injury.
Direct a student assistant to lead students to the

nearest safe place.
Walk through the bus to ensure no students
remain on the bus.
Retrieve emergency
equipment.
Join waiting students. Account for all students
and check for their safety.
Protect the scene. Set out emergency warning
devices as necessary and appropriate.
Prepare information for emergency responders.
10.4 - Railroad-highway Crossings

10.4.1 - Types of Crossings
Passive Crossings. This type of crossing does
not have any type of traffic control device. You
must stop at these crossings and follow proper
procedures. However, the decision to proceed
rests entirely in your hands. Passive crossings
require you to recognize the crossing, search for
any train using the tracks and decide if there is
sufficient clear space to cross safely. Passive
crossings have yellow circular advance warning
signs, pavement markings and crossbucks to
assist you in recognizing a crossing.
Figure 10.5
Pavement Markings. Pavement markings mean
the same as the advance warning sign. They
consist of an X with the letters RR and a nopassing marking on two-lane roads. See Figure
10.6.
There is also a no passing zone sign on two-lane
roads. There may be a white stop line painted on
the pavement before the railroad tracks. The front
of the school bus must remain behind this line while
stopped at the crossing.
Active Crossings. This type of crossing has a

traffic control device installed at the crossing to
regulate traffic. These active devices can include
flashing red lights, flashing red lights with bells and
flashing red lights with bells and gates.
Appendix A- 9
Figure 10.6
Crossbuck Signs. This sign marks a passive
crossing. It requires you to yield the right-of-way to
the train. When the road crosses over more than
one set of tracks, a sign below the crossbuck
indicates the number of tracks. See Figure 10.7.
Figure 10.7
Flashing Red Light Signals. At many active

highway-rail grade crossings, the crossbuck sign
has flashing red lights and bells. When the lights
begin to flash, stop! A train is approaching. You
are required to yield the right-of-way to the train. If
there is more than one track, make sure all tracks
are clear before crossing. See Figure 10.8.
Gates. Many active railroad-highway crossings
have gates with flashing red lights and bells. Stop
when the lights begin to flash and before the gate
lowers across the road lane. Remain stopped until
the gates go up and the lights have stopped
flashing. Proceed when it is safe. If the gate stays
down after the train passes, do not drive around the
gate. Instead, contact your dispatcher. See Figure
10.8.
Figure 10.8
10.4.3 - Recommended Procedures

Each state has laws and regulations governing how
school buses must operate at railroad-highway
crossings. It is important for you to understand and
obey these state laws and regulations. In general,
school buses must stop at all crossings, and ensure
Appendix A- 10
it is safe before proceeding across the tracks. The

specific procedures required in each state vary.
A school bus is one of the safest vehicles on the
highway. However, a school bus does not have
the slightest edge when involved in a crash with a
train. Because of a trains size and weight it cannot
stop quickly. An emergency escape route does not
exist for a train. You can prevent school bus/train
crashes by following these recommended
procedures.
Approaching the Crossing:
At the Crossing:
Slow down, including shifting to a lower

gear in a manual transmission bus, and
test your brakes.
Activate hazard lamps approximately 200
feet before the crossing. Make sure your
intentions are known.
Scan your surroundings and check for
traffic behind you.
Stay to the right of the roadway if possible.
Choose an escape route in the event of a
brake failure or problems behind you.
Stop no closer than 15 feet and no farther

than 50 feet from the nearest rail, where
you have the best view of the tracks.
Place the transmission in Park, or if there
is no Park shift point, in Neutral and press
down on the service brake or set the
parking brakes.
Turn off all radios and noisy equipment,
and silence the passengers.
Open the service door and drivers
window.
Look and listen for an
approaching train.
Crossing the Track:
Check the crossing signals again before

proceeding.
At a multiple-track crossing, stop only
before the first set of tracks. When you
are sure no train is approaching on any
track, proceed across all of the tracks until
you have completely cleared them.
Cross the tracks in a low gear. Do not
change gears while crossing.
If the gate comes down after you have
started across, drive through it even if it
means you will break the gate.
10.4.4 - Special Situations

Bus Stalls or Trapped on Tracks. If your bus
stalls or is trapped on the tracks, get everyone out
of the bus and off the tracks immediately. Move
everyone far from the bus at an angle, which is
both away from the tracks and toward the train.
Police Officer at the Crossing. If a police officer
is at the crossing, obey directions. If there is no
police officer, and you believe the signal is
malfunctioning, contact your dispatcher to report
the situation and ask for instructions on how to
proceed.
Obstructed View of Tracks. Plan your route so it
provides maximum sight distance at highway-rail
grade crossings. Do not attempt to cross the
tracks unless you can see far enough down the
track to know for certain that no trains are
approaching. Be especially careful at passive
crossings. Even if there are active railroad signals
that indicate the tracks are clear, you must look
and listen to be sure it is safe to proceed.
Containment or Storage Areas. If it wont fit,
dont commit! Know the length of your bus and the
size of the containment area at highway-rail
crossings on the school bus route, as well as any
crossing you encounter in the course of a school
activity trip. When approaching a crossing with a
signal or stop sign on the opposite side, pay
attention to the amount of room there. Be certain
the bus has enough containment or storage area
to completely clear the railroad tracks on the other
side if there is a need to stop. As a general rule,
add 15 feet to the length of the school bus to
determine an acceptable amount of containment or
storage area.
10.5 - Student Management

10.5.1 - Dont Deal With On-bus Problems
When Loading and Unloading
In order to get students to and from school safely
and on time, you need to be able to concentrate on
the driving task.
Loading and unloading requires all your
concentration. Dont take your eyes off what is
happening outside the bus.
If there is a behavior problem on the bus, wait until
the students unloading are safely off the bus and
have moved away. If necessary, pull the bus over
to handle the problem.
Appendix A- 11
10.5.2 - Handling Serious Problems

Tips on handling serious problems:
Follow your schools procedures for discipline

or refusal of rights to ride the bus.
Stop the bus. Park in a safe location off the
road, perhaps a parking lot or a driveway.
Secure the bus. Take the ignition key with you
if you leave your seat.
Stand up and speak respectfully to the
offender or offenders. Speak in a courteous
manner with a firm voice. Remind the offender
of the expected behavior. Do not show anger,
but do show that you mean business.
If a change of seating is needed, request that
the student move to a seat near you.
Never put a student off the bus except at
school or at his or her designated school bus
stop. If you feel that the offense is serious
enough that you cannot safely drive the bus,
calling for a school administrator or the police
to come and remove the student may be
appropriate. Always follow you state or local
procedures for requesting assistance.
10.6 Antilock Braking Systems

10.6.1 - Vehicles Required to have Antilock
Braking Systems
The Department of Transportation requires that
antilock braking systems be on:
Air brakes vehicles, (trucks, buses, trailers and

converter dollies) built on or after March 1,
1998.
Hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a
gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lbs or
more built on or after March 1, 1999.
Many buses built before these dates have been

voluntarily equipped with ABS.
ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up and maintain

control. You may or may not be able to stop faster
with ABS, but you should be able to steer around
an obstacle while braking, and avoid skids caused
by over braking.
10.6.3 - Braking With ABS

When you drive a vehicle with ABS, you should
brake as you always have. In other words:
Use only the braking force necessary to stop

safely and stay in control.
Brake the same way, regardless of whether
you have ABS on the bus. However, in
emergency braking, do not pump the brakes
on a bus with ABS.
As you slow down, monitor your bus and back
off the brakes (if it is safe to do so) to stay in
control.
10.6.4 - Braking if ABS is Not Working

Without ABS, you still have normal brake functions.
Drive and brake as you always have.
Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps
to tell you if something is not working. The yellow
ABS malfunction lamp is on the buss instrument
panel.
As a system check on newer vehicles, the
malfunction lamp comes on at start-up for a bulb
check and then goes out quickly.
On older
systems, the lamp could stay on until you are
driving over five mph.
If the lamp stays on after the bulb check, or goes
on once you are under way, you may have lost
ABS control at one or more wheels.
Remember, if your ABS malfunctions, you still
have regular brakes. Drive normally, but get the
system serviced soon.
Your school bus will have a yellow ABS

malfunction lamp on the instrument panel if it is
equipped with ABS.
10.6.2 - How ABS Helps You

When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a
vehicle without ABS, your wheels may lock up.
When your steering wheels lock up, you lose
steering control. When your other wheels lock up,
you may skid or even spin the vehicle.
Appendix A- 12
10.6.5 - Safety Reminders
ABS does not compensate for bad driving

habits, such as driving too fast, following too
closely, or driving less carefully.
ABS wont prevent power or turning skidsABS
should prevent brake-induced skids but not
those caused by spinning the drive wheels or
going too fast in a turn.
ABS wont necessarily shorten stopping
distance.
ABS will help maintain vehicle
control, but not always shorten stopping
distance.
ABS wont increase or decrease ultimate
stopping powerABS is an add-on to your
normal brakes, not a replacement for them.
ABS wont change the way you normally
brake. Under normal brake conditions, your
vehicle will stop as it always stopped. ABS
only comes into play when a wheel would
normally have locked up because of over
braking.
ABS wont compensate for bad brakes or poor
brake maintenance.
Remember: The best vehicle safety feature is
still a safe driver.
Remember: Drive so you never need to use
your ABS.
Remember: If you need it, ABS could help to
prevent a serious crash.
10.7.3 - Backing
Backing a school bus is strongly discouraged. You
should back your bus only when you have no other
safe way to move the vehicle. You should never
back a school bus when students are outside of
the bus. Backing is dangerous and increases your
risk of a collision.
If you have no choice and you must back your bus,
follow these procedures:
10.7.1 - Strobe Lights
10.7.2 - Driving in High Winds
Post a lookout, preferably inside the school bus

looking out the rear window. The purpose of
the lookout is to warn you about obstacles,
approaching persons, and other vehicles. The
lookout should not give directions on how to
back the bus.
Signal for quiet on the bus.
Constantly check all mirrors and rear windows.
Back slowly and smoothly.
If no lookout is available:
10.7 - Special Safety Considerations
Some school buses are equipped with roofmounted, white strobe lights. If your bus is so
equipped, the overhead strobe light should be
used when you have limited visibility. This means
that you cannot easily see around you in front,
behind, or beside the school bus. Your visibility
could be only slightly limited or it could be so bad
that you can see nothing at all. In all instances,
understand and obey your state or local
regulations concerning the use of these lights.
Keep a strong grip on the steering wheel. Try to

anticipate gusts.
You should slow down to lessen the effect of
the wind, or pull off the roadway and wait.
Contact your dispatcher to get more information
on how to proceed.
Set the parking brake.

Turn off the motor and take the keys with
you.
Walk to the rear of the bus to determine
whether the way is clear.
If you must back-up at a student pick-up point,
be sure to pick up students before backing and
watch for late comers at all times.
Be sure that all students are in the bus before
backing.
If you must back-up at a student drop-off point,
be sure to unload students after backing.
10.7.4 Tail Swing

A school bus can have up to a three-foot tail swing.
You need to check your mirrors before and during
any turning movements to monitor the tail swing.
Strong winds affect the handling of the school bus!

The side of a school bus acts like a sail on a
sailboat. Strong winds can push the school bus
sideways. They can even move the school bus off
the road or, in extreme conditions, tip it over.
If you are caught in strong winds:
Appendix A- 13
Section 10
Test Your Knowledge
1. Define the danger zone. How far does the
danger zone extend around the bus?
2. What should you be able to see if the outside
flat mirrors are adjusted properly? The outside
convex mirrors? The cross view mirrors?
3. You are loading students along the route.
When should you activate your alternating
flashing amber warning lamps?
4. You are unloading students along your route.
Where should students walk to after exiting the
bus?
5. After unloading at school, why should you walk
through the bus?
6. What position should students be in front of the
bus before they cross the roadway?
7. Under what conditions must you evacuate the
bus?
8. How far from the nearest rail should you stop at
a highway-rail crossing?
9. What is a passive highway-rail crossing? Why
should you be extra cautious at this type of
crossing?
10. How should you use your brakes if your
vehicle is equipped with antilock brakes
(ABS)?
If you cant answer these questions, re-read Section
10.
Appendix A- 14

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Preface: Massachusetts CDL Information

A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more persons (including the operator).

Any size vehicle which requires hazardous materials placards.

CDL Eligibility Requirements

MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE CLASSIFICATION

YOU MAY DRIVE

Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of

Examples include, but are not limited to:

Passenger Transport Vehicles

Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or

Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles,

Beginning the CDL Application Process

If You Apply for a CDL as Your First License

Questions About CDL

The CDL Application

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts

CDL ROAD TEST

To book a road test, call 857-368-8000

Have a current driver's license, if you are seeking additional endorsements.

Have a valid Department of Transportation (DOT) medical card or medical waiver.*

Have a valid registration and current inspection sticker.

Out-of-state Registered vehicles, trailers, and semi trailers

The CDL Skills Test has three parts:

Parallel parking (conventional)

Canceled Road Tests

Directions to CDL Road Test Sites

Dartmouth DPW (1111)

Everett MBTA Repair Station (1167)

Newbury DPW (1109)

Otis AFB (1154)

South Deerfield (1106)

Sterling DPW (1157)

Stoughton DPW (1163)

Sturbridge DPW (1161)

Motor Bus/School Bus License

Motor Bus Requirements

School Bus Requirements

Have three (3) continuous years of driving experience

STUDY MATERIALS FOR FULL-SIZED SCHOOL BUS WRITTEN EXAM

Converting an Out-of State CDL

Has not had more than one license;

An applicant must provide evidence and certify that:

He/she is regularly employed in a job requiring operation of a CMV; and

The following documentation must be provided for waiver consideration:

Current out-of-state Commercial Driver's License

Hazardous Materials Endorsement

Applying for or Adding a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

Complete a CDL Application.

Return to an RMV branch office.

Renewing a Hazardous Materials Endorsement

Go to an RMV branch office.

Transferring a Hazardous Materials Endorsement from Out-of-State

DOT Medical Cards

directory or search engine.

Obtaining a CDL is not Easy. Losing it is.

If you use a CMV or a motor vehicle in the commission of a felony.

If you cause a fatality through the negligent operation of a CMV.

Serious Traffic Violations

Serious traffic violations consist of the following:

Excessive speeding (15 mph or more above posted limit)

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