Reservoir characterisation PETR3512 Rock properties.

Overview

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Properties and characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

Dr Elena Pasternak

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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
INTRODUCTION MINERALOGY AND GRAIN SIZE WHOLE ROCK
Porosity and permeability Acoustic Properties Electrical Properties Radioactive Properties Magnetic Properties Mechanical Properties Characterisation of Matrix Composition Pore Geometry Wettability Capillary Pressure Isopore Throat Concepts
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POROSITY, GRAIN SURFACES & PORE THROATS

Dr Elena Pasternak

Mineralogy and grain size of reservoir and seal rocks

The most common minerals in reservoir rocks are quartz and calcite, while clays make up the major part of seals. Trace minerals are often present as individual grains or as a cement. Grain size is related to the properties of the minerals as well as the energy in the environment of deposition. Grain size and sorting can vary considerably; however reservoir quality tends to reduce with reducing grain size. Accordingly, very fine grained rocks tend to have sealing properties.
Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 4

Dr Elena Pasternak

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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS

Rock mainly composed of quartz with some feldspar (often altered) a few biotites and chlorites. Source : http://users.skynet.be/jm-derochette/sedimentary_rocks/
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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS

Quartz crystals surrounded by micas in a clay cement? Source: http://users.skynet.be/jm-derochette/sedimentary_rocks/

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PROPERTIES OF ROCKS

Limestone containing skeletal material of small organisms. Source: http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/

Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 8

PROPERTIES OF ROCKS

Shale. The fine grains are clays with organic material. The larger grains are quartz. Source: http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/
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Rock grain structure

Marble

Conglomerate
(from W.K. Hamblin, E.H. Christainsen, Earths dynamic systems, 1995)

Quartzite
Dr Elena Pasternak

(from B. Skinner, S.C. Porter, The dynamic Earth, 1995)

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Sandstones
A B 5um

http://webmineral.com/data/

http://webmineral.com/data/

Examples of clay minerals in sandstones. (A) Kaolinite, (B) Smectite, (C) Chlorite, (D) Illite
Brahmaputra River

Source: Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 11

More sandstones
E F

USGS Website USGS Website Brahmaputra River

Examples of clay minerals in sandstones. (E) Kaolinite and Illite-smectite mixture (F) Glauconite (compacted grains). Glauconite- Affects Log Readings Significantly High Gamma-ray
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Quartz
The Effects of Burial on Reservoir Rocks: Quartz overgrowths

Zone A is characterised by zoning. Zone B is a zone of zero solutions(i.e., no indexing, which makes it likely that this area is SiO2Brahmaputra River but not quartz). Zone C is characterised by small, euhedral quartz crystal outgrowths. Zone D is porosity, filled with epoxy resin

Source: USGS website and Haddad et al. Liverpool University Dr Elena Pasternak Slide 13

Solid bodies and their behaviour under loading (examples)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Folding and kinking at micro level

(from L. Dengler, 1976. Microcracks in crystalline rocks. In: Electron microscopy in mineralogy, 1992)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Rock mass folding

(from D. Powell, Interpretation of geological structures through maps, 1992)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Solid bodies and their behaviour under loading (examples)

Solid Earth Rock mass folding

Courtesy ACcESS Courtesy Hans Mhlhaus

Dr Elena Pasternak

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The microstructure of steel, showing large grains. This is a slice through one thread of a well-annealed nut. The nut came from a fireplace grate or andiron, so it was exposed to a lot of heat before being sliced in half and polished and prepared as a sample.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Microstructure_steel_annealed_nut.jpg
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The microstructure of unaffected A36 steel: (a-left) white-ferrite, dark-pearlite and (b-right) pearlite region. Pearlite forms in bands due to manganese segregation and prior hot working. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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Eutectic formation (iron oxideiron sulfide), etched 4% natal.

An EDX Analysis of eutectic region.

http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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Severely eroded I beam cross sections, nominal composition (%) of A36 steel plate is: (0.29C max, 0.80 1.2Mn, 0.04P, 0.05S, 0.15 0.3Si bal Fe)

Oxidation and intergranular melting; unetched

http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Biederman/Biederman-0112.html
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Underlying structure
http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/materialsylvania/GalleryMatSci.htm

the microstructure of annealed brass as it is tensile tested.

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Luders lines (bands) in steel

http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/materialsylvania/GalleryMatSci.htm

Luders bands forming during the initial phases of a tensile test.

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Foam structures
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/sci87.html

Conventional open cell polymer foam. Scale mark: 2 mm.

Dr Elena Pasternak

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SWNT tested
http://www.matsci.ucdavis.edu/MatSciLT/materialsylvania/GalleryMatSci.htm

Single-walled carbon nanotubes imaged using a scanning electron microscope.

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Why did we have irrelevant microstructures here?

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Microstructure affects the quality of reservoir!!!

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

pressure and temperature at depth
Pressure increases with depth Temperature increases with depth

PRESSURE (vertical):
the pressure on the fluid in the reservoir rock pores depends on the overburden height and type:
Overburden is a weight of what is above you when you are underground

P ( z ) = gz

2 extremes: If overburden is a column of water (totally supporting rock matrix) Pressure gradient is 10MPa/km (hydrostatic pressure) overburden is a column of rock Pressure gradient is 27MPa/km (geostatic pressure)
Dr Elena Pasternak

Pressure Gradient =

P = g z

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Characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

Pressure increases with depth

10 MPa/km
(hydrostatic limit)

27 MPa/km
(geostatic limit)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

Temperature increases with depth

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

pressure and temperature at depth
Pressure increases with depth Temperature increases with depth

TEMPERATURE:
Average temperature gradient is 30C/km Ranges from 20 C/km to 80 C/km, depending on local heat fluxes, and thermal conductivities of rocks

Whats the source of the heat?

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Characteristics of North West Shelf

Reservoir P ~ 35 MPa Reservoir T ~ 110C Depth z ~ 3.5 km Pressure gradient of 10MPa/km

hydrostatic regime

Temperature gradient of ~ 25 C/km

normal hotness

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Temperature gradients examples!

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Hot Dry Rock Reserves in the US

Clean geothermal energy

http://qvack.lanl.gov/HDR/barhdr.html
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Concept

http://qvack.lanl.gov/HOTDRYROCK.HTML

World HDR energy resource is 30 times of fossil energy resource Accessible: < 10 km Site determination Location Depth/temperature Reservoir development Porous rock Hydraulic fracture

Dr Elena Pasternak

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HDR in Australia
http://www.petrol.unsw.edu.au/research/resource.html

Resource: 7,500 years of the current energy consumption in Australia Over 80 % of the resource is in the Eromanga Basin (in the north-eastern corner of South Australia and the south-western corner of Queensland
School of Petroleum Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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HDR Process

Queensland

http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/mines/m7.pdf
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Stresses are not hydrostatic!

Hydrostatic (a) if overburden is a column of water (vertical pressure) (b) if they are the same in all directions (rock mass is similar to a liquid)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Borehole breakouts 1
Dyskin (2007)

Dog earing

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Borehole breakouts 2
Dyskin (2007)
Maximum principal stress Breakout

angle

depth
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Borehole breakouts
3 m diameter drift at 420 m level in the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Canada

http://www.hydrofrac.com/hfb_home.html
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Shapes of borehole breakouts

http://www.itascacg.com/petro_borehole.html

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

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Borehole breakouts 2
http://earthquakes.ou.edu/RaSim6_Hiroshi_Poster.pdf

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

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Underground Research Laboratory

http://inisjp.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/ACT95E/4/4-10.HTM

Whiteshell Laboratories, Eastern Manitoba, Canada Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, 19901993

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

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URL Experiment

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

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Observed Fractures

(After Read and Martin, 1996)

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Original (Virgin) Stress State

Gravitational stress Tectonic stress Residual stress
Surface topography Erosion Non-Homogeneity Discontinuities
influence the stress state serve as indicators of the existing stress state

Dyskin (2007)

Factors influencing the stress state

Time Presence of other mines and excavations

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Gravitational Stress
Dyskin (2007)
v , h v ~ h
Shear stresses are neglected

Weight of overburden

Heims hypothesis h v h=K v

Terzaghi: Rock mass is modelled as an

isotropic elastic body with lateral constrain ( is Poissons ratio)

K=

, 0 K 1 1
p ~ h
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Hydrostatic hypothesis
( is the average rock unit weight)
=g self-weight
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Australia Stress Map Dyskin (2007)

http://www.asprg.adelaide.edu.au/asm/maps.html
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Dyskin (2007)

Dependence of depth

Brown and Windsor (1990)

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Dependence of depth - 2
Dyskin (2007)

Brown and Windsor (1990)

Dr Elena Pasternak

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Injection Induced Earthquakes

(after Hsieh and Bredehoeft et al., 1981)

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

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Petroleum Induced Seismicity

Segall (1989)

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Gazli Gas Field, Uzbekistan

Shallow gas reservoir (2 km) No prior seismic history The strongest reported earthquake correlated to gas production (M = 7+) No noticeable subsidence Pressure decline from 7 MPa in 1956 to 1.5 MPa in 1985 Deep locations of induced earthquakes ( 1015 km)

8/7/2008 Dr Elena Pasternak

A. Dyskin

Simpson and Leith (1985)

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Rocks and Rock Masses

Intact rock
(no through-going fractures)

Discontinuities (fractures)
Dislocations Microcracks (microfissures) Cracks (fissures) Joints Bedding planes Faults

Direct measuring of fundamental properties Index testing as a comparative measure of rock quality

Important Factors
Rock structure In situ stress Fluid flow in the rock mass
Dr Elena Pasternak

Rock Mass

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Specific gravity rock/ water = 2.1 - 7.6 Porosity (0.1% - 40%) Permeability (low) Thermal properties (low thermal conductivity) Friction Strength
Uniaxial (unconfined) compressive strength Tensile strength Parameters of strength (fracture) criteria for triaxal compression Point load index

Rock Properties

Deformability
Static moduli Dynamic moduli
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Characteristics of reservoirs & rocks

types of rock
traps made up of porous rock (containing hydrocarbon fluid) and sealed by non porous/impermeable shales. Porous rock:
Sandstones (90% of reservoirs) Carbonates

porosity & permeability are the key rock characteristics others are mechanical strength, degree of consolidation, distribution of particle & pore sizes, etc
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Mechanical properties of rocks

Knowledge of the mechanical properties of rocks is important in formation evaluation, drilling, development planning and production. These properties include the inelastic properties such as fracture pressure gradient and formation strength as well as the elastic properties such as Youngs modulus, shear modulus, Poissons ratio and bulk pore compressibility. Estimation of these properties requires lithology, porosity, bulk density, together with compressional and shear wave slowness as log data input. These properties are useful in borehole stability analysis, sand production prediction, hydraulic fracture design and optimization, compaction/subsidence studies drill bit selection, casing point selection and casing design and other applications

Dr Elena Pasternak

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