Multi criiteria analysis using GIS for ground water resource evaluation in Rawasen and Pili Watershed, U.P.

Sandeep Goyal*, R.S.Bharadwaj*, D.K.Jugran** * Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Bhopal, M.P. ** Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun

Groundwater exploration is based upon terrain characteristic alongwith lithology, landuse and other parameters. These thematic information generated through remote sensing technique can be integrated in GIS for evaluation of groundwater resources. In order to achieve the objective it is essential to systematically organise the database and check out every possibility of interthematic and interclass dependencies and variability operating in nature. In the present study an attempt has been made to use Multi Criteria Evaluation technique to evaluate the interclass and intermap dependencies for ground water resource evaluation in Rawasen and Pili river watershed, which are tributaries of Ganga. The individual class weights and map scores were determined through this technique. These weights were applied in linear summation equation to obtain a unified weight map containing due weights of all input variables, which was further reclassified to arrive at groundwater potential zone map. After air, water is indispensable for mankind. Groundwater is one of the prime sources of fresh water. Its exploration and evaluation depends on various methods and criteria, geology, geomorphology, slope etc. are the governing factors for the development of groundwater regime. The information on the above can be acquired and integrated through various techniques. In the present study an attempt has been made to use remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria analysis of decision support for evaluation of groundwater in watersheds of Rawasen and Pili rivers which are the tributaries of Ganga. Study Area Rawasen and Pili watershed is located in lesser Himalayas with the Ganga River as the western boundary and it lies between Haridwar and Kotdwara towns. Garhwal hills form the northern boundary and the alluvial fans of river Rawasen and Pili constitute the southern part. The watershed lies between 29 45 48" to 30 00 04" north latitudes and 78 10 24" to 78 29 34" east longitudes and cover an area of approx. 500 sq. km. Administratively the study area falls in Pauri-Garhwal and Haridwar districts of U.P. Climate of the area is sub-tropical to temperate, which is generally controlled by the altitude and slope aspects. The southern facing slopes exposed to sun are warmer than northern slopes. The average annual rainfall is 1400 mm. In winter months the temperature ranges from 1.2 C to 12 C. Physiographically area can be divided into two major units i.e. hilly region of lesser Himalayas and alluvial fans of Rawasen and Pili rivers. Material Used The material used for the purpose of the above area comprises of Survey of India toposheet on 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 scales respectively covering sheets 53 J/8, K/1 & K/5. Aerial photographs on 1:60,000 scale numbering OC/960/51-7 to 11 and no. OC/960/52-5 to 30 and satellite images IRS-1B LISS II FCC Geocoded 53 J/8, K/1 and 53 K/5 were visually interpreted. Digital data on CD-ROM, IRS-1C LISS III BIL format 4 bands, band 2,3,4,5 path 97, row 50 dated 11.2.98 was also used. Decision support system for multi-criteria analysis software DEFINITE and ILWIS GIS software version 2.1 were used for analysis purpose. Auxiliary data such as rainfall data from north division Ganga Canal, Haridwar, UP and tube-well data, hand pump data from UP Jal Nigam, Haridwar and Meerut were incorporated for meaningful analysis. Methodology The groundwater exploration in the study area involved thematic map generation and their integration through GIS. Geology, Landuse, Geomorphology and Lineament maps were derived from interpretation of Satellite Images and Aerial Photographs supported by selective ground truth verification. Drainage map was prepared using Survey of India toposheet on 1:50,000 scale.

Slope map was obtained by creating DEM after interpolation of spot height and contour in GIS. For integration all the maps were converted into digital format in the GIS. Prior to integration of different information, individual class weights and map scores were assessed based on Sattys Analytic Hierarchy Process. In this method a pairwise comparison matrix was prepared for each map using Sattys nine point importance scale and this matrix was solved using Eigon Vector method. In this method the basic input is the pair wise comparison matrix "A" of order nxn constructed based on Sattys scaling ratios. A = [ aij ] where i,j = 1,2,3 .n The matrix "A" has generally the property of reciprocity and also the consistency. This is explained as Aij = 1/aji Mathematically the equation of matrix can be defined as (A - Il ) x = 0 I = Identity matrix of order of n x n l = Eigon value x = Eigon vector This resulted in individual class weights. The map scores were also calculated by same method. These weights were multiplied with map scores and applied to linear summation equation (proposed by Voogd 1983) S = S wi xi S = weighted map wi = weight of individual class xi = map scores This resulted in a unified weight map containing due weights of all input variables. The weight values ranged from 1.58 to 29.072. This map was further logically classified to arrive at groundwater potential zone map. Results & Discussions The main factors responsible for groundwater resource development are geology, geomorphology, landuse/landcover, slope, lineaments etc. Geologically the area is characterised by distinct rock types showing structural and stratigraphic controls. These rocks are quartzites, phyllites and schists of Garhwal and Tal group, red shales of Subathus, sandstone and shales of Siwaliks and Recent Alluviums. Alluviums, middle and Upper Siwalik sandstone and Garhwal quartzites are supporting good groundwater regime (Fig. 1). Geomorphology is one of the main controlling factor of groundwater. Genetically the landforms of the study area were divided in three parts i.e. Fluvial origin, Denudational origin and Structural origin (Fig. 2). The landforms such as flood plain, alluvial fan, fan terrace are supporting good groundwater condition. The landuse refers to the main activities and human intervention and are carried on land. Two level of classification was done in area by visual interpretation of satellite data of two seasons i.e. April and November (Fig. 3). The maximum area was occupied by dense forest followed by agricultural land. Slope map is generated from the contours and spot heights taken from the SOI toposheet consist of five classes from gentle to very steep slope (Fig. 4). Gentle, moderately gentle and moderate slopes are supporting favourable conditions. The drainage system of an area gives important clues of the subsurface conditions, which helps in deciphering groundwater conditions of that area. The common drainage patterns observed in

the study area are parallel to sub-parallel and dendritic. Parallel to sub-parallel pattern is dominant in siwalik group of rocks, whereas in garhwal group of rocks mainly dendritic to subdendritic pattern is found (Fig. 5). Water divide zones were delineated with the help of drainage map because they are the zones where no percolation of water takes place and are not suitable for groundwater storage (Fig. 6). Lineament plays vital role in the development of groundwater regime. Lineaments were mapped from aerial photographs and satellite images. IRS LISS III-B AND 3 digital data is also used to delineate the lineaments by applying 5 x 5 predefined directional filter. Which has enhanced the edge and helped in updating the lineament map. These lineaments were classified in four classes i.e. major, minor, fault and thrust depending upon their nature and extent. Fault and thrust were not considered in the study because of non-availability of any ground data to assess their behaviour. Major and minor lineaments were considered in study and buffer zones of 75m and 150m for major and 50 m and 100 m for minor lineaments are taken for study (Fig. 7). Criteria Weights and Map Scores To determine the relative importance or weights of each individual class with another in each thematic map six importance matrices were prepared by pairwise comparison on Sattys importance scale. These matrices have the property of consistency known as consistency ratios (CR). Satty indicates that the matrices with CR ratings greater than 0.1 should be re-evaluated. This way it helps to analyse the matrix to determine the inconsistency in defining the interrelationships. The above method was applied to the six matrices to evaluate the individual class weights. These weights were normalised by multiplying with 100 to avoid complexities of computation. The importance matrices and their weights are as follows: GEOLOGY MAP ALLU LGMM LTAL UTAL LSIVA MSIVA USIVA SUB WEIGHT ALLU 1.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 7 0.460 LGMM 1/7 1.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.30 2 0.093 LTAL 1/7 1/3 1.00 1.00 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/2 0.038 UTAL 1/7 1/3 1.00 1.00 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/2 0.038 LSIVA 1/7 1/2 2.00 2.00 1.00 1/20 1/3 2 0.064 MSIVA 1/7 1.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 3 0.112 USIVA 1/7 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 2 0.144 SUB 1/7 1/2 2.00 2.00 1/2 1/3 1/3 1 0.052

CR = 0.034 ALLU = Alluviums LGMM = Garhwal Quartizite and Phyllite LTAL = Lower Tal Quartizite and Phyllite UTAL = Upper Tal Quartizite LSIVA = Lower Siwalik sandstone MSIVA = Middle Siwalik Sandstone USIVA = Upper Siwalik sandstone SUB = Subathu shale SLOPE MAP GENTLE MOD. GENTLE MODE RATE STEEP VERY STEEP WEIGHT GENTLE 1.00 1.00 3.00 5.00 7.00 0.377 MOD. GENTLE 1.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 0.341 MODERATE 1/3 1/3 1.00 2.00 4.00 0.146 STEEP 1/5 1/4 1/2 1.00 3.00 0.090 VERY STEEP 1/7 1/5 1/4 1/3 2.00 0.046

CR = 0.026 GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP FP 1.00 1/2 1.00 1/8 1/7 1/4 1/3 UAF 2.00 1.00 1.00 1/8 1/7 1/3 1/2 LAF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1/8 1/7 1/4 1/3 HILL 8.00 8.00 8.00 1.00 3.00 6.00 7.00 DS 7.00 7.00 7.00 1/31 1.00 5.00 6.00 UFT 4.00 3.00 4.00 1/6 1/5 1.00 2.00 LFT 3.00 2.00 3.00 1/7 1/6 1/2 1.00 weight 0.297 0.204 0.251 0.021 0.032 0.087 0.125

FP UAF LAF HILL DS UFT LFT

CR = 0.044 FP = Flood Plain UAF = Upper Alluvial Fan LAF = Lower Alluvial Fan HILL = All types of hill DS = Denudational/Dissected slope UFT = Upper Fan Terrace LFT = Lower Fan Terrace

LANDUSE MAP AGRI 1.00 1/31 1/50 1.00 1/20 1/50 1/50 DF 3.00 1.00 1/20 3.00 2.00 1/20 1/20 DF1 5.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 GL 1.00 1/31 1/31 1.00 1/31 1/31 1/31 BL 2.00 1/20 1/20 3.00 1.00 1/20 1/20 OF 5.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 SC 5.00 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 WEIGHT 0.299 0.106 0.065 0.263 0.137 0.065 0.065

AGRI DF DF1 GL BL OF SC

CR = 0.015 AGRI = Agricultural Land GL = Grass Land DF = Dense forest BL = Barren land DF1 = Degraded forest SC = Scrub Land OF = Open Forest

LINEAMENT BUFFER MAP MAJOR MAJOR 1 (75m) (150m) MAJOR (75m) 1.00 2.00 MAJOR 1 1/2 1.00 (150m) MINOR (50m) 1/3 1.00 MINOR 1 1/5 1/3

MINOR (50m) 3.00 1.00 1.00 1/3

MINOR 1 (100m) 5.00 5.00 3.00 1.00

WEIGHT 0.486 0.227 0.207 0.080

(100m)

CR = 0.011

WATER DIVIDE ZONE MAP WATER DIVIDE ZONE NO WATER DIVIDE ZONE WEIGHT WATER DIVIDE ZONE 1.00 1/9 1.00 0.1 0.9 NO WATER DIVIDE ZONE 9.00

CR = 0.032 Same process was also applied to define the map scores. The matrix and weight is as follows : ALL THEMATIC LAYERS GEOM GEOL LIN LUSE SLOPE WDface WEIGHT =Arial size=2 5.00 9.00 0.486 2.00 9.00 0.188 3.00 9.00 0.156 1.00 9.00 0.069 1.00 9.00 0.082 1/90 1.00 0.019

GEOM GEOL LIN LUSE SLOPE WD

1.00 1/50 1/50 1/80 1/50 1/90

5.00 1.00 1/31 1/31 1/20 1/90

5.00 3.0 1.00 1.50 1/31 1/90

8.00 3.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1/90

CR = 0.092 GEOM = Geomorphology map GEOL = Geology map LIN = Lineament buffer map LUSE = Land use map SLOPE = Slope map WD = Water divide zone map All individual class weights were multiplied with map scores and kept in linear summation equation to result in a unified weight map. This map was classified to get five potential zones from excellent to poor (Fig. 8). Acknowledgement This study has been carried out under partial fulfilment of 10 months PG Diploma in Remote Sensing at IIRS Dehradun. Authors are thankful to Dr. S.N. Divedi, Director General, MPCST, Dr. S. Khan, Incharge, RSAC, Dr. P.S. Roy, Dean IIRS for providing the opportunity to carryout the study and their support time to time. Thanks are also due to Shri S.P. Agarwal, Scientist SD, WRD, IIRS, Dehradun, and Dr. Alok Dubey, Reader, Geography Deptt, Allahabad University, Dr. R.K. Singh, Sr. Scientist and Shri Alok Choudhary and Shri P. Kawishwar, scientists, RSAC for their great support during the study. References

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