Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No.

6, June 2011

Distributed Generation Allocation to Improve Steady State Voltage Stability of Distribution Networks Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm
A. Khanjanzadeh, M. Arabi, M. Sedighizadeh, A. Rezazadeh
Abstract In this paper, our aim would be optimal

distributed generation allocation for stability enhancement, in radial distribution systems. Voltage stability is related with stable load and acceptable voltage in all system buses. The instability is divided into steady state and transient voltage instability according to the time spectrum of the incident of the phenomena. The analysis is performed using a steady state voltage stability index which can be appraised at each node of the distribution system. Different optimal capacities and locations are used to check this effect. The location of DG has the main effect on the system voltage stability. Effects of location and capacity on increasing steady state voltage stability in radial distribution systems are examined through particle swarm optimization (PSO) and finally the results are compared to genetic algorithm on the terms of speed, accuracy and convergence1.
Key Words Distributed Generation; Voltage Stability; Allocation; Particle Swarm Optimization; Genetic Algorithm.

I. INTRODUCTION Necessity for flexible electric systems, changing regulatory and economic scenarios, energy savings and environmental impact are providing impetus to the development of Distributed Generation (DG) (wind turbines, photovoltaic, fuel-cells, biomass, micro turbines, small hydroelectric plants, etc.), which is predicted to play an increasing role in the electric power system of the future. Because of this penetration of DG sources in ranges from sub-kW to multi-kW the use of this source in distribution networks is increasing throughout the world.
1 This work was supported in part by Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, P.O.Box 46615-397, Chalous, Iran. A. Khanjanzadeh is with the Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, P.O.Box 46615-397, Chalous, Iran. M. Arabi is with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Evin, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran. M. Sedighizadeh is with Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. (email:sedighizadeh@ikiu.ac.ir). A. Rezazadeh is with Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Evin, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran.

A general definition was suggested in [3], which are now widely accepted as follows: Distributed Generation is an electric power source connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer site of the meter. Definitions of DGs do not define them as the technologies that can be used vary widely. However, a categorization of different technology groups of DGs such as non-renewable DG and renewable DG seems possible. From distribution system planning point of view, DG is a feasible alternative for new capacity, especially in the competitive electricity market environment, and has immense benefits such as short lead time and low investment risk since it is built in modules, small-capacity modules that can track load variation more closely, small physical size that can be installed at load centers and does not need government approval or search for utility territory and land availability, and existence of a vast range of DG technologies [2]. For these reasons, the first signs of a possible technological change are beginning to arise on the international scene, which in the future can involve the presence of a consistently generation produced with small and medium size plants directly connected to the distribution network (LV and MV) and characterized by good efficiencies and low emissions. This will create new problems, and probably, the need of new tools and managing these systems. The planning of the electric system at the presence of DG requires defining of several factors including the best technology to be used, the number and the capacity of the units, the best location, the type of network connection, etc. The impact of DG on operating characteristics of the system such as electric losses, voltage profile, stability, and reliability needs to be appropriately evaluated. The problem of DG allocation and sizing is of great importance. Installing DG units at no optimal places may result in an increase in system losses, implying an increase in costs, and therefore, having an opposite effect to what is desired. As a result, using an optimization method capable of indicating the best solution for a given distribution network can be very useful for system planning engineers. Selecting the best places for installing DG units and their preferable sizes in large distribution systems is a complex combinatorial optimization problem. Voltage stability is related with stable load and acceptable

250

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 6, June 2011 voltage in all system buses. The instability is divided into steady state and transient voltage instability according to the time spectrum of the incident of the phenomena. When there is a disturbance in a power system which has a state of voltage instability, an uncontrollable progressive reduction will arise. Voltage stability analysis often requires examination of system state losses and a lot of other related scenarios. Due to this, the established rationale based on steady state analysis is more feasible and it can create an overall prediction about voltage reaction problems as well. Voltage stability phenomenon is completely known in distribution systems. In radial distribution system resistance to reluctance ratio is high which causes a lot of power loss, hence radial distribution systems are kinds of power systems which are flawed by voltage instability. The presence of DGs in distribution networks can affect many of the utilizing factors which reduce losses, THD networks and voltage stability by making changes in the path through which power passes. Among these the size and location of DGs are important factors. In this paper the effect of location and capacity on increasing steady state voltage stability in radial distribution systems are examined through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and finally the results are compared to Genetic Algorithm on the terms of speed, accuracy and convergence. The analysis is performed using a steady state voltage stability index presented by M. Charkravorty and et.al in [4]. This index can be appraised at each node of radial distribution system. The proposed algorithm is applied on the Khoda Bande Loo distribution test feeder in Tehran. II. VOLTAGE STABILITY A new steady state voltage stability index is proposed by M. Charkravorty and et.al in [4] for identifying the node, which is most sensitive to voltage collapse. One method load flow for radial distribution systems was presented by D. Das and et.al in [12] to formulate this index. Equation (1) represents the steady state voltage stability index for each bus.

Q(m2) = total reactive power load fed through node

m2.

Fig.1.Steady state voltage stability index is derived for the two node equivalent system

Steady state voltage stability index is derived for the two node equivalent system shown in Fig. (1). Actually,

P (m2) =sum of the real power loads of all the nodes

beyond node m2 plus the real power load of node m2 itself plus the sum of the real power losses of all the branches beyond node m2. Q(m2) =sum of the reactive power loads of all the nodes beyond node m2 plus the reactive power load of node m2 itself plus the sum of the reactive power losses of all the branches beyond node m2. For all of the network buses, the following Fitness function is defined: Fitness Function = SI(mi) , mi = 2,3,..., NB ( 2)

III.

CASE STUDY

A system was selected from one part of Tehran distribution network. The single line diagram of the network is illustrated in Fig. 2. It is a MV feeder with 13 buses. Tables I and II provide the data of lines and buses.

SI(m2) = V(m1) 4.0{P(m2) x( jj) Q(m2)r ( jj)}2

4.0 { P(m2) r ( jj ) Q(m2) x( jj )} V (m1)

Where:

(1)
Fig.2. Single Line Diagram of feeder

SI (m 2) =voltage stability index of node m2 (m2=

2,3, , NB ).
Table I Lines data

NB =the total number of nodes.

jj =branch number. r ( jj ), x( jj ) = resistance and reactance of branch jj .

V (m1) = voltage of node m1. V (m2) = voltage of node m2. P (m2) =total real power load fed through node m2.
251

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 6, June 2011
FROM 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 8 7 11 7 TO 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ROHM 0.176 0.176 0.045 0.089 0.045 0.116 0.073 0.074 0.093 0.063 0.068 0.062 X OHM 0.138 0.138 0.035 0.069 0.035 0.091 0.073 0.058 0.093 0.05 0.053 0.053

The analysis for this system has been done by appraising of value of steady state voltage stability index. A load flow solution for the system using Newton-Raphson load flow method is performed first. Then the results of the load flow are used to appraise the powers P(m2) and Q(m2) at each node. Finally the SI index has been appraised. The results of optimal capacity and location of DG for case study by PSO and GA are illustrated in Table 3. The impact of installing two DGs in the case study network with optimal capacity and location is presented in table 4. Comparing the results in table 2 with those of table 4, we can conclude that with installing two DGs, the voltage instability is improved and the results that assembled by PSO method is more optimum than GA method. Fig 3 shows voltage instability of the case study network without and with two optimal DGs. In this study we compare GA and PSO methods on the terms of speed, accuracy and convergence.

TABLE II BUSES DATA BUS NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 P KW 0 890 628 1112 636 474 1342 920 766 662 690 1292 1124 Q KVAR 0 468 470 764 378 344 1078 292 498 480 186 554 480

TABLE III RESULTS OF POWER FLOW WITHOUT INSTALLATION

Bus Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Stability Index 0.9729 0.9486 0.9429 0.9332 0.9329 0.9221 0.9199 0.9191 0.9181 0.9174 0.9198 0.9189

Initially, a load flow was run for the case study without installation of DG. Their results are illustrated in Table III.

TABLE (IV) OPTIMUM CAPACITY AND LOCATION Bus DG Capacity Fitness number Function
4 By PSO 8 12 11 By GA 8 5 3.8218 3.8149 0.0834505 4.0573 4.6701 2.8894 3.4455 0.0834177

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Reference [6] gave us a method synthesizing optimal power flow and genetic algorithm (GA) to find the best combination of sites within a distribution network for connecting DGs. Reference [7] performed same method by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results are evaluated for integration of 3 DG into the distribution system. These results are obtained while assuming that all the generators operate at a power factor of 0.9. 252

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 6, June 2011 particularly in terms of solution quality and number of iterations.

REFERENCES
[1] S. A. Papathanassion, A technical evaluation framework for the connection of DG to the distribution network, Electric power systems research, 77, pp.24 34, 2007. M. Gandomkar, M. Vakilian, M. Ehsan, A combination of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing for optimal DG allocation in distribution networks, CCECE/CCGEI, Saskatoon, May 2005 IEEE, PP.645-648 Distributed generation: a definition; Thomas Ackermann , Gran Andersson, Lennart Sder; Electric Power Systems Research 57 (2001) 195204; December 2000 M. Charkravorty and D. Das, Voltage stability analysis of radial distribution networks, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 129-135, 2001. G. P. Harrison, A. Piccolo, P. Siano, and A. R. Wallace, Distributed generation capacity evaluation using combined genetic algorithm and OPF, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 2, article 7, 2007. M. Sedighizadeh, A.Rezazadeh, Using Genetic Algorithm for Distributed Generation Allocation to Reduce Losses and Improve Voltage Profile, Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (CESSE2008), Cairo, Egypt, February 0608, 2008,Vol. 27 , February 2008, ISSN 1307-6884, PP.251-256 Y. Alinejad-Beromi, and M. Sedighizadeh, and M. Sadighi, A particle swarm optimization for sitting and sizing of Distributed Generation in distribution network to improve voltage profile and reduce THD and losses, 43rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2008. UPEC 2008. K. Nara, Y. Hayashi, K. Ikeda, and T. Ashizawa, Application of tabu search to optimal placement of distributed generators, in Proc. 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, pp. 918-923. T. K. A. Rahman, S. R. A. Rahim, and I. Musirin, Optimal allocation and sizing of embedded generators, in Proc. 2004 National Power and Energy Conference, pp.288-294. G. Celli, and F. Pilo, Optimal distributed generation allocation in MV distribution networks, in Proc.2001 IEEE PICA Conference, pp. 8186. M. Z. El-Sadek, Power System Voltage Stability and Power Quality, Book, Mukhtar Press, Assuit, Egypt, 2002. D. Das, D. P. Kothari, and A. Kalam, Simple and efficient method for load flow solution of radial distribution networks, Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 335-346, 1995. Y. Alinejad-Beromi, M. Sedighizadeh, M. R. Bayat, and M. E. Khodayar, Using genetic algorithm for allocation to reduce losses and improve voltage profile, Universities power engineering conference, UPEC, 2007, Brighton, UK.

[2]

[3]

Fig.3.voltage stability index of the case study network without and with two optimal DGs .

[4]

[5]

TABLE V RESULTS OF POWER FLOW AND HARMONIC POWER FLOW WITHOUT

INSTALLATION

[6]

Bus Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Stability Index By PSO 0.9986 0.9994 1.0000 0.9983 0.9980 0.9978 1.0000 0.9991 0.9981 0.9996 1.0000 0.9990

Stability Index By GA 0.9974 [7] 0.9970 0.9974 0.9996 [8] 0.9992 0.9986 1.0000 0.9991 0.9981 1.0000 0.9988 0.9979 [13] [11] [12] [10] [9]

These methods are implemented with MATLAB software and results are presented in following: Response of the PSO method is more accurate than GA method and speed of convergence is too.

BIOGRAPHIES

V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the results of applying PSO algorithm and GA algorithm to the optimal allocation of DGs in distribution networks were presented. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in solving DG allocation problem was demonstrated through a numerical example. Distribution test feeders of Tehran city were solved by means of the proposed algorithms. The results of both algorithms revealed the better characteristics of the PSO in comparison with the GA 253

Amir Khanjanzadeh was born in 1986 in Mazandaran, Iran. He received B.S. degree in power engineering from the Guilan University, Rasht, Iran, in 2009 and M.S. degree in power engineering from Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, in 2011. He is currently working with Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran. His current research interests are Hybrid Electric Vehicle,Distributed Generation, Micro Turbine and Renewable Energy.

Mostafa Sedighizadeh received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Shahid Chamran

Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 6, June 2011
University of Ahvaz, Iran and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1996, 1998 and 2004, respectively. From 2000 to 2007 he was with power system studies group of Moshanir Company, Tehran, Iran. Currently, he is with the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran and as an Assistant Professor in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. His research interests are Power system control and modeling, FACTS devices and Distributed Generation.

Alireza Rezazade was born in Tehran, Iran in 1969. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees and Ph.D. from Tehran University in 1991, 1993, and 2000, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He has two years of research in Electrical Machines and Drives laboratory of Wuppertal University, Germany, with the DAAD scholarship during his Ph.D. and Since 2000 he was the head of CNC EDM Wirecut machine research and manufacturing center in Pishraneh company. His research interests include application of computer controlled AC motors and EDM CNC machines and computer controlled switching power supplies. Dr. Rezazade currently is an assistant professor in the Power Engineering Faculty of Shahid Beheshti University.

254