COAL

Definition: Asolidfossilfuelconsistingofcarbonisedvegetalmatter. Explanation: Therearetwomaincategoriesofcoal,hardcoal(comprisingmedium andhighrank coals)andbrowncoal(lowrankcoals)whichcanbeidentifiedbytheirGrossCalorificValue GCV l ) db l (l k l ) hi h b id ifi d b h i G C l ifi V l GCV andtheVitrinite meanRandomReflectancepercent Rr. Therelationshipbetweenthecoaltypesdefinedbelowisillustratedhere: HardCoal Anthracite BituminousCoal CokingCoal OtherBituminousCoal BrownCoal SubBituminousCoal Sub Bituminous Coal Lignite Remark: PeatisnotincludedintheCoalgroup.

Consultantscomments ForthisdefinitionandforthoserelatedtoitthesubstanceoftheUNECEclassificationsystemfor In SeamandLow Rankcoalshasbeenadopted. InSeam and LowRank coals has been adopted.

HARDCOAL

Definition:Coalswithagrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfree)basiswhichisnotlessthan24 MJ/kgorwhichislessthan24MJ/kgprovidedthatthecoalhasaVitrinite meanRandom Reflectancegreaterthan,orequalto0.6percent. Reflectance greater than or equal to 0 6 per cent Remark: HardcoalcomprisesAnthraciteandBituminouscoals.Notethathardcoalmayinclude coalswithaGCV24MJ/kgandameanRr <0.6percent.

ANTHRACITE

Definition:Ahighrank,HardCoalwithagrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)greaterthan, orequalto,24MJ/kgandaVitrinite meanRandomReflectancegreaterthan,orequalto2.0per cent. cent Explanation:Itusuallyhaslessthan10%volatilematter,ahighcarboncontent(about8698% carbon)andisnonagglomerating. Remark: Itisusedforindustrialandresidentialheatraising.

Consultantscomment: InkeepingwiththeprinciplesadoptedfortheUNECEclassificationofInSeamcoaltheminimum GCVforanthracitehasbeenreducedfrom27MJ/kgto24MJ/kg.Thislowervalueisnot, g g , however,notconsistentwiththeminimumfixedcarboncontentof86%whichwouldsuggesta lowerGCVofabout27MJ/kg.

BITUMINOUSCOAL

Definition:amediumrankHardCoalwitheitheragrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)not lessthan24MJ/kgandwithaVitrinite meanRandomReflectancelessthan2.0percent,orwith agrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)lessthan24MJ/kgprovidedthattheVitrinite mean l ifi l ( it hf b i )l th 24 MJ/k id d th t th Vit i it randomreflectanceisequalto,orgreaterthan0.6percent. Remark: Bituminouscoalsareagglomeratingandhaveahighervolatilematterandlowercarbon contentthananthracite.Theyareusedforindustrialcokingandheatraisingandresidentialheat y g g raising.

Consultantscomment: TheUNECEdefinitionasproposedexcludescoalswithaGCVnotlessthan24MJ/kgandanRr < 0.6percent.However,theoriginalpaperonInSeamcoalsandtheremarktothedefinition p , g p p proposedintheOCGcommentseffectivelyclassifysuchcoalsasbituminous.Consequentlythe definitionherehasbeenadaptedtoincludethem.

COKINGCOAL

Definition:BituminousCoalthatcanbeusedintheproductionofacokecapableofsupportinga blastfurnacecharge. blast furnace charge

Consultant scomments Consultants comments Cokingcoalisdefinedhereintermsofitsuseandnotthepropertiesofcoalswhichproducecoke capableofsupportingtheblastfurnacecharge.Thechargeforcokeovensoftenconsistsofa blendofdifferentbituminouscoalssomeofwhichwouldnotproducesuitablecokeifusedon theirown.However,theirpresenceassiststhecokingprocess. Theimplicitassumptionisthatthedefinitionshouldbepracticalinitsapplication.Adefinition writtenintermsofonlythosecoalswhichcouldproducesatisfactorycokewhenusedindividually wouldbedifficulttoimplementandverifybystatisticians.

OTHERBITUMINOUSCOAL

Definition:BituminousCoalnotincludedundercokingcoal. Remark: SometimesreferredtoasSteamCoal.

BROWNCOAL

Definition: Coalswithagrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)lessthan24 MJ/ kganda Vitrinite meanRandomReflectancelessthan0.6percent. Remark: BrowncoalcomprisesSubBituminouscoalandLignite.

SUBBITUMINOUSCOAL

Definition:BrownCoalwithagrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)equalto,orgreaterthan 20MJ/kgandlessthan24MJ/kg. 0 J/ g a d ess t a J/ g.

LIGNITE

Definition:BrownCoalwithagrosscalorificvalue(moist,ashfreebasis)notgreaterthan20 MJ/kg. J/ g.

PEAT
Definition: Asolidformedfromthepartialdecompositionofdeadvegetationunderconditionsof highhumidityandlimitedairaccess(initialstageofcoalification). Explanation:Itisavailableintwoformsforuseasafuel,SodPeatandMilledPeat. Explanation:It is available in two forms for use as a fuel Sod Peat and Milled Peat Remark: Peatisnotconsideredarenewableresourceasitsregenerationperiodislong.Peatis alsousedforhorticulturalpurposes.

SODPEAT
Definition:Slabsofpeat,cutbyhandormachine,anddriedintheair.

MILLEDPEAT
Definition:Granulatedpeatproducedbyspecialmachines. Remark: Usedinpowerstationsorforbriquettemanufacture. .

OILSHALE

Definition: Asedimentaryrockwhichcontainsorganicmatterintheformofkerogen. Explanation:Kerogen isawaxyhydrocarbonrichmaterialregardedasaprecursorofpetroleum. Oilshalemaybeburneddirectlyorprocessedbyheatingtoextractshaleoil.

COMPOSITIONFUELS

Definition: Aggregatesoffinesfromsolidfuelswithorwithouttheadditionofabinder.

PATENTFUEL
Definition:Acompositionfuelmadebymouldinghardcoalfinesintobriquetteshapeswiththe additionofabindingagent. Remark:Sometimesreferredtoashardcoalbriquettes.

Consultantscomment TheU.S.practiceofproducingacoalsynfuelthroughtreatmentofcoalfinesbysprayingwith dieselfuelemulsions,pinetars,orlatexwithoutbriquettingisnotincludedhereasa compositionfuelisnotproduced.Theremaybeacaseforanew,separatefuelproductifthe sprayedcoaldiffersmateriallyfromthecoalsusedintheprocessbutnoevidenceforthishas d l d ff ll f h l d h b d f h h beenfoundatpresent.

PEATBRIQUETTES

Definition:Afuelcomprisingofsmallblocksofdried,highlycompressedpeatmadewithouta bindingagent. binding agent Remark:Usedmainlyasahouseholdfuel.

Consultantscomments Thedefinitionsmakenoreferencetowhetherafuelisprimaryorsecondary.Theonlyplacein whichtheseconceptsareintroducedisinthedefinitionofProduction.

BROWNCOALBRIQUETTES

Definition: Acompositionfuelmadeofbrowncoalproducedbybriquettingunderhighpressure withorwithouttheadditionofabindingagent. Remark: EitherSubbituminousCoalorLignitemaybeusedincludingdriedlignitefinesanddust.

COALCOKE

Definition:Thesolid,cellular,infusiblematerialremainingafterthecarbonisationofcertaincoals. Remark: Variouscokesaredefinedaccordingtothetypeofcoalcarbonisedandtheirconditions ofcarbonisationoruse. CokeOvenCoke GasCoke CokeBreeze C k B SemiCokes BrownCoalCoke

COKEOVENCOKE

Definition: Thesolidproductobtainedfromcarbonisationofcokingcoalathightemperature. Remark: Coke oven coke is low in moisture and volatile matter and has the mechanical strength Cokeovencokeislowinmoistureandvolatilematterandhasthemechanicalstrength tosupporttheblastfurnacecharge.Itisusedmainlyintheironandsteelindustryactingasheat sourceandchemicalagent.

Consultantscomments C lt t t NoreferencestotheuseofPCIincokeovenshavebeenfound. ThecommentattachedtothedefinitionforCokingCoalexplainsthatitmayindeedcomprisea blendofdifferentcoalsinordertoachievethedesiredcokequality.Asdefined,theuseof cokingcoalinthisdefinitionembracesarangeofcoalswithqualitieswhichsuitthecoking g g q g process.

GASCOKE

Definition:AbyproductfromthecarbonizationofbituminouscoalforthemanufactureofGas WorksGas. Remark: GasCokeisusedmainlyforheatingpurposes.

COKEBREEZE

Definition:CokeBreezecomprisesparticlesofcokeofsizeslessthan10mm. Remark: It is the residue from screening coke The coke which is screened may be made from Itistheresiduefromscreeningcoke.Thecokewhichisscreenedmaybemadefrom bituminousorbrowncoals.

Consultantscomments Anthraciteisanonagglomeratinghardcoalunsuitableforcokemanufacture.Bituminousis Anthracite is a nonagglomerating hard coal unsuitable for coke manufacture Bituminous is thereforeappropriate.

SEMICOKES

Definition: Cokesproducedbylowtemperaturecarbonization. Remark: Notethatsemicokesmaybemadefrombituminousandbrowncoalsandareusedasa heatingfuel.

Consultantscomments AsHardCoalcontainsanthracitewhichisnonagglomeratingitisbettertoleavebituminousin gg g place.

BROWNCOALCOKE

Definition: Asolidproductobtainedfromlowtemperaturecarbonizationofbrowncoal.

Consultantscomments Theonlyreferencesfoundtothemanufacturingprocessstatethatbriquettesareused.However, asthisdoesnotprecludethemanufactureofacokeofadifferentqualityfrombrowncoalwhich p q y isnotintheformofbriquettesthewordbriquetteshasbeenremoved.

COKEOVENBYPRODUCTS

COKEOVENGAS COKE OVEN GAS

Definition:AgasproducedfromcokeovensduringthemanufactureofCokeOvenCoke.

Consultantscomments Anumbrellacategoryhasbeenprovided. b ll h b d d

GASWORKSGAS(TOWNGAS)

Definition: Agasproducedfromcokeovensoperatedforthemanufactureanddistributionofthe gasbypipednetworkasaheatingfuel. gas by piped network as a heating fuel. Remark: SometimesknownasTownGas,itissimilarinitscharacteristicstoCokeOvenGasbut themanufacturingprocessusescoalsdifferentfromthoseusedforCokeOvenCoke.

Consultantscomments Seethecoveringreportforanexplanationforthechangeshereandinrelatedproducts.

COALTAR

Definition: Aliquidbyproductofthecarbonizationofcoalincokeovens.

RECOVEREDGASES

Definition: Combustiblegasesofsolidcarbonaceousoriginrecoveredfrommanufacturingand chemicalprocessesofwhichtheprincipalpurposeisotherthantheproductionoffuel. Explanation:Gasescontainingcarbonmonoxideresultingfromthepartialoxidationof carbonpresentascokeactingasareductant intheprocess,orcarbonanodes,orcarbon dissolvediniron. Remark: Theymayalsobereferredtoaswasteoroffgases.

Consultant scomments Consultants comments Thedefinitionisdeliberatelyrestrictedtogasesofsolidcarbonaceousoriginbecauseofits presenceinthissectiondealingwithSolidFuels.Thereis,however,animportantgroupof recoveredgasesofpetroleumoriginwhicharisefromthecrackingofpetroleumfeedstockin petrochemicalworks.Atpresentenergystatisticsattheinternationalleveldoesnotinclude themasdataarenoteasilyavailable.Thequestionastohoworwhethertheycouldbe h d l l bl h h h h h ld b introducedintothepresentbodyofdefinitionsneedstobeconsideredseparately.

BLASTFURNACEGAS

Definition:Abyproductgasofblastfurnaceoperation. Explanation:Itsheatingvaluearisesfromthecarbonmonoxideproducedbythepartial combustionofcokeandothercarbonbearingproductsintheblastfurnace. Remark: Itisusedtoheatblastairandasafuelintheironandsteelindustry.Itmayalsobeused byotherindustrialplants.Notethatwherecharcoalisusedinblastfurnacespartofthecarbon by other industrial plants Note that where charcoal is used in blast furnaces part of the carbon supplymaybeconsideredrenewable.

BASICOXYGENSTEELFURNACEGAS

BasicOxygenSteelFurnaceGas Definition: A by product of the production of steel in a basic oxygen furnace The gas is recovered Abyproductoftheproductionofsteelinabasicoxygenfurnace.Thegasisrecovered asitleavesthefurnace. Remark: Thegasisalsoknownasconvertergas,LDgasorBOSFgas.

OTHERRECOVEREDGASES

Definition: Combustiblegasesofsolidcarbonaceousoriginrecoveredfrommanufacturingand chemicalprocessesnotelsewheredefined. Remark: Examplesoffuelgasproductionfrommetalsandchemicalsprocessingareinthe productionofzinc,tin,lead,ferroalloys,phosphorusandsiliconcarbide.

Consultant scomments Consultants comments Theintroductionofaprimaryclassificationforrecoveredgases,whicharenotcurrently recognisedwithinthesetofdefinitions,couldleadtoclassificationofagasasaprimaryfuel wheninfactitisasecondaryfuel.Thiswouldleadtodoublecounting.IntheinvestigationsI havemadetodateallchemicalprocesseswhichusecarbonasareductant haveusedafuel (usuallycoke)asthereductant.Therecoveredgasisthereforeasecondaryfuel.Ifthequantity ofthegasproducedisknownthenthequantityofcokeusedcanberequestedorestimatedand thetransformationprocessrecorded,probablyunderOthertransformation.Anadjustmentto thefinalconsumptionofcokewouldbenecessary. Umbrellacategoriesfor CokeOvenBy Products and RecoveredGases have been introduced Umbrella categories for Coke Oven ByProductsandRecovered Gaseshavebeenintroduced andthevariousgasesandliquidsdividedbetweenthem.