Graphs and Equations : Using Work and Kinetic Energy

Activity 3: GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Work and Kinetic Energy)
GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (USING WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY)
OBJECTIVES To apply the rules in plotting the numerical results of an experiment. To interpret the graphs and determine the relationship between two physical quantities such as a. Position and time b. Velocity and time c. Acceleration and time d. Applied force and work done by the applied force e. Work done on the object and the change in kinetic energy Formulate an equation relating the two quantities based on the data and the graphs
Theory I. GRAPHS A graphical presentation is often used as an effective tool to show explicitly how one variable varies with another. By plotting the numerical results of an experiment and observing the shape of the resulting graph, a relationship between two quantities can be established. The shape of the graph gives us a clue of the relationship of the variable involved. Some of the common ones are the following: A straight-line graph indicates linear or direct relationship between two quantities. A hyperbolic graph indicates an inverse relationship. A parabolic graph tells us of a specific kind of linear or direct relationship. The specific equation relating the two variables of the graph can only be formulated when the graph is linearized. We will see how this can be done in the succeeding discussion. A. Straight Line Graphs A.1 Linear Relationship Figure 1 shows a straight-line graph that does not pass through the origin. This is a linear graph. it shows a linear relationship between the two variables. It means that there is a first-degree relationship between the Celsius readings and the Fahrenheit readings. The general equation for a linear graph is (Equation 1)
SCIENVP/LBYENVP revised Feb. 2012
y = mx + b
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where m and b are constants; m is the slope of the lien and b is the y-intercept. The y-intercept of the line is the value of y when x is zero. If we take y = 68o, x = 20o, and b = 32o in graph #1, the slope can be obtained using Eq. (1): (Equation 2) 68o = m(20o) + 32o m = 1.8 or 9/5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fahrenheit (oF) 32 68 104 140 176 Celsius (oC) 0 20 40 60 80
Graph #1. Fahrenheit Reading vs. Celsius Reading ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Substituting the value of the slope obtained in Eq. (2) to Eq. (1) and considering that the y-axis is oF and the x-axis is oC, the equation relating Fahrenheit reading and Celsius reading is therefore: (Equation 3)
o
F = (9/5)oC + 32o
We can also extrapolate values from the graph. If we extend the line downward until the temperature is 0oF, we get the corresponding value in Celsius which is 17.8 oC. By interpolation, we get values within the line such as 50oC for the corresponding Fahrenheit reading of 122oF. A.2 Direct Proportionality Figure #2 shows a straight line passing through the origin. The zero values for both variables simultaneously occur. When time is doubled the distance is also doubled. In this case, we say that the distance is directly proportional to time. In general, when two variables x and y are directly proportional to each other, the equation relating them is: (Equation 4) y x
y = kx
or
k=y x
where k is the constant of proportionality. This equation shows that the quotient of the two variables is always equal to a constant.
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Activity 3: GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Work and Kinetic Energy) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Distance Time (m) (s) 0 0 20 1 40 2 60 3 80 4 100 5 120 6
Graph #2. Distance vs. Time Graph ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In graph #2, the physical slope represents the constant k: (Equation 5) slope = y = y2 y1 d x x2 x1 t
The physical slope is always our concern in graphical analysis. The value is independent of the choice of scales and it expresses a significant fact about the relationship between the plotted variables. For example, the slope of the distance vs. time graph represents the average speed of the object. On the other hand, the geometrical slope which is defined to be tan , (where is the angle between the straight line connecting the points and the x-axis) depends on the inclination of the line and hence, on the choice of scales. B. Parabolic Graphs In general, a parabolic graph passing through the origin can be obtained for the quantities x and y obeying the following equations: (Equation 6) y = kx2, y = kx3, y = kx4,., y = kxn
The relationship between x and y can be expressed as y xn. Rewriting Eq. (6), y = k(constant) xn the ratio of y and xn is a constant.
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Activity 3: GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Work and Kinetic Energy) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Height (y) (m) 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225
Time(t) (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Graph #3 shows a parabolic graph. From Eq. (6), the value of n determines the specific equation relating x and y. By inspection, squaring the time in the data yields a direct square relationship between height and time. Thus we say, height is directly proportionally to the square of time. To verify this relationship, plot height vs. square of time. The result is shown in Graph #4.
C. Hyperbolic Graphs Hyperbolic graphs can be obtained for quantities obeying the following equations: (Equation 7) y = k/x, y = k/x2, y = k/x3,., y = kxn
A hyperbolic graph indicates an inverse relationship between two quantities i.e., y 1/xn. The specific equation can be verified by determining the value of n. For n = 1, the equation is y = k/x
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Activity 3: GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Work and Kinetic Energy) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(y) 200 100 67 50 40 33
(x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Graph #5. A Hyperbolic Graph --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C.1 Inverse Proportionality Graph #5 shows a hyperbolic graph. To linearize it, try n = 1 such that y = 1/x. Plotting y vs. 1/x yields a straight-line graph as shown in Graph #6. Hence y is directly proportionally to 1/x or y is inversely proportional to x. In equation form (Equation 8) y1 x
y=k x
or
k = xy
where k is a constant which is equal to the slope of y vs. 1/x graph.
y 200 100 67 50 40 33
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
1/x 1 0.5 0.33 0.15 0.2 0.16
Graph #6. A linearized version of Graph #5
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C.2 Inverse Square Proportionality
Sometimes, plotting y vs. 1/x will not yield a straight line but plotting y vs. 1/x2 will yield one. This kind of relationship is called inverse square proportionality. The variable (y) is inversely proportional to the square of x. Graph #7 illustrates such a case.
y 16.7 9.4 4.2 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
x 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.1 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.4
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II. WORK and KINETIC ENERGY A. WORK For an object with mass M that experiences a constant net force Fnet (in Newtons or N) over a distance d (in meters or m), the work done (in Joule or J) is given by: (Equation 8)
W Fnet d
where Fnet is parallel to the motion of the object. If the acceleration, a, (in m/s2) of the object is known, from Newtons second law of motion, (Equation 9)
Fnet Ma
B. KINETIC ENERGY When an object of mass M moves with a speed v, it is said to possess kinetic energy which is defined as the energy of an object by virtue of its motion. It is given by
(Equation 10)
KE
1 M 2 2
In equation 10, M is in kilograms (kg), and v is the speed of the object in m/s2. Hence, KE is in kg m2/s2 which is equivalent to Newtonmeter or Joule. If the initial and final speeds of the object at its initial and final positions, respectively, are known, then the change in kinetic energy KE can be obtained from
(Equation 11)
KE KE f KE i
Method and Set-up:

EQUIPMENT NEEDED
Position Sensor Dynamic Cart Dynamic Track (1.2 m) with end stops and adjustable legs SPARK vue Set of mass Pulley Level indicator
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Pulley
Dynamic Cart with mass M
Weight hanger w/hanging mass m
Figure 1. The experimental Set-up In this experiment, the dynamic cart, with mass M, placed on the dynamic track is attached by a string to a hanging mass, m, that passes over a light frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. The hanging mass provides the constant pull needed to move the cart. A position sensor is fixed in placed at the other end of the track, behind the cart. The position sensor is attached to the computer via the PASCO USBlink and using the DATA STUDIO software, as the cart moves along the track, its position, velocity, and acceleration is recorded. The following graphs can also be seen from the software: a) position-time graph; b) velocity-time graph; and c) acceleration-time graph. From the initial and final positions and the constant acceleration, the work done using equation 8 can be calculated. And from the initial and final velocities, the change in kinetic energy using equation 11 can be obtained. To see the relationship between work done, kinetic energy, and applied force, the students will graph their experimental results on work done vs applied force, and work done vs change in kinetic energy.
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Procedure:
A. Data Collection 1. Weigh the dynamic cart and then arrange the equipments as shown in figure 1. Use the level indicator to check if the track is leveled. If not, adjust the legs of the track to level it by adjusting its legs. Make sure that the dynamic track is horizontally level 2. Turn on SPARK and connect the position sensor to one of the ports of the SPARK vue. This screen shot will appear.
3. Tap open and locate the file work and kinetic energy. This screen shot will appear.
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4.
Tap the to navigate through the rest of the file. Short discussion about the background of the experiment is provided. If you want to save a particular screen just tap and will automatically be save on your journal.
5.
On page 5 which is the start of the data collection. You will be ask to enter the mass of the cart, M, and the hanging mass, m. Just tap on the appropriate box to enter the M and m. Tap the to take a screen shot of the page.
6.
Tap
to proceed to the next page. The screen shot below will appear. Position the
cart to about 20 cm from the position sensor. Tap but do not release the cart yet. Release the cart after 2 secs. Tap the button before the cart reach 75 cm. Repeat this particular procedure three times so that you will have three runs and three graphs. Tap the to take a screen shot of the page.
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7.
and the If you made a mistake and you want to delete a particular run, just tap experiment tools will appear as shown in the figure below. Tap manage data, and then manage runs. On that page you will be able to delete a particular run or if you want all your data runs.
8.
Tap to proceed to the analysis page. A walk through of the procedure and how to calculate the work done and the kinetic energy is provided.
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B. Analysis: Calculation of the work done
Work done is given by
W Fnet d
Where
Fnet Ma
To calculate the work done, the distance,d, travelled by the cart and the net force, Fnet, acting on the cart must be determined. i. 9. Calculation of the distance d from the graph.
On page 9, you will get the distance covered by the cart from the graph. The screen shot is given below
10. Use the graph tools to find the distance d between the release point of the cart to the carts farthest position from the motion sensor. Tap to open the tools palette.
Tap to open graph statistics. Choose minimum and maximum. The minimum value is the initial distance and the maximum value is the maximum distance. The difference between the two is the distance moved by the cart. Do this procedure for all the three runs and write the corresponding answers on the box provided on the right side. Tap the to take a screen shot of the page.
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ii.
Calculation of the acceleration, a, from the graph.
11. On page 11, you will get the acceleration of the cart from the graph velocity vs. time graph. The screen shot is given below
12. The velocity vs time graph looks like the figure below
13. Use the graph tools to find the acceleration of the cart from the velocity vs time graph. Tap to open the tools palette. Tap and choose any two points along the diagonal line of the graph. You will see that the line within the points will have a
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yellow highlight. Tap to get the slope of the line. The slope is given by the quantity m and it represents the acceleration. Do this procedure for all the three runs and write the corresponding answers on the box provided on the right side. Tap the to take a screen shot of the page. 14. From the calculated distance covered and acceleration, the work done for each run can be determined. On page 12, the calculated work done is written
C. Analysis: Calculation of the change in kinetic energy The kinetic energy of the cart is given by
KE
1 M 2 2
The change in kinetic energy is therefore
KE KE f KE i
Where
KE f
1 2 M f 2
and
KE i
1 2 M i 2
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15. What is the initial velocity of the cart? What is the initial kinetic energy of the cart? 16. To determine the final velocity of the cart, on page 15, the velocity vs time graph of your three runs are presented. The screen shot of page 15 is shown below
17. Use the graph tools to find the final velocity of the cart from the velocity vs time graph. Tap to open the graph tools palette. Tap to open graph statistics. maximum. The maximum value of the velocity represents the final velocity of the cart Do this procedure for all the three runs and write the corresponding answers on the to take a screen shot of the page. box provided on the right side. Tap the 18. You can now calculate the change in kinetic energy of the cart. On the next page you will write your calculated change in kinetic energy.
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Names:
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY DATA SHEET

TRIAL 1: Mass of the dynamic cart, M = ___________ kg Hanging mass, m = _____________kg
Quantities Initial position (m) Final position (m) Distance covered*, d (m) Acceleration, a (m/s2) Net Force, (N) F = Ma
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Work done, (J) W = F d Initial Velocity (m/s) Initial kinetic energy (J) Final Velocity (m/s) Final kinetic energy (J) Change in Kinetic Energy, KE =
1 M ( 2 i2 ) f 2
Percentage difference between the Work done And change in kinetic energy
Percentage difference =
W - KE . x 100 W + KE 2
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Names:
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY DATA SHEET

TRIAL 2:
Mass of the dynamic cart, M = ___________ kg Hanging mass, m = _____________kg
Quantities Initial position (m) Final position (m) Distance covered*, d (m) Acceleration, a (m/s2) Net Force, (N) F = Ma
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Work done, (J) W = F d Initial Velocity (m/s) Initial kinetic energy (J) Final Velocity (m/s) Final kinetic energy (J) Change in Kinetic Energy, KE =
1 M ( 2 i2 ) f 2
Percentage difference between the Work done And change in kinetic energy
Percentage difference =
W - KE . x 100 W + KE 2
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QUESTIONS 1. Draw the cart and then indicate the forces acting on the cart. 2. Which force/s does/do not do work on the cart? Why? 3. In this experiment, two graphs were recorded. These are the position vs time graph and velocity vs time graph and acceleration vs time graph. a. What are the shape of the position vs time graph and velocity vs time graph? b. What do these graphs tell you about the carts position, velocity, and acceleration as the cart moves from its initial position to the final position? c. What physical quantity does the slope of the position vs time graph represents? d. What physical quantity does the slope of the velocity vs time graph represents? 4. What can you say about the value of the calculated work done and the change in kinetic energy? Are the values close to one another? Why or why not? 5. If you increase the hanging mass, what do you think will happen to the following quantities? a. Acceleration of the cart b. The net force on the cart c. The work done on the cart d. The change in kinetic energy of the cart 6. Based from your answer on number 5, is the work done related to the kinetic energy? Why or why not?
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Activity 3: GRAPHS AND EQUATIONS (Work and Kinetic Energy)