A student was investigating the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine) using this

apparatus.
gas A
gas B

p o s itiv e e le c tro d e

n e g a tiv e e le c tro d e
p la s tic b o ttle

s o d iu m c h lo r id e
s o lu tio n (b r in e )
ru b b e r b u n g

(a)

Use words from the list to answer this question:

carbon dioxide
chlorine
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
sulphur dioxide
(i)

When damp blue litmus paper was held in gas A it lost its colour (was bleached).
The name of gas A is ........................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Gas B pops when a lighted splint is held above the tube.

The name of gas B is ........................................................................................

[1]

(b)

At the start of the experiment the sodium chloride solution was neutral.
At the end of the experiment the solution in the plastic bottle had a pH of 10. What has
happened to the solution?

.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(c)

The table shows some of the products made from chloride, hydrogen and sodium
hydroxide. Complete the table using words from the list.
chlorine
hydrogen
sodium hydroxide
SUBSTANCE

USED FOR
hardening vegetable oil
making PVC and solvents
making soaps and detergents

[2]

(d)

Chlorine is used for treating water for drinking and in swimming pools. Why?
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]
Total 6 marks

Crude oil contains a number of compounds. These compounds are not joined together
chemically.
(a)

Draw a ring around the best description of crude oil:

compound

element

fraction

mixture

[1]

(b)

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

The table below shows the percentage of each fraction in North Sea crude oil.
FRACTION

PERCENTAGE (%) IN NORTH SEA CRUDE OIL

Gas

Petrol

Naptha

10

Kerosine

15

Gas oil

20

Fuel oil

45

The bar chart shows the percentage of each fraction an oil company uses.
Use the data in the table to complete the bar chart with the percentage of each fraction in
North Sea crude oil.
The bars for gas and petrol have been done for you.
P e rc e n ta g e o f e a c h f ra c tio n
in N o rth S e a c r u d e o il

P e rc e n ta g e o f e a c h fra c tio n
o il c o m p a n y u s e s

45
40
35
30
25
P e rc e n ta g e
(% )
20
15
10
5
0

gas

p e tro l

n a p h th a

k e ro s in e

g a s o il

fu e l o il

F r a c tio n s in c r u d e o il

[2]

(c)

(i)

Use information from the bar chart to help you answer this question.
The oil company uses more of one of the fractions than they can obtain by
distillation of North Sea crude oil.
Name this fraction ....................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Choose a word from the list to complete the following sentence.

condensing
cracking
distilling
evaporating
Large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules by a process called
.............................................................

[1]

(iii)

Use information from the bar chart to help you answer this question.
Name three fractions that the oil company might want to break down into smaller
molecules.
1. .......................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
3. .......................................................................................................................

[3]
Total 8 marks

(a)

The apparatus shown can be used to investigate the burning of fuels.

to s u c tio n p u m p
(to s u c k th e g a se s
th ro u g h th e a p p a ra tu s )

b u r n in g
c a n d le

lim e w a te r

B
c ru sh e d ic e
a n d w a te r
(i)

Name the liquid which collects at C.

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Complete the sentences about limewater.

Limewater is used to test for a gas called ......................................................
If this gas is present the limewater turns ........................................................

[2]

(b)

Methane and propane are two fuels. The diagrams represent a molecule of each.
H
H

P ro p a n e

M e th a n e
(i)

Draw a ring around the correct formula for methane:

CH

CH2

CH3

CH4

[1]

(ii)

Draw a ring around the correct formula for propane:

CH8

C2H8

C3H8

C8H8

[1]

(iii)

Both methane and propane have covalent bonds.

Choose the correct word from the list to complete the sentence.
exchanged
gained
lost
shared
In covalent bonds, the electrons from each atom are ....................................

[1]

(c)

(i)

When coal is burnt the sulphur it contains is changed into sulphur dioxide (SO2).
The reaction is shown in the equation:
S(s)
+
O2(g)

SO2(g)
Draw a ring around the state of sulphur dioxide.
aqueous

gas

liquid

solid

[1]

(ii)

What does the formula, SO2, tell you about a molecule of sulphur dioxide?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 9 marks

The first airships were filled with hydrogen gas. Now helium gas is used in airships.

(a)

The list gives chemical symbols.

Ar

Cl

He

Choose from the list the chemical symbol for:

hydrogen ..............................................
helium ..................................................

[2]

(b)

Tick the one property that makes both hydrogen and helium useful for airships.

Properties of
hydrogen and helium

Tick ( )

colourless
low density
no smell

[1]

(c)

Explain why helium is now used in airships and why hydrogen is no longer used.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 5 marks

(a)

The diagram shows the atomic structure of an atom of lithium.

(i)

Label the diagram to show an electron, a neutron and a proton.

[2]

(ii)

What is the atomic number of lithium?

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

The diagrams show the electron arrangement of the atoms of two elements.
X

(i)

Name the part of the atoms labelled X.

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Why are these two elements in the same group of the Periodic Table?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]
Total 5 marks

Limestone is an important raw material.

(a)

Limestone has many uses. Choose from the list two important materials made from
limestone.
cement
poly(ethene)

diesel oil
sodium hydroxide

glass
sulphuric acid

1. .............................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................

[2]

(b)

The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
L im e s to n e a n d c o a l

W a s te g a s e s

S tre a m o f a ir

Q u ic k lim e
(i)

Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Give two reactions which produce carbon dioxide in the lime kiln.
Reaction 1 ........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Reaction 2 ........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]

(c)

(i)

Quicklime (calcium oxide) can be converted to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) by

adding water. Write a word equation to represent this reaction.
..................................... + ...................................... ....................................

[1]

(ii)

Why do farmers sometimes add slaked lime to acidic soil?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]
Total 7 marks

(a)

Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertiliser.

A m m o n iu m
n itr a te

F e r t ilis e r
N H 4 N O3
(i)

How many different elements are there in ammonium nitrate?

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

For its use as a fertiliser, which is the most important element in ammonium
nitrate?
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(iii)

Give one reason why fertilisers are added to soil.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

Ammonia, NH3, is also used as a fertiliser. Ammonia is made from the raw materials air,
natural gas and water.
(i)

Which raw material contains nitrogen?

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Complete the word equation for the formation of ammonia from its elements.
nitrogen + ......................................

ammonia

[1]

(iii)

What is meant by

in the word equation?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]
Total 6 marks

The diagram shows an experiment using concentrated ammonia solution and concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

C o tto n w o o l
s o a k e d in
c o n c e n tr a te d
a m m o n ia s o lu tio n

G la s s
tu b in g

W h ite s m o k e
fo rm s h ere

C o tto n w o o l
s o a k e d in
c o n c e n tr a te d
h y d ro c h lo ric a c id

C o n c e n tra te d a m m o n ia s o lu tio n is a n irr ita n t

C o n c e n tr a te d h y d ro c h lo r ic a c id is c o r ro s iv e

(a)

Which of the hazard warning labels, A to F, should be placed on:

(i)

the bottle containing concentrated ammonia solution; ...................................

(ii)

the bottle containing concentrated hydrochloric acid? ...................................

[2]

(b)

Suggest two precautions that should be taken when putting the cotton wool soaked in
concentrated hydrochloric acid into the tube.
1. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 4 marks

(a)

Indigestion tablets called antacids can be taken to react with excess hydrochloric acid in
the stomach. A student investigated two different antacid tablets labelled X and Y.

Both tablets X and Y, contained calcium carbonate.

(i)

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

(Relative atomic masses: Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16)
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii)

Name the gas formed when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

The student first reacted tablet X and then tablet Y, with 100 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid
solution. The student measured the volume of gas produced during the first five minutes.
The results are shown in the table.
Time in minutes
Volume of gas in cm3
Tablet X
Volume of gas in cm3
Tablet Y

48

38

48

48

48

72

31

54

67

72

(i)

Draw a graph of the results for tablet Y. (A graph of the results for tablet X has
been drawn for you.)

80
70
60
50
V o lu m e o f
g a s in c m 3 4 0

T a b le t X

30
20
10
0
0

3
T im e in m in u te s

[3]

(ii)

Tablet X contains less calcium carbonate than tablet Y.

How do the results show this?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(iii)

Explain why the rate of reaction slows down for both tablets.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 9 marks

Part of the Periodic Table which Mendeleev published in 1869 is shown below.

G ro u p
1

G ro u p
2

G ro u p
3

G ro u p
4

G ro u p
5

G ro u p
6

G ro u p
7

P e rio d 1

P e r io d 2

Li

Be

P e r io d 3

N a

M g

A l

Si

Cl

P e rio d 4
P e rio d 5

Ca
C u

Rb

*
Zn

Sr
A g

Ti
*

Y
C d

V
*

Zr
In

C r
A s

N b
Sn

M n
Se

M o
Sb

B r
*

Te

Use the information on the Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
(a)

Some elements in Group 1 of Mendeleevs Periodic Table are not found in Group 1 of the
modern Periodic Table.

Name two of these elements.

............................................................... and ..............................................................

[1]

(b)

Which group of elements in the modern Periodic Table is missing on Mendeleevs table?
....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(c)

Mendeleev left several gaps in his Periodic Table. These gaps are shown as asterisks (*)
on the table above.

Suggest why Mendeleev left these gaps.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(d)

Complete the following sentence.

In the modern Periodic Table the elements are arranged in the order of their

............................................. numbers.

[1]
Total 4 marks

(a)

A student knew that copper sulphate, CuSO4, could be made by the following general
reaction.
acid + base salt + water
(i)

What type of reaction is this?

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

The base used is copper oxide. Name and give the chemical formula of the acid
used.
Name ..............................................................................................................
Chemical formula ..........................................................................................

[2]

(b)

The student wrote about how the copper sulphate was made.
Some of the acid was warmed. Copper oxide was added. The mixture was stirred. More copper
oxide was added until no more would react. The mixture was then filtered.
(i)

Why was the acid warmed?

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Copper oxide was added until no more would react. Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 6 marks

(a)

What are enzymes?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

Explain why enzymes are used in industry.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[3]
Total 4 marks

(a)

Use words from the list to complete the passage about organic compounds.
carbon

carbon dioxide
energy

fuels
water

electricity
neutral

wood

Some organic compounds are used as ............................................. because they

release energy when they are burned.
All organic compounds contain the element .............................................. . Many
also contain tbe element hydrogen.
When organic compounds containing hydrogen are burned in plentiful supply of air, the
two substances formed are ................................................................ and water.

[3]

(b)

Why is it dangerous to burn organic compounds in a limited supply of air?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 5 marks

(a)

The table gives some information about steels.

Complete the table by choosing properties from the list.

soft and easily shaped

strong but brittle
resistant to corrosion
rusts easily
P e rc e n ta g e
(% ) o f c a r b o n

O th e r
e le m e n ts
presen t

h ig h c a r b o n

0 .5 1 .4

N one

lo w c a rb o n

0 .0 4 1 .1 5

N one

s ta in le s s

0 .0 5 1 .1 0

C r, N i

T y p e o f ste e l

P r o p e r t ie s
str e n g th

c o r r o s io n
ru s ts q u ite
e a s ily

S tr o n g a n d
h a rd

[3]

(b)

Steels are made from molten iron in a furnace.

The diagram shows the substances which are added to the molten iron during steelmaking.

S c ra p
s te e l

O xygen

C a lc iu m
c a rb o n a te

C a rb o n a n d
o th e r e le m e n ts

S la g
M o lte n
iro n
S te e l m a k in g
furn ace
Give a reason why each of the substances is added to the molten iron.
(i)

scrap steel .......................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

(ii)

oxygen .............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

(iii)

calcium carbonate ............................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

(iv)

carbon and other elements ...............................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

[4]

(c)

The passage below describes a method of preventing steel from rusting.

Some parts of the passage are missing. Choose words from the list to complete the sentences
that have parts missing.

atoms

electrolysis
plated

ions
positive

negative

painted

oxidation

Steel can be ................ with the metal nickel using the process of ..........................
The steel is made the .................................. electrode and pure nickel
metal is the ................................... electrode. The steel is immersed in a solution of
nickel ..............................

[5]

(d)

Name the metal which is made more resistant to corrosion by increasing the thickness of
the oxide layer on the surface of the metal.
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]
Total 13 marks

The flow diagram shows some reactions of iron.

Iro n

C h lo rin e
+
heat

D ilu te
h y d ro c h lo r ic
a c id

S o lu tio n B
+
G as C

S o lid A

D is so lv e in
w a te r a n d a d d
a q u e o u s s o d iu m
h y d r o x id e

S ilv e r
n itra te
s o lu tio n

R u st b ro w n
p re c ip ita te
D

W h ite p re c ip ita te
E

(a)

Name the substances A to E shown in the flow diagram by choosing from the list.
hydrogen

iron(II) chloride

iron(II) hydroxide
silver chloride

iron(III) chloride

iron(III) hydroxide

oxygen

silver nitrate

(i)

Solid A ..........................................................................................................

(ii)

Solution B .....................................................................................................

(iii)

Gas C ............................................................................................................

(iv)

Rust brown precipitate D ..............................................................................

(v)

White precipitate E .......................................................................................

[5]

(b)

Today a variety of instrumental methods are used for detecting and identifying elements
and compounds.
(i)

Name one instrumental method that might be used to detect the element, iron.
.................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Give two advantages of using instrumental methods for the detection and
identification of elements.
1. ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 8 marks

(a)

Iron can be extracted from iron oxide in a blast furnace.

C o k e , h a e m a tite
a n d lim e sto n e

W a s te g a s e s

A ir

W a s te g a s e s

A ir
Iro n

(i)

Which one of the substances added to the furnace contains the iron oxide?
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Inside the furnace the coke (carbon) burns in air to release heat.
Name the type of reaction that transfers heat to the surroundings.
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

Carbon monoxide is formed in the furnace. The carbon monoxide reacts with iron oxide
to make iron.
Balance the chemical equation for this reaction.
Fe2O3 + ................ CO ................ Fe + .................... CO2

[1]

(c)

To gain full marks you should write down your ideas in good English. Put them into a
sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

Aluminium can be extracted from a mineral called bauxite.

(i)

Bauxite contains aluminium oxide.

Describe how aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[3]

(ii)

About five thousand years passed between the first extraction of iron and that of
aluminium. Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 8 marks

One definition of an element is:

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical methods.
The table shows some of the substances which Antoine Lavoisier thought were elements. He
divided the substances into four groups. He published these groups in 1789.
The modem names of some of the substances are given in brackets.
Acid-making
elements

Gas-like
elements

Metallic
elements

sulphur

light

cobalt mercury

phosphorus

caloric
(heat)

copper nickel

charcoal
(carbon)

oxygen

gold

azote
(nitrogen)

iron

platina
(platinum)
silver

hydrogen

lead

tin

manganese tungsten

Earthly
elements
lime
(calcium oxide)
magnesia
(magnesium oxide)
barytes
(barium sulphate)
argilla
(aluminium oxide)
silex
(silicon dioxide)

zinc
(a)

Name one substance in the list which is not a chemical element or compound.
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

(i)

Name one substance in the list which is a compound.

..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Suggest why Lavoisier thought that this substance was an element.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(c)

Dimitri Mendeleev devised a Periodic Table of the elements in 1869. A modem version of
this table is shown on the Data Sheet.

Give two ways in which Mendeleevs table is more useful than Lavoisiers.
1 .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 5 marks

The diagram shows the different rocks in a section through part of the Earths crust.
F a u lt

F a u lt

K ey
c o n g lo m e ra te

c la y

b a sa lt

re d d e se rt
s a n d s to n e

Most of the rocks are sedimentary rocks.

The deeper a sedimentary rock the older it usually is.

fin e
s a n d s to n e

s h a le

(a)

Complete boxes A, B, C and D on the diagram below to show the correct order of their
ages.
You can use either the names or the symbols.
A

y o u n g est ro ck

C
D
o ld e s t ro c k

[2]

(b)

The layers of rock are folded.

What does this tell us about the Earths crust in the region?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]
Total 4 marks

Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact Process. A flow diagram for the process is shown.

S u lp h u r

S u lp h u r d io x id e

U n r e a c te d g a s e s
re c y c le d

A dd oxygen
h e a t o v e r c a ta ly s t X

S u b s ta n c e Y

O le u m , H 2 S 2 O

A d d s u b sta n c e Z
C o n c e n tr a te d
s u lp h u ric a c id , H 2 S O

(a)

Describe how sulphur dioxide is made from sulphur.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]

(b)

Name catalyst X.
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(c)

Why are the unreacted gases recycled and not released into the atmosphere?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[2]

(d)

Name substance Y.
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(e)

Name substance Z, which reacts with oleum to form concentrated sulphuric acid.
.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(f)

Calculate the relative formula mass of oleum, H2S2O7. Show clearly how you work out
your answer.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1, O = 16, S = 32)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Relative formula mass of oleum = .............................................................................

[2]

(g)

Give one use of concentrated sulphuric acid.

.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(h)

To gain full marks you should write down your ideas in good English. Put them into a
sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

Sulphuric acid behaves as an acid.

Explain why, using the ideas of Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[3]
Total 13 marks

This label has been taken from a bottle of mineral water.

Use the information on the label to answer some of the questions which follow.

CARBO NATED NATURAL

S P R IN G W A T E R

O f f ic ia l A n a ly s is
m g /l

m g /l

C a l c i u m ...........5 8
M a g n e s i u m ......1 7
P o t a s s i u m ..........2
S o d iu m ............2 2
B ic a r b o n a te ....2 3 8
C h l o r id e ...........4 0

S u l p h a te ...........2 6
N it r a te ..........< 0 .1
I r o n ....................0
A lu m i n i u m .......0 0
D ry re sid u e
a t 1 8 0 C ........2 8 5

p H a t S o u r c e ...7 .3
F ilt e r e d t h r o u g h a n c i e n t l im e s t o n e
t o a d e p t h o f 1 7 0 0 m e t r e s , t h is w a t e r
s u p p l ie s a n a t u r a l b a l a n c e o f m in e r a ls .

S P R IN G
G R IT S &
S H A LE S

S P A R K L I N G

G E O L O G IC A L
F A U LT

UPPER
L IM E S T O N E

AN

C IE

NT

LA

VA

FL

OW

LO W E R
L IM E S T O N E

500 m l

(a)

This mineral water is hard.

(i)

Name an ion from the label which makes this mineral water hard.
..........................................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Describe and give the results of a test to show that this mineral water is hard.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

[2]

(b)

Describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of hard water.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[3]
Total 6 marks

Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine. Fluorine reacts with most elements in the Periodic
Table.
However, fluorine does not react with argon.
(Atomic numbers: F = 9, Cl = 17)
(a)

To which group of the Periodic Table do fluorine and chlorine belong?

.....................................................................................................................................

[1]

(b)

Draw the electron arrangement of a chlorine atom.

[2]

(c)

Explain why fluorine is more reactive than chlorine.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

[3]
Total 6 marks

(a)

The table gives the atomic numbers and boiling points of the noble gases.
NOBLE GAS

ATOMIC NUMBER

BOILING POINT (C)

helium

269

neon

10

246

argon

18

186

krypton

36

xenon

54

107

radon

86

62

(i)

Draw a graph of boiling point against atomic number. Draw a line of best fit
through the points.

A to m ic n u m b e r
0

100
B o ilin g
p o in t ( C )

200

300

[3]

(ii)

Use your graph to help you complete the sentence.

The estimated boiling point of krypton is ................................................. C

[1]

(b)

Krypton is very unreactive.

(i)

Explain, as fully as you can, why krypton is so unreactive.

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[3]

(ii)

Very few compounds of krypton have ever been made. One compound is krypton
fluoride.
A sample of krypton fluoride was found to contain 0.42 g of krypton and 0.19g of
fluoride. Calculate the formula of krypton fluoride.
To gain full marks you must show all your working.
(Relative atomic masses: E = 19, Kr = 84)
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[4]
Total 11 marks

(a)

The transition elements have the typical properties of metals.

(i)

Transition metals are good conductors of electricity.

Explain why.
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[2]

(ii)

Transition metals have high melting points.

Explain why.
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[2]

(b)

Iron is a transition metal. Iron, because of its strength, is used in the building of ships
hulls. The main problem of using iron is that it rusts unless protected.

Explain how attaching zinc blocks to an iron hull stops it from rusting.
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[2]
Total 6 marks

Hydrogen and chlorine are reacted together to form hydrogen chloride.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
Bond

Bond energy in kJ/mol

ClCI

242

HCl

431

HH

436

(a)

Use the bond energies to calculate the energy change for the formation of hydrogen
chloride.
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Energy change = ................ kJ/mol

[3]

(b)

Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

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[2]
Total 5 marks

Ammonia is produced by the Haber process. In the process nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed.
The pressure is increased to about 200 atmospheres. The gases are passed over an iron catalyst at
about 450C. The equation for the reaction is:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)

2NH3(g)

The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is reversible. This affects the amount of ammonia
that it is possible to obtain from the process. The graph below shows how the pressure and
temperature affect the percentage of ammonia that can be produced.
80

350C

70
400C
60

4 5 0 C

50
%
a m m o n ia
p ro du ced

40
5 0 0 C

30

55 0C

20
10
0
0

100

200

300
P re s s u re in a tm

400

500

To gain full marks you should write down your ideas in good English. Put them in a sensible
sequence and use the correct scientific words.
Use this information, together with your knowledge of the process, to explain why many
industrial ammonia plants operate at 200 atmospheres and 450C.
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[5]
Total 5 marks

(a)

The structure formula of a hydrazine molecule is shown below.

H
H

H
Complete the diagram below to show how the outer energy level (shell) electrons are arranged
in a hydrazine molecule. Show the electrons as dots and crosses.

[2]

(b)

Explain why hydrazine has a low boiling point.

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[2]

(c)

Hydrazine is produced from ammonia. The equation which represents this reaction is:
2NH3 + NaOCl N2H4 + NaCl + H2O

What mass of ammonia, NH3, is needed to make 32 g of hydrazine, N2H4?

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1, N = 14)
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[2]
Total 6 marks

This question is about hydrocarbons.

The table gives some information about the first ten members of a homologous series. It
includes their melting points and boiling points. It was taken from a German Chemistry
Textbook.
Name

Summenformal

Strukturformeln
(Kurzform)

Schmelz-temperatur
(C)

Siedetemperatur (C)

Methane

CH4

CH4

182

162

than

C2H6

CH3 CH3

183

89

Propan

C3H8

CH3 CH2 CH3

188

42

Butan

C4H10

CH3 (CH2)2 CH3

138

Pentan

C5H12

CH3 (CH2)3 CH3

130

+36

Hexan

C6H14

CH3 (CH2)4 CH3

95

+69

Heptan

C7H16

CH3 (CH2)5 CH3

90

+98

Octan

C8H18

CH3 (CH2)6 CH3

57

+126

Nonan

C9H20

CH3 (CH2)7 CH3

54

Decan

C10H22

CH3 (CH2)8 CH3

30

+174

(a)

(i)

What is meant by an homologous series?

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[2]

(ii)

Use the information in the table to predict the boiling point of

C9H20 ................C

[1]

(iii)

What is the formula of the twelfth member of this series?

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[1]

(b)

There are three hydrocarbons which have the molecular formula C5H12. The structural
formula of one of these is shown below (A).

H
(A )

(i)

Draw the structural formula of the other two compounds (B and C).

(B )

(C )

[2]

(ii)

What name is given to compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different structures?
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[1]

(iii)

Which of the compounds, A, B or C, has the highest boiling point?

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Give reasons for your answer.
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[3]
Total 10 marks

A sample of water taken from a lake was found to contain sulphuric acid.
A student carried out a titration to find the concentration of the sulphuric acid in this sample.
25.0 cm3 of the sulphuric acid solution was neutralised exactly by 34.0 cm3 of a potassium
hydroxide solution of concentration 0.2 mol dm3. The equation for the reaction is:
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(1)
-

(a)

Describe the experimental procedure for the titration carried out by the student.
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[4]

(b)

Calculate the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used.

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Number of moles = ...........................

[2]

(c)

Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid in mole per cubic decimetre (mol dm3).
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Concentration = .................. mol dm3

[3]
Total 9 marks

(a)

A student had forgotten to label which of two test tubes contained a solution of aluminium
nitrate.

Describe a chemical test using sodium hydroxide solution to show which test tube contained
nitrate ions. Give the result of this test.
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[3]

(b)

Name an instrumental method of analysis that might be used to detect a drug in the urine
of an athelete.
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[1]

(c)

Describe how advances in technology have assisted in the development of instrumental

methods for the detection and identification of elements and compounds.
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[2]
Total 6 marks