LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CUSTOMER LINE SIGNALLING ABHINAV SINGHA 10802729.

E1804 A14 Abstract This document refers to the types of signaling provided by SS7 (signaling system) in its various forms across the range of delivered systems for customer line signaling . Some of the concepts are generic while others are specific to particular administrations. Introduction In telecommunication, signaling has the following meanings: The use of signals communications for controlling

Since there should be a minimum line current which the exchange can detect, there is a maximum permissible line Resistance ( 1000 ohm).When TELEPHONE DIAL is an example of LOOP / DISCONNECT PULSING. For each digit the dial breaks the circuit to send a train of upto 10 disconnect pulses. The exchange detects the end of each pulse train. But circuits to receive dial pulses became more complex. This led to the introduction of PUSHBUTTON TELEPHONES which send voice frequency pulses and provides faster address signaling. DTMF: It is used in push button telephone. It sends each digit by means of combination of 2 freq. one from each of two group of four freq. This is done to avoid SIGNAL IMITATION since these 2 freq. are not harmonically related. Symbols * and # are used by SPC exchanges for services which a customer can control. Eg. Divert.

The information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of the network, in contrast to user information transfer The sending of a signal from the telecommunication circuit to inform a user at the receiving end that a message is to be sent. CUSTOMER LINE SIGNALLING In local telephone n/w, loop signaling is used for sending customers call request (seize) and clear signals to the exchange.

Signaling Systems Signaling : Signaling is defined as a mechanism by virtue of which network entities exchange information amongst themselves , which are required to set up a communication path.

Signaling System : Signaling system is defined as a set of methods or rules followed by network entities to exchange information required for communication set up. Examples of Signaling Systems : SS#7 or CCS#7 (Common Channel Signaling #7) CAS (Channel associated Signaling) Areas of Signaling There are mainly three areas of signaling during a telephone call : 1.between subscribers and exchanges. 2.within exchanges. 3.between exchanges

Common Channel Signaling (CCS) In CCS there is a common signaling channel which takes care of all the signaling information to be exchanged during communication. All other channels can be used for speech or data as required.

Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) In CAS each and every speech channel is associated with a signaling channel. This means for each speech channel a separate signaling channel is required. Advantages of CCS 1. Higher signaling capacity. 2. More number of speech/data channels as there is only one signaling channel. 3. Central offices can exchange information , not related to speech/data between themselves e.g. subscriber data. 4. Various high end features like roaming are possible by using CCS7.

CCS7 Network Components The CCS7 Network consists following Components : of the

Signaling Links : The signaling links transmit signaling messages between the communicating entities. Signaling Link Set : A signaling link set is a collection of signaling links between two signaling entities. Signaling Route : A signaling route is defined to be the path through which signaling messages are exchanged between two entities. There can be multiple signaling routes between two SPCs, wherein there will be one primary route and several alternate routes. CCS7 Routing Modes Associated Mode : In the associated mode, the signaling link is routed together with the circuit group belonging to the link. In other words, the signaling link is directly connected to signaling points which are also the terminal points of the circuit group. This mode of signaling is recommended when the capacity of the traffic relation between the signaling points A and B is heavily utilized.

1.SP -Signaling Point : The SP is the source or originating entity of the signaling message. 2.STP-Signaling Transit Point : These entities transfer the signaling message to another SP or STP without processing the signaling message. 3.SEP Signaling End Point : The SEP is defined to be the terminating point of the signaling message 4. SRP Signaling Relay Point : These are STPs with ability tp process the signaling message. CCS7 Network Architecture A typical SS7 network is a mixture of various SPs STPs SRPs and SEPs, As shown below :

CCS7 Terminologies SPC : SPC is defined as signaling point code which uniquely identifies each element within the SS7 network.

Quasi associated mode : In the quasiassociated mode of signaling, the signaling link and the circuit group run along different routes, the circuit group connecting the signaling point. A is directly connected with the signaling point B. For this mode the signaling, the circuit group is carried out via one or more defined signaling transfer points. This signaling mode is favorable for traffic relations with low capacity utilization, as the various signaling links can be used for several destinations.

In this way, the user parts control the set-up and release of circuit connections, the processing of facilities as well as administration and maintenance functions for the circuits.

The Message Transfer Part MTP is used in SS7 by all user parts as a transport system or message exchange.

Signaling Functional Diagram SS7 Protocol Structure SS7 protocol stack can be broadly divided into two main categories : A ) MTP Message Transfer Part : The message transfer part has three levels , namely MTP Layer 1, Layer 2 and Layer 3. The message transfer part (MTP) represents a user-neutral means of transport for messages between the users. B ) User Parts (UP) : Each user part (UP) encompasses the functions, protocols and coding for the signaling via SS7 for a specific user type (e.g. data service, ISDN).

Messages to be transferred from one user part to another are given to the message transfer part The message transfer part ensures that the messages reach the addressed user part in the correct order without information loss, duplication or

sequence alteration and without any bit errors. The Message Transfer Part Signal units : The message transfer part transports messages in signal units of varying length. A signal unit is formed by the functions of level 2. In addition to the message it also contains control information for the message exchange. There are three different types of signal units Message Signal Units (MSU) With message signal units, the message transfer part transfers user messages, i.e., messages from user parts (level 4) and messages from the signaling network management (level 3). Link Status Signal units (LSSU) LSSU contains information for the operation of the signaling link (e.g. for the alignment). Fill-In Signal Units (FISU) FISU are used to maintain the acknowledgement cycle and quality control when no user messages are to be sent in one of the two directions of the signaling. The Message Transfer Part Forward indicator bit (FIB) The forward indicator bit (FIB) is needed during general error correction. It indicates whether a signal unit is being sent for the first time or whether it is being retransmitted.

Length indicator (LI) The length indicator (LI) gives the number of octets (one octet = 8 bits) between the length indicator field and the check-bit field, and is used to differentiate between the three signal units. The length indicator field contains different values according to the type of signal unit: 0 = fill-in signal unit 1 or 2 = link status signal unit greater than 2 = message signal unit. The maximum value in the length indicator field is 63 even if the signal information field contains more than 62 octets. (The message signal unit is invalid for longer message signal units. However, it is possible to calculate the exact length of the message signal unit).

Service information octet (SIO): The service information octet (SIO) only exists in message signal units. It contains the service indicator and the network indicator. A service indicator is assigned to each user

of the message transfer part. It informs the message transfer part which user part has sent the message and which user part is to receive it. The network indicator indicates whether the traffic is national or international. The message transfer part evaluates both items of information. Signal information field (SIF): The signal information field (SIF) only exists in message signal units. It contains the actual user message as well as the addresses. The maximum length of the signaling information field is 272 octets. Check bits (CK) : The check bits (CK) are formed on the transmission side from the contents of the signal unit and are added to the signal unit as redundancy. On the receive side, the message transfer part can determine with the check bits whether the signal unit was transferred without any errors. The signal unit is acknowledged as either positive or faulty on the basis of the check. Status field (SF) : The status field (SF) only exists in link status signal units. It contains status indications for the signaling links for the alignment of the transmit and receive directions. Addressing of the signal units The routing label of a signal unit is transported in the signal information field (SIF). It consists of the following 1 Destination Point Code (DPC)

A code is assigned to each signaling point in the signaling network according to a numbering plan. The message transfer part uses the code for message routing. The destination point code in a message signal unit identifies the signaling point to which this message is to be transferred. The originating point code specifies the signaling point from which the message originates. The contents of the signaling link selection determine the signaling route along which the message is to be transmitted. In this way, the signaling link selection is used for load sharing on the signaling links between two signaling points. The service information octet (SIO) contains additional address information. Using the service indicator, the destination message transfer part identifies the user part for which the message is intended. The Message Transfer Part

Routing label of a message signal unit The Message Transfer Part

2 Originating Point Code (OPC) 3 Signaling Link Selection (SLS)

Functions of the MTP Layers Level 1 (signaling data link) defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signaling data link and the access units. Level 1 represents the bearer for a signaling link. In a digital network, 64-kbit/s channels are generally used as signaling data links. In addition, analog channels (preferably with a bit rate of 4.8 kbit/s) can also be used via modems as a signaling data link. Level 2 (signaling link) defines the functions and procedures for a correct exchange of user messages via a signaling link. The following functions must be carried out in level 2. delimitation of the signal units by flags. elimination of superfluous flags. error detection using check bits. error correction by re transmitting signal units. error rate monitoring on the signaling data link. restoration of fault-free operation, for example, after disruption of the signaling data link Level 3 (signaling network) defines the internetworking of the individual signaling links. A distinction is made between the two following functional areas: message handling, i.e. directing the messages to the desired signaling link, or to the correct user part.

signaling network management, i.e. control of the message traffic, for example, by means of changeover of signaling links if a fault is detected and change back to normal operation after the fault is corrected The various functions of level 3 operate with one another, with functions of other levels and with corresponding functions of other signaling points.

The User Parts - ISUP ISDN user part (ISUP) The ISDN user part (ISUP) covers the signaling functions for the control of calls, for the processing of services and features and for the administration of circuits in ISDN. The ISUP has interfaces to the message transfer part and the signaling connection control part (SCCP) for the transport of message signal units. The ISUP can use SCCP functions for end-to-end signaling.The structure of the ISUP Message is shown below : ISDN User Part The routing label comprises the destination point code, the originating point code and the signaling link selection. The circuit identification code (CIC) assigns the message to a specific circuit. A circuit identification code is permanently assigned to each circuit. Message type , Fixed mandatory part ,variable mandatory part ,optional part.

Conclusion The topic highlight the main content of the customer line signaling . The use of signals for controlling communications and the information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of the network, in contrast to user information transfer. The main topic are SS7 (signaling system) & CCS7 (common Channel Signaling #7 ) the other show cased topic under the research of customer line signaling are Signaling mode, ccs7 Protocol Structure, The Message Transfer Part , MTP structure , ISUP(ISDN auser part ) .The term paper was of great knowledge . It is with deep sense of gratitude and immense pride that we acknowledge the valuable guidance, constructive remarks and advice given to us by our worthy teachers.

References Books Reffered;1.Telecommunication networks,transmission and traffic,by J.E Flood 2.General telecom . Websites viewed;1.www.wikipedia.com 2.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp? arnumber=4265739&tag=1. 3.http://www.scribd.com/doc/51794452/4/Si gnalling-Techniques 4.http://www.scribd.com/sankalp_anand/d/4 7812345-Customer-Line-Signalling. 5.http://www.pulsewan.com/data101/ss7_ba sics.htm