Kinetics of a Particle

Impulse and Momentum

Chapter Four
In this chapter, you will learn how to: -

derive the principle of impulse and
momentum for a particle from
Newtons second law.

express the conservation of total
momentum of the particles when
impulse of the external forces is zero.

Kinetics of a Particle
Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum
2 1
1 2

Momentum Impulse Linear
mv Fdt mv
mv mv Fdt
dv m Fdt
mdv dt F
dt
dv
m F
ma F

}
}

= +
=
=
=
=
=
=
Resolving into x,y,z components
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1



2
1
2
1
2
1
z
t
t
z z
y
t
t
y y
x
t
t
x x
v m dt F v m
v m dt F v m
v m dt F v m

}
= +
= +
= +
Example 4.1:
A 20 N block slides down a 30 inclined
plane with an initial velocity of 2 m/s.
Determine the velocity of the block in 3 s
if the coefficient between the block and
the plane is
k
= 0.25.
30
2 m/s
Solution 4.1:
FBD
N
F
f
= 0.25 N
W=20 N
y
x
Solution 4.1: (continued)
( ) ( )
( )
___
0 30 cos 20
0
___
0 30 cos 20 0

3
0
2 1
2
1
=
=
= =
=
= +
= +

}
N
N
ma F
or
N N
dt N
v m dt F v m
y
y
y
t
t
y y
+ y
17.32 N
Solution 4.1: (continued)
( ) ( )
( )
s m v
v dt N
v m dt F v m
x
t
t
x x
/ ___
) (
81 . 9
20
25 . 0 30 sin 20 ) 2 (
81 . 9
20

3
0
2 1
2
1
=
= +
= +

}
+ x
10.3
Example 4.2:
A 20 N ball is thrown in the direction shown
with an initial speed v
A
=6 m/s. Determine
the time needed for it to reach its highest
point B and the speed which it is travelling
at B. Use the principle of impulse and
momentum for the solution.
Solution 4.2:
( ) ( )
s t
dt
v m dt F v m
t
y
t
t
y y
___
0 20 ) 30 sin 6 (
81 . 9
20

0
2 1
2
1
=
=
= +

}
+
0.306
Solution 4.2: (continued)
( ) ( )
s m v
v
v m dt F v m
B
B
x
t
t
x x
/ ___
) (
81 . 9
20
0 ) 30 cos 6 (
81 . 9
20

2 1
2
1
=
= +
= +

}
+
5.2
Example 4.3:

A hammer head having a
weight of 1 N is moving
vertically downward at 10 m/s
when it strikes the head of a
nail of negligible mass and
drives into a block of wood.
Find the impulse on the nail if
it is assumed that the grip at A
is loose, the handle has a
negligible mass, and the
hammer stays in contact with
the nail while it comes to rest.
Neglect impulse that
caused by hammer
head.
Solution 4.3:
( ) ( )
Ns Fdt
Fdt
v m dt F v m
t
y
t
t
y y
___
0 ) 10 (
81 . 9
1

0
2 1
2
1
=
=
= +
}
}

}
+
1.02
Kinetics of a Particle
Conservation of
Linear Momentum
When the sum of the external impulses acting
on a system of particles is zero, the equation is
( ) ( )

}
=
=
2 1
2
1
0
i i i i
t
t
m m
Fdt
v v
This equation is referred to as the conservation
of linear momentum.
It states that the total momentum for a system of
particles remains constant during the time period
t
1
to t
2
.
Example 4.4:
The car A has a weight of 22.5 kN and is
travelling to the right at 1 m/s. Meanwhile a
15 kN car B is travelling at 2 m/s to the left.
If the cars crash, determine their common
velocity just after the collision. Assume
brakes are not applied during collision.
Solution 4.4:
( ) ( ) ( )
s m v
v
v m m v m v m
B A B B A A
/ ___
81 . 9
15000 22500
) 2 (
81 . 9
15000
) 1 (
81 . 9
22500

2
2
2
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ = +
- 0.2
Example 4.5:

Given:Two rail cars with masses of m
A
= 15
Mg and m
B
= 12 Mg and velocities as
shown.
Find:The speed of the cars after they meet
and connect. Also find the average
impulsive force between the cars if the
coupling takes place in 0.8 s.
Plan:

1. Use conservation of linear momentum
to find the velocity of the two cars after
connection (all internal impulses
cancel).

2. Then use the principle of impulse and
momentum to find the impulsive force
by looking at only one car.

Solution 4.5:
Conservation of linear momentum (x-dir):
m
A
(v
A
)
1
+ m
B
(v
B
)
1
= (m
A
+ m
B
) v
2

15,000(1.5) + 12,000(- 0.75) = (27,000)v
2


v
2
= 0.5 m/s
Impulse and momentum on car A (x-dir):
m
A
(v
A
)
1
+ F dt = m
A
(v
2
)
15,000(1.5) - F dt = 15,000(0.5)
F dt = 15,000 Ns
The average force is
F dt = 15,000 Ns = F
avg
(0.8 sec); F
avg
= 18,750 N
Solution:
Kinetics of a Particle
Impact
Impact occurs when two bodies collide
with each other during a very short period
of time, causing relatively large (impulsive)
forces to be exerted between the bodies.
There are two types of impact.
1.Central impact occurs when the direction of
motion of the mass centers of the two
colliding particles is along the line of impact.
2.Oblique impact occurs when one or both of
the particles is at an angle with the line of
impact.

The line of impact passes through the mass
centers of the particles.
In most problems, the initial velocities of the particles,
(v
A
)
1
and (v
B
)
1
, are known, and it is necessary to
determine the final velocities, (v
A
)
2
and (v
B
)
2
. So the first
equation used is the conservation of linear momentum,
applied along the line of impact.

(m
A
v
A
)
1
+ (m
B
v
B
)
1
= (m
A
v
A
)
2
+ (m
B
v
B
)
2

This provides one equation, but there are usually two
unknowns, (v
A
)
2
and (v
B
)
2
. So another equation is
needed. The principle of impulse and momentum is
used to develop this equation, which involves the
coefficient of restitution, or e.
The coefficient of restitution, e, is the ratio
of the particles relative velocity after impact,
(v
B
)
2
(v
A
)
2
, to the particles relative velocity
before impact, (v
A
)
1
(v
B
)
1
.
The equation defining the coefficient of
restitution, e, is
(v
A
)
1
(v
B
)
1

(v
B
)
2
(v
A
)
2
e =
In general, e has a value between zero and one.
Elastic impact (e = 1): In a perfectly elastic
collision, no energy is lost and the relative
separation velocity equals the relative approach
velocity of the particles. In practical situations,
this condition cannot be achieved.
Plastic impact (e = 0): In a plastic impact, the
relative separation velocity is zero. The particles
stick together and move with a common velocity
after the impact.
IMPACT: ENERGY LOSSES
During a collision, some of the particles initial
kinetic energy will be lost in the form of heat,
sound, or due to localized deformation.
Once the particles velocities before and after
the collision have been determined, the energy
loss during the collision can be calculated on
the basis of the difference in the particles
kinetic energy. The energy loss is
U
1-2
= T
2
- T
1
where T
i
= 0.5m
i
(v
i
)
2
Example 4.6:
Disk A has a mass of 2 kg and is sliding forward
on the smooth surface with a velocity v
A
= 5
m/s when it strikes the 4 kg disk B, which is
sliding towards A at v
B
= 2 m/s, with direct
central impact. If the coefficient of restitution
between the disk is e = 0.4, compute the
velocity of A and B just after collision.
Solution 4.6:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 1 ( 4 2 ) 2 ( 4 5 2

Momentum of on Conservati
2 2
2 2 1 1
+ = +
+ = +
B A
B B A A B B A A
v v
v m v m v m v m
) 2 (
) 2 ( 5
) ( ) (
4 . 0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
n Restitutio of t Coefficien
2 2
1 1
2 2

=
A B
B A
A B
v v
v v
v v
e
Solution 4.6:(continued)
( )
( ) =
= =
s m v
s m s m v
B
A
/ 27 . 1
/ 53 . 1 / 53 . 1
(2) and (1) equations Solving
2
2
Example 4.7:
Two smooth disks A and B, having mass of 1 kg
and 2 kg respectively, collide with the velocities
shown. If the coefficient of restitution for the disks
is e = 0.75, determine the x and y components of
the final velocity of each disk just after collision.
Solution 4.7:
Resolving each of the initial velocities into x and y
components, we have
s m v
s m v
s m v
s m v
By
Bx
Ay
Ax
/ 707 . 0 45 sin 1 ) (
/ 707 . 0 45 cos 1 ) (
/ 50 . 1 30 sin 3 ) (
/ 60 . 2 30 cos 3 ) (
1
1
1
1
= =
= =
= =
= =

Solution 4.7:(continued)
The four unknown velocity components after
collision are assumed to act in the positive
directions. Since the impact occurs only in the x
direction (line of impact), the conservation of
momentum for both disks can be applied in this
direction.
Solution 4.7:(continued)
Conservation of x Momentum.
18 . 1 ) ( 2 ) (
) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) 707 . 0 ( 2 ) 60 . 2 ( 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 1
= +
+ = +
+ = +
+
Bx Ax
Bx Ax
Bx B Ax A Bx B Ax A
v v
v v
v m v m v m v m
( )
Solution 4.7:(continued)
Conservation of (x) Restitution. Both disks are
assumed to have components of velocity in the +x
direction after collision,
48 . 2 ) ( ) (
) 07 . 0 ( 60 . 2
) ( ) (
75 . 0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
=

=
+
Ax Bx
Ax Bx
Bx Ax
Ax Bx
v v
v v
v v
v v
e
( )
Solution 4.7:(continued)
Solving the two simultaneous equations,
=
= =
s m v
s m s m v
Bx
Ax
/ 22 . 1 ) (
/ 26 . 1 / 26 . 1 ) (
2
2
Solution 4.7:(continued)
Conservation of y Momentum.
The momentum of each disk is conserved in the y
direction (plane of contact), since the disks are
smooth and therefore no external impulse acts in
this direction.
+ = =
= | +
| =
= | +
s m s m v
v m v m
s m v
v m v m
By
By B By B
Ay
Ay A Ay A
/ 707 . 0 / 707 . 0 ) (
) ( ) (
/ 5 . 1 ) (
) ( ) (
2
2 1
2
2 1
( )
( )
Tutorial:
Problems (12
th
Edition)
15-2, 15-38, 15-67