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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge Mr Rajendra Niroula, District Forest Officer Rolpa, for coordination, facilitation and conceptualising the scope of study. We are thankful to Accountant Mr. Giri Raj Lamichhane; Rangers Ganesh Aiedi and Chandra Barmi, and other staffs of District Forest Office, Rolpa for their support and cooperation to carry out this work. We are grateful to Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project for the financial support. We acknowledge Mr Dev Bahadur Mahara, trainer of Allow thread for providing us the information on different aspects of Allo related enterprises. We would also like to thank Mr Dal Bahadur Mahara, Liwang Range Post; Mr Begam KC, Sulichaur Range Post; and Mr Man Prasad Budha of Gharitgaun Range Post for assisting us in field trip. Lastly, we would like to thank residents of seven VDCs who supported us during the field work.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................... a ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... b PART ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................................ 2 PART TWO: STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 SELECTION OF SURVEY AREA .................................................................................................... 3 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ...................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Temperature and Climate ........................................................................................................ 4 PART THREE: METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Primary Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 5
3.1.1 Key informant survey ........................................................................................................ 5 3.1.2 Resource mapping............................................................................................................. 5 3.1.3 Determination of harvestable size ..................................................................................... 6 3.2 Secondary Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Data Processing and Analysis ................................................................................................... 6 3.3.1 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 6 3.3.2 Density.............................................................................................................................. 6 3.3.3 Quantification of stock ...................................................................................................... 7 3.3.4 Sustainable harvest quantity ............................................................................................. 7 3.4 Report Writing ................................................................................................................... 7
PART FOUR: RESOURCE ASSESSMENT............................................................................................... 8 4.1 4.2 Plant Monograph ............................................................................................................... 8 Species recorded within the Quadrat ................................................................................. 8
4.3 Frequency and Density........................................................................................................... 11 4.4 Stock Quantification............................................................................................................... 12 PART FIVE: ALLO MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................... 14 5.1 Uses....................................................................................................................................... 14 5.2 Life cycle and growth ............................................................................................................. 14 5.3 Cultivation ............................................................................................................................. 14 5.4 Sustainable Management ...................................................................................................... 15 5.5 Value Addition ....................................................................................................................... 15 5.6 Conservation Status and Revenue .......................................................................................... 16 c
PART SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................... 17 6.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 17 References: ................................................................................................................................. 18 Annex 1: Inventory Form ................................................................................................................ i
List of Tables
Table 1: Criteria for size, class determination for Allo ........................................................................ 6 Table 2: Plant species recorded within the quadrat ........................................................................... 9 Table 3: Frequency and density of Allo in surveyed VDCs ................................................................. 11 Table 4: Yield per hectare ................................................................................................................ 13 Table 5: Total potential yield of Allo in surveyed VDCs ..................................................................... 13
List of Pictures
Picture 1: Map showing surveyed VDCs of Rolpa district .................................................................... 3 Picture 2: Left: Habitat of Allo at Khumel; Right: Allo regenerating in natural habitat at Liwang-8 ...... 4 Picture 3: Temperature and Rainfall graph of Rolpa district (http://www.worldweatheronline.com/weather-averages.aspx?q=RPA) ................................... 4 Picture 4: Girardinia diversifolia: Left-Seedling; Middle- Mature plants in a cluster, and Right-A single mature plant ............................................................................................................................. 8 Picture 5: Density of Allo in survey area ........................................................................................... 12 Picture 6: Weighing the fresh bark in the field ................................................................................. 12
1.2 Objectives
Major objective of the proposed work was to carry out resource assessment of Allo (Girardinia diversifolia). Specific objectives were: To identify the pocket area of Allo in surveyed VDCs. To estimate population of Allo within the surveyed VDCs. To estimate quantity of Allo that can be harvested yearly on a sustainable basis. 1
1.3 Limitations
A systematic sampling method was applied but in few places, the horizontal and vertical transects were deviated because of the inaccessible slopes. Study time was before the monsoon but early rain throughout the country in 2011 causes the delay in field survey in few places. Soil type was not analyzed because of limited scope of the study.
Picture 2: Left: Habitat of Allo at Khumel; Right: Allo regenerating in natural habitat at Liwang-8
A 5 x 5 m quadrat 100 m vertical distance between two transects 200 m horizontal distance between two quadrats
Seedling/sapling and harvestable size Allo in the surveyed area were determined on the basis of height and girth size. The plants that have girth of about 1.5 cm and brown coloured barks are regarded as mature.
3.3.1 Frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al., 1987).
Frequency No. of quadrats in which species occured 100 Total Number of quadrats studied
3.3.2 Density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It is the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al., 1987).
Density Pl/ha Totalnumber of plant of any spcies 10000 Totalnumber of quadrat studied area of quadrat
Data obtained from Density and Frequency was the basis for analyzing present stock and assumption of productivity.
Picture 4: Girardinia diversifolia: Left-Seedling; Middle- Mature plants in a cluster, and Right-A single mature plant
Guras (Rhododendron arboreum), Okhar (Juglans regia), Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Banjh (Quercus lanata) and Pangar (Aesculus indica) etc are dominant tree species of lower temperate mixed broadleaved forest. Banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum), Viburnum erubescens, Telparo (Sarcococca hookeriana) and Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) are the dominant ground vegetation.
Table 2: Plant species recorded within the quadrat SN Scientific Name Local Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Aconogonum molle Aesculus indica Agave americana Ageratum anyzoides Albizia julibrissin Anaphalis contorta Anaphalis triplinervis Anemone rivularis Anemone vitifolia Arisaema costatum Arisaema flavum Arisaema tortuosum Artemesia indica Astilbe rivularis Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia vahlii Begonia dioica Berberis aristata Bergenia ciliata Bombax ceiba Calanthe tricarinata Cannabis sativa Carex sp Castanopsis indica Centella asiatica Cirsium wallichii Cissampelos pareira Coelogyne nitida Colacasia sp Corydalis chaerophylla Cotoneaster sp Cythea spinulosa Daphne papyracea Datura suaveolens Dendrobium amoenum Dendrobium denduans Dendrobium eriiflorum Dioscorea deltoidea Diploknema butyracea Thotne Pangar Ketuki Gandhe Siris Buki jhar Buki phul Bagh paile Sarpa makai Chare banko Sarpa makai Titepati Thulo ausadhi Tanki Bhorla Magar kanche Chutro Pakhanved Simal Sunakhari Ganja Kharuki Katus Ghodtapre Khamvun Batul pate Chandigava Jaluka/Ban pindalu Okhre ghas Rukh unyu Lokta Chandigava Chandigava Chandigava Ban Tarul Chiuri
Family Polygonaceae Hippocastanaceae Agavaceae Compositae Leguminosae Compositae Compositae Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Compositae Saxifragaceae Leguminosae Leguminosae Begoniaceae Berberidaceae Saxifragaceae Bombacaceae Orchidaceae Cannabaceae Cyperaceae Fagaceae Umbelliferae Compositae Menispermaceae Orchidaceae Araceae Fumariaceae Rosaceae Cytheaceae Thymeliaceae Solanaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Dioscoreaceae Sapotaceae
SN 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
Scientific Name Drephanostachyum falcatum Drymeria diandra Engelhardia spicata Equisetum debile Euonymus sp Eupatorium adenophorum Eurya acuminata Fagopyrum sp Ficus sarmentosa Fragaria nubicola Girardinia diversifolia Gnaphalium affine Hedera nepalensis Hedychium ellipticum Jasminum humile Juglans regia Lyonia ovalifolia Macaranga indica Maesa chisia Mahonia napaulensis Malaxis sp Mazus dentatus Mentha piperata Myrica esculenta Oxalis corniculata Parmelia nepalensis Peltigra polydactyla Persea odoratissima Phyllanthus niruri Pilea sp Pinus roxburghii Piper mullesua Plantago erosa Polygonum sp Potentilla fulgens Primula sp Prunus cerasoides Pyracantha crenulata Pyrus pashia Quercus lanata Quercus semecarpifolia Ranunculus sp Rhododendron arboreum Rhus javanica
Family Gramineae Caryophyllaceae Juglandaceae Equicetaceae Celastraceae Compositae Theaceae Polygonaceae Moraceae Rosaceae Urticaceae Compositae Araliaceae Zingiberaceae Oleaceae Juglandaceae Ericaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrsinaceae Berberidaceae Orchidaceae Scrophulariaceae Labiateae Myricaceae Oxalidaceae Parmeliaceae Peltigraceae Lauraceae Euphorbiaceae Urticaceae Pinaceae Piperaceae Plantaginaceae Polygonaceae Rosaceae Primulaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Ranunculaceae Ericaceae Anacardiaceae
Banmara Jhingane Bedulo Bhuin kafal Allo Buki phul Kathe lahero Kyamana Jai phul Okhar Angeri Malata Bilaune Jamanemanro SUnakhari Bawari kafal Chari amilo Lichens Lichens Kaulo Khareto ghas Kote salla Chaba Isabgol Bajradanti Painyu Ghangaru Mayal Banjh Khasru Guras Bhaki amilo
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Scientific Name Ribes glaciale Rubus ellipticus Rumex crispus Sarcococca hookeriana Schima wallichii Smilax sp Solanum xanthocarpum Stellaria media Swertia angustifolia Swertia nervosa Taraxacum officinale Thalictrum foliolosum Trifolium repens Urtica dioca Viburnum erubescens Viburnum mullaha Zanthoxylum armatum
Local Name Kembu Ainselu Halhale Telparo Chilaune Kukur daino Kanthakari Bihi Bhale chiraito Bhale chiraito Tuki phul
Family Grossulariaceae Rosaceae Polygonaceae Buxaceae Theaceae Liliaceae Solanaceae Caryophyllaceae Gentiniaceae Gentiniaceae Compositae Ranunculaceae Leguminosae Urticaceae Sambucaceae Sambucaceae Rutaceae
Sisnu Malo Timur Fern Gaderi Grasses Jingad Jusello Kabu jhar Sinua (Karuche) Syal fosro
Density (plants per hectare) 21167 18382 11233 7813 7400 6515 4492
Allo was most frequent in Liwang VDC with the frequency of 87.5%, followed by 81.82% in Ghartigaon VDC. Allo was least recorded in Khumel VDC with the frequency of 50% (i.e it was recorded in only half of the surveyed quadrats).
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Density, Overall
Density, Mature
Density, Small
Similarly, density of Allo was very high in Hwama VDC with 21,167 individuals per hectare, followed by 18,382 plants per hectare in Ghartigaon VDCs (Table 3 and Picture 5). Picture 5 shows that the density of small Allo is far higher than that of the mature ones, showing that the plant is regenerating very well.
Table 4 gives the potential fresh and dry weight yield per hectare of Allo in surveyed seven VDCs. It should be noted that the density of all available Allo (both mature and seedlings/sapling) was 12
considered during the calculation. Allo will be ready to harvest in about 6-7 months time (i.e during September October) and yield per hectare is estimated for harvesting season.
Table 4: Yield per hectare
Fresh Weight (gm) 13.97 13.97 13.97 13.97 13.97 13.97 13.97
Yield per ha, kg fresh weight 295.70 256.80 156.93 109.15 96.39 91.01 62.75
Dry Weight Yield per ha, kg (gm) dry weight 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 34.29 29.78 18.20 12.66 11.18 10.55 7.28
Effective area of Allo availability: The effective area of Allo availability was calculated based on following data and information: a) b) c) d) Participant's information Habitat and distribution Forest types Aspect
Allo was distributed mostly in the mid sub tropical to mid temperate forest. At the same time it prefers moist soil. Therefore it is mostly found in the north, north east and northwest facing slopes below the mixed broadleaved forest. It was also available in the river banks and on the gorges. Not a single plant was recorded from open south facing slopes and in the Pinus roxburghii forest. The forest type as published by District Forest Office Rolpa was taken as reference for the estimation of current harvestable stock.
Table 5: Total potential yield of Allo in surveyed VDCs
VDC
Effective area of Allo availability (ha) 103.3 225.6 55.3 238.7 109.6 192.6 59.6
Yield per ha, kg fresh weight 295.70 256.80 156.93 109.15 96.39 91.01 62.75
Yield per ha, kg dry weight 34.29 29.78 18.20 12.66 11.18 10.55 7.28
Total yield kg fresh weight 30545.81 57934.08 8678.23 26054.11 10564.34 17528.53 3739.90
Total yield kg dry weight 3542.16 6718.37 1006.46 3021.94 1225.33 2031.93 433.89
About 6718.32 kg of dried bark can be harvested from Gharitgaon VDC. Similarly, 3542 kg of dried bark can be harvested during October-November from Hwama VDC. Similarly, 3021 kg of dried Allo bark can be obtained from Uwa VDC. Despite the low density in Uwa, the area of availability was very high therefore the total yield was very high (Table 5).
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5.3 Cultivation
Allo is a fast-growing plant and is widely distributed in sub-Himalayan tracts of Nepal, which is why little effort has been paid towards its cultivation. Despite its economic importance, it is least preferred by farmers because of the stinging nettles. Further, farmers rarely cultivate species which are abundant in forests. However, it can be cultivated. The plant propagates best by seeds rather than by root offshoots. Allo can be grown on any type of land and can therefore be sown directly in the field. The seeds collected during November to February (Kartik-Magh) are directly sown during monsoons (Ashadh- Shrawan). Weeding is not necessary because Allo itself grows as a weed. However, weeding for the first few weeks is recommended. The plants can be harvested in a year. During harvesting, a few mature plants should be left behind to facilitate seed dispersal and to promote natural regeneration. Allo is harvested by
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cutting the stem inches above the ground. The underground root develops offshoots and gives rise to a new plant (Pyakurel and Baniya 2011).
Beating and Washing: The cooked bark is cleaned in water by continuously beating it with a wooden mallet. Cleansing requires a lot of water, which is why it is usually done in streams and tributaries. It takes four hours to clean 5kg of bark and in turn yield 1kg of fibre. A person can wash up to 18kg of bark in a day. Cleansing: The washed bark is mixed with paddy husk, maize flour, or in a white clay solution and dried in the sun for five to six hours. The process softens the fibre and brings extra whiteness. Coarse fibre is cleansed again by repeating the earlier process. Finally, the fibre is separated manually. It takes more than one man-day to clean a kg of fibre. Bleaching: A mixture of 200gm calcium hypochlorite and 200gm sodium bicarbonate is poured in 20 litres of water and a kg of woven thread is kept in the solution for 24 hours. The threads are washed until the smell of the chemicals is completely washed away. This process removes black spots and other attached particles from the threads and turns them to a dull white colour. Alternatively, bleaching can be done by soaking the threads in 2 per cent calcium hypochloride solution for two hours. The threads are washed thoroughly and sulphuric acid is diluted to make a 0.005 per cent solution. The threads are soaked in this solution for another one to two hours. For the final bleaching process, the threads are dipped for three hours in a warm (70oC) solution of about 20 litres of hydrogen peroxide. The threads finally become white. Spinning: Spinning is either done with a self-constructed hand spindle made of wood or with a spinning wheel. A hand spindle is slower than the wheel but is preferred because it is light to carry and women find it handy and suitable for spinning during their leisure time or during other activities. It takes one man-day to weave threads for 1.5kg of fibre. The threads are either sold to entrepreneurs, or collectors themselves weave them to make coarse clothes. Spinning is also done with the help of sophisticated machines. Machine-woven thread is smoother and finer. However, these machines are not readily available and most urban entrepreneurs buy dried bark or coarse fibre from villages and spin them in the spinning industries. Weaving: Bleached white threads are coloured using natural or chemical dyes. The threads are sometimes mixed with cotton threads to make the fabric smoother. Two people are required to fix the loom (weaving machine). The fitness of the yarn depends largely on the skill of the spinner and also on the quality of the fibre. The yarn thus spun is woven on a back-strap loom.
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6.2 Recommendation
District Forest Office Rolpa have to intensively carry out such resource inventory to quantify the harvestable stock of traded NTFPs. District Forest Office Rolpa needs to capacitate and train the junior field staffs to carry the resource inventory on their own. There might be over harvesting of Allo in few places (eg Hwama 8) and areas near the district headquarter. District Forest Office needs to be alert and have to carry out monitoring in the resource available sites to check and balance the harvesting of Allo.
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References:
DMP, 1982. Wild Edible Plants of Nepal. Department of Medicinal Plants, Nepal, Bulletin No. 9. MoFSC/DMP Kathmandu, Nepal. Ghimire S.K., Sapkota I.B., Oli B.R. and Parajuli-Rai R., 2008b. Non Timber Forest Products of Nepal Himalaya: Database of Some Important Species Found in the Mountain Protected Areas and Surrounding Regions. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Leaman D & Cunningham A.B. 2008. Resource Assessment: A Guide to Implementing Principle 1; Maintaining Wild MAP Resources. IUCN-SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, ISSC-MAP. Manandhar N.P., 2002. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Olsen C.S. & Helles F. 1997. Making the poorest poorer: policies, laws and trade in medicinal plants in Nepal. Journal of World Forest Resource Management. 8: 137-158. Polunin, O. & A. Stainton 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press. Pyakurel D. & Baniya A. 2011. NTFPs: Impetus for Conservation and Livelihood support in Nepal. A Reference Book on Ecology, Conservation, Product Development, and Economic Analysis of Selected NTFPs of Langtang area in the Sacred Himalayan Landscape. WWF Nepal. Rajbhandari, K.R. 2001. Ethnobotany of Nepal. Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON), Kathmandu, Nepal. Raunkair C. 1934. The life forms of Plants and Statistical plant geography. Oxford. Stockdale M. 2005. Steps to sustainable and Community Based NTFP management: a Manual written with Special referenced to South and Southeast Asia. NTFP Exchange Programme for South and Southeast Asia. [online] URL: http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/stockdale_book.pdf Wickens G.E., 1991. Management issues for development of non-timber forest products. Unasylva, 42 (165): 3-8. Zobel D. B., Jha P.K., Behan M. J. & Yadav, U. K. R. 1987. A Practical Manual for Ecology. Ratna Book Distributors, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Latitude Longitude
N E
VDC:
SN
Scientific Name
Local Name
Total (no)
Mature
Young
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11