Greenberg - Epidemiology Self - Assessment Study Questions

Greenberg: Epidemiology Self-Assessment
Question 1 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Next question >
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). West Nile virus had occurred for the first time in the United States the preceding year. This unusual pattern of occurrence is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is A. Question 2 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
< Previous question Next question >
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). A person who has
the symptoms consistent with severe WNV neurologic disease, but does not have definitive serologic evidence of infection A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is E. Question 3 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). Among Staten Island residents, 2.5 per 100,000 persons developed severe WNV neurologic disease during this time period. This measure is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor
I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is C. Question 4 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). Clinical outcome of severe WNV neurologic disease was substantially worse for elderly patients. Advanced age is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is H. Question 5 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). Persons with fever/headache were ten times more likely than others to have serum evidence of WNV infection. Fever/headache is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is G. Question 6 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). A study of antiviral agents is conducted for the treatment of severe WNV neurologic disease in which treatment assignments to individual patients are made by chance A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk
E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is L. Question 7 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). The first person with severe WNV neurologic disease became ill the week of July 15. This individual is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study
The answer is B. Question 8 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). Two of 21 patients with severe WNV neurologic disease died. This is best described by A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is J. Question 9 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). A study is conducted comparing prior use of mosquito repellent by persons with and without severe WNV neurologic disease. This is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case
C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is N. Question 10 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of the relationship of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and the risk of developing hypertension, the control subjects are sampled from participants at a health fair. Select the type of bias or error that would most likely result. A. Selection bias B. Nondifferential misclassification C. Confounding D. Ecologic fallacy E. Random error The answer is A. Question 11 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of inflammation and the development of coronary heart disease, 20year-old stored frozen blood specimens are used to measure C-reactive protein in cases and controls. There is concern that during storage the specimens have deteriorated, yielding lower levels than when they were first obtained. Select the type of bias or error that would most likely result.
A. Selection bias B. Nondifferential misclassification C. Confounding D. Ecologic fallacy E. Random error The answer is B. Question 12 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of alcohol consumption and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, both cases and controls underreport exposure to alcohol. Select the type of bias or error that would most likely result. A. Selection bias B. Nondifferential misclassification C. Confounding D. Ecologic fallacy E. Random error The answer is B. Question 13 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a cohort study of the effect of obesity on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, the investigator reviewing the echocardiogram is blinded to whether the subject is obese or not. Select the most likely effect on the study findings from the lettered options. A. Overestimation B. Underestimation C. No effect D. Cannot be determined The answer is C. Question 14 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The recurrence risk among first-degree relatives of cases is compared with risk among firstdegree relatives of people without the disease. Select the appropriate study design from the following lettered options. A. Sib-pair (linkage) study B. Familial aggregation study C. Cohort study D. Migrant study E. Twin study F. Inbreeding study G. Segregation study The answer is B. Question 15 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a cohort study of obesity and the risk of development of type 2 diabetes, the loss to followup is 35% among the obese subjects and 15% among the nonobese subjects. Select the most likely effect on the study findings from the lettered options. A. Overestimation B. Underestimation C. No effect D. Cannot be determined The answer is D. Question 16 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate how fast new cases of acute myelogenous leukemia develop among workers exposed to benzene? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk
E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is C. Question 17 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Prevalent patients with histories of myocardial infarctions are enrolled in a casecontrol study of inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein as a risk factor for developing myocardial infarction. Among patients who have had a myocardial infarction, higher C-reactive protein is associated with a higher case fatality rate. Select the most likely effect on the study findings from the lettered options. A. Overestimation B. Underestimation C. No effect D. Cannot be determined The answer is B. Question 18 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Concordance of the disease in monozygotic twins is compared with that among dizygotic twins. Select the appropriate study design from the following lettered options. A. Sib-pair (linkage) study B. Familial aggregation study C. Cohort study D. Migrant study E. Twin study F. Inbreeding study G. Segregation study The answer is E. Question 19 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The number of alleles that each person with disease shares with their sibling without the disease is studied. Select the appropriate study design from the following lettered options. A. Sib-pair (linkage) study B. Familial aggregation study C. Cohort study D. Migrant study E. Twin study F. Inbreeding study G. Segregation study The answer is A. Question 20 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of illness from West Nile virus (WNV) infection took place in the northeastern United States between July and October, 2001 (CDC: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infectionNew York and Connecticut counties, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50:37). A study is conducted in which the rates of subsequent WNV infection are compared in communities with and without mosquito abatement programs. This is best described as A. Epidemic B. Sentinel case C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. False-positive F. False-negative G. Risk factor H. Prognostic factor I. Natural history J. Case fatality K. Median survival L. Randomized controlled clinical trial M. Cohort study N. Casecontrol study The answer is M.
The likelihood that cases inherited two copies of the same allele from a single ancestor is compared with the corresponding likelihood among controls. Select the appropriate study design from the following lettered options. A. Sib-pair (linkage) study B. Familial aggregation study C. Cohort study D. Migrant study E. Twin study F. Inbreeding study G. Segregation study The answer is F. Question 22 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study was designed to determine whether selected alleles at one locus are risk factors for coronary artery disease. A laboratory technician incorrectly records a series of results for controls. A. Inbreeding B. Confounding C. Misclassification D. Linkage disequilibrium E. Selection bias F. None of these applies The answer is C. Question 23 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The diagram below represents the decision to use medical therapy or bypass surgery in a 50year-old patient with severe angina. The utilities are hypothetical outcomes scored from 0 to
100. Respective probabilities are also shown on the diagram. The preferred outcome is to survive as long as possible without angina.
Decision tree for coronary bypass surgery.
What is the mortality threshold, that is, the probability of death associated with surgery that would necessitate a decision to change to medical therapy for the 50-year-old patient described above? A. .03 B. .04 C. .05 D. .06 E. .07 The answer is C. Question 24 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a cohort study of hormone replacement therapy and the risk of developing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, high socioeconomic status is associated with both use of hormone
replacement therapy and risk of developing coronary artery disease. Select the type of bias or error that would most likely result. A. Selection bias B. Nondifferential misclassification C. Confounding D. Ecologic fallacy E. Random error The answer is C. Question 25 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Select the most appropriate answer based on the decision diagram in the figure below, which represents the portion of a decision tree that depicts the use of a test to make a medical decision. The probability that the test is positive is represented by p(Pos), and the probability that the test is negative is indicated by p(Neg). If the test is positive, the patient may have disease (ie, a true-positive) or the patient may not have disease (ie, a false-positive) with probabilities represented by p(Dis) and p(No Dis), respectively. The same disease outcomes are possible with a negative test. If the test is negative, the probability of disease is represented by p(DisN) and the probability of no disease is represented by p(No DisN). N indicates that the test is scored as negative.
Portion of a decision tree that illustrates the use of a test to formulate a medical decision
The probability that the test is positive can be easily determined based on the concept of predictive values discussed in Chapter 6: Diagnostic Testing. In the figure, consider truepositives, true-negatives, false-positives, and false-negatives (TP, TN, FP, and FN) as proportions, and Prev. as the pretest prevalence, which is occasionally termed the pretest probability. Which of the following calculations can be used to determine the probability p(Pos) at the chance node 1? A. TP x Prev. + FN x Prev. B. TP x Prev. + TN x (1 Prev.) C. TP x Prev. + FP x (1 Prev.) D. TP x (1 Prev.) + FP x Prev. E. TP x (1 Prev.) + FN x (1 Prev.) The answer is C. Question 26 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The diagram below represents the decision to use medical therapy or bypass surgery in a 50year-old patient with severe angina. The utilities are hypothetical outcomes scored from 0 to 100. Respective probabilities are also shown on the diagram. The preferred outcome is to survive as long as possible without angina.
In the diagram above, the expected utility for medical therapy is A. 57 + 62 = 119.0 B. (57 + 62) x (.67) = 79.73 C. (57 x .67) + (62 x .33) = 58.65 D. (57 x .33) + (62 x .67) = 60.35 E. (57 x .33) + (5 years) = (62 x .67) + (10 years) = 75.35 The answer is D.. Question 27 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of rheumatoid arthritis and alcohol intake, the cases tend to overreport drinking alcohol, whereas the controls who were hospitalized with gastrointestinal illnesses tend to underreport drinking alcohol. Select the most likely form of bias or error from the lettered options. A. Selection bias B. Random error
C. Information bias D. Ecologic fallacy E. Confounding F. Birth cohort effect The answer is C. Question 28 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
If you were to base your decision on the Estimated Utility (EU) in the diagram above, what would your preferred choice be? A. Bypass surgery B. Medical therapy
C. Observe the patient and consider bypass surgery in 6 months D. Observe the patient and consider bypass surgery in 9 months E. No rational therapeutic choice can be made based on the available data The answer is A. Question 29 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Because the survival at 5 and 10 years is the same for surgery and medical therapy, what outcome event would lead to the preferred choice of bypass surgery? A. A greater proportion of surgery patients has no angina at 10 years B. A greater proportion of surgery patients has no angina at 5 and 10 years C. A greater proportion of medical patients has no angina at 10 years
D. A greater proportion of medical patients has no angina at 5 and 10 years E. An equal proportion of surgery and medical patients has no angina at 10 years The answer is A. Question 30 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study was designed to determine whether selected alleles at one locus are risk factors for coronary artery disease. The cases are identified from those admitted to a cardiology ward and the controls are sampled from those hospitalized with a neurologic disease. A. Inbreeding B. Confounding C. Misclassification D. Linkage disequilibrium E. Selection bias F. None of these applies The answer is E. Question 31 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study was designed to determine whether selected alleles at one locus are risk factors for coronary artery disease. Identical twins are more likely to enroll in a twin study than are nonidentical twins. A. Inbreeding B. Confounding C. Misclassification D. Linkage disequilibrium E. Selection bias F. None of these applies The answer is F. Question 32 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a cohort study of the relationship of intake of fruits and vegetables and protection against coronary artery disease, blood pressure is associated positively with coronary artery disease and is inversely associated with dietary intake of fruits and vegetables. The investigators report that fruit and vegetable intake protects against the development of coronary artery disease, but does not control for the effects of blood pressure. Select the most likely form of bias or error from the lettered options. A. Selection bias B. Random error C. Information bias D. Ecologic fallacy E. Confounding F. Birth cohort effect The answer is E. Question 33 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of the relationship of stressful life events and the occurrence of coronary artery disease, patients with coronary artery disease are more likely to report past stressful events than are the healthy controls. Select the most likely effect on the study findings from the lettered options. A. Overestimation B. Underestimation C. No effect D. Cannot be determined The answer is A. Question 34 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
During 5 years of follow-up, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease among those with a particular allele versus among those without this allele is compared. Select the appropriate study design from the following lettered options.
A. Sib-pair (linkage) study B. Familial aggregation study C. Cohort study D. Migrant study E. Twin study F. Inbreeding study G. Segregation study The answer is C. Question 35 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a casecontrol study of dietary intake and the development of colon cancer, the food frequency questionnaires yield imprecise estimates of actual food consumption for all respondents. Select the most likely form of bias or error from the lettered options. A. Selection bias B. Random error C. Information bias D. Ecologic fallacy E. Confounding F. Birth cohort effect The answer is B. Question 36 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Select the most appropriate answer based on the decision diagram in the figure below, which represents the portion of a decision tree that depicts the use of a test to make a medical decision. The probability that the test is positive is represented by p(Pos), and the probability that the test is negative is indicated by p(Neg). If the test is positive, the patient may have disease (ie, a true-positive) or the patient may not have disease (ie, a false-positive) with probabilities represented by p(Dis) and p(No Dis), respectively. The same disease outcomes are possible with a negative test. If the test is negative, the probability of disease is represented by p(DisN) and the probability of no disease is represented by p(No DisN). N indicates that the test is scored as negative.
Portion of a decision tree that illustrates the use of a test to formulate a medical decision
In the figure above, consider PVP as the predictive value positive and PVN as the predictive value negative. At the chance node labeled 2, the probability of disease is given by which of the following? A. The PVP B. The 1 PVP C. The PVN D. The 1 PVN E. The TP x FP The answer is A. Question 37 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The results of several casecontrol studies of the association between exposure to rug shampoo and the development of Kawasaki disease are examined to produce a summary conclusion. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Cross-sectional study
E. Meta-analysis F. Ecologic study The answer is E. Question 38 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The ability to assign by chance the type of antihypertensive agent used reduces the likelihood of confounding of diet and physical activity in a study of treatment of blood pressure elevation. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Ecologic study E. Cross-sectional study The answer is C. Question 39 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A study evaluates the per-capita intake of calcium and the prevalence of hypertension in 8 different countries. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Cross-sectional study E. Meta-analysis F. Ecologic study The answer is F. Question 40 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a study of risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease and coronary heart disease mortality as depicted in the figure below, the following relationship is found. Choose the most appropriate criterion for establishing a causal relationship from the lettered options.
Association between the number of risk factors and coronary heart disease mortality.
A. Strength of the association B. Doseresponse relationship C. Correct temporal sequence D. Consistency of results E. Biologic plausibility The answer is B. Question 41 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study was designed to determine whether selected alleles at one locus are risk factors for coronary artery disease. The blood used to assess genotype was stored in a freezer, later determined to have a defective thermostat. A. Inbreeding B. Confounding C. Misclassification D. Linkage disequilibrium
E. Selection bias F. None of these applies The answer is C. Question 42 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study shows an association between exposure to aluminum and Alzheimer's disease. At autopsy the pathologic lesions in the brains of patients who have died with Alzheimer's disease are found to contain elevated amounts of aluminum. Choose the most appropriate criterion for establishing a causal relationship from the lettered options. A. Strength of the association B. Doseresponse relationship C. Correct temporal sequence D. Consistency of results E. Biologic plausibility The answer is E. Question 43 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A casecontrol study was designed to determine whether selected alleles at one locus are risk factors for coronary artery disease. One of the alleles is found more frequently among those in a particular ethnic group; this group also has high rates of cardiac disease under study. A. Inbreeding B. Confounding C. Misclassification D. Linkage disequilibrium E. Selection bias F. None of these applies The answer is B. Question 44 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Two hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis are randomly assigned to 6 months of a new anti-inflammatory drug or standard care. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Cross-sectional study E. Meta-analysis F. Ecologic study The answer is C. Question 45 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate the typical length of life of patients with breast cancer after diagnosis? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is F. Question 46 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate the proportion of patients with breast cancer who will be alive 5 years after diagnosis? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk
E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is A. Question 47 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate the proportion of the U.S. population that is overweight? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is B. Question 48 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate the proportion of professional football players who will suffer a knee injury during a season? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is D. Question 49 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a cohort study of cigarette smoking and prostate cancer, 42% of the subjects are lost to follow-up after 5 years. Select the most likely form of bias or error from the lettered options. A. Selection bias B. Random error C. Information bias D. Ecologic fallacy E. Confounding F. Birth cohort effect The answer is A. Question 50 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to estimate how quickly people develop hypertension, after age 21? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is C. Question 51 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A study is conducted in a country to evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Cross-sectional study E. Meta-analysis F. Ecologic study The answer is D.
A survival curve for patients with multiple myeloma is shown in the figure below.
Survival curve for patients with multiple myeloma. (Adapted from Reis LAG et al: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 19731995. National Cancer Institute, 1998.)
From this curve, the proportion of patients surviving 1-year is estimated to be closest to A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 70% E. 80% The answer is D. Question 53 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Five published casecontrol studies of the association between exposure to lead and diminished cognitive function in children yield the following odds ratios: 1.4 (95% CI 0.92.5), 1.7 (95% CI 1.32.5), 2.4 (95% CI 1.14.5), 1.9 (95% CI 1.42.4), and 1.2 (95% CI 1.05 1.6). Choose the most appropriate criterion for establishing a causal relationship from the lettered options. A. Strength of the association B. Doseresponse relationship C. Correct temporal sequence D. Consistency of results E. Biologic plausibility The answer is D. Question 54 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Estimate the approximate 1-year risk of developing melanoma in a retirement community of 10,000 among whom 10 are found to have melanoma during an initial screening and 1 new case is found at a subsequent screening exam 1 year later, assuming no entries or losses of subjects and no deaths from other causes. A. 0.0001 B. 0.0001 cases/person-year C. 0.001 D. 0.001 cases/person-year E. .010 F. .010 cases/person-year G. .10 H. .10 cases/person-year I. 1.0 J. 1.0 cases/person-year The answer is A. Question 55 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117.) The incidence rates are shown by race and gender in the table below.
Incidence Rates (per 100,000 Person-Years) of Primary and Secondary Syphilis By Race and Gender, United States, 2002.a
Race Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117.
The group with the greatest rapidity of new occurrences. A. White males B. Black males C. White females D. Black females E. All males F. All females G. All blacks H. All whites The answer is B. Question 56 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Estimate the prevalence of melanoma in a retirement community of 10,000 among whom 10 are found to have melanoma during an initial screening and 1 new case is found at a subsequent screening exam 1 year later. A. 0.0001 B. 0.0001 cases/person-year
C. 0.001 D. 0.001 cases/person-year E. .010 F. .010 cases/person-year G. .10 H. .10 cases/person-year I. 1.0 J. 1.0 cases/person-year The answer is C. Question 57 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Individuals with hypertension are randomized to a diuretic, a calcium channel blocker, a and efficacy. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Ecologic study E. Cross-sectional study The answer is C. Question 58 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
blocker, and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in order to evaluate relative safety
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) The incidence rates are shown by race and gender in the table below.
Race
Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
The black-to-white ratio of incidence rates among women is: A. 6.5/0.2 B. 6.5/1.1 C. 6.5 0.2 D. (6.5 x 2.2)/(13.5 x 0.2) E. (6.5 0.2)/6.5 The answer is A. Question 59 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Race Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
The group with the lowest rapidity of new occurrences.
A. White males B. Black males C. White females D. Black females E. All males F. All females G. All blacks H. All whites The answer is C. Question 60 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, which city has the highest overall incidence rate?
Incidence Rates (per 100,000 Person-Years) of Primary and Secondary Syphilis By City and Gender, United States, 2002.a
Gender City
Phoenix, Arizona Houston, Texas New York, New York Louisville, Kentucky San Francisco, California
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0
Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117. A. Phoenix, Arizona B. Houston, Texas C. New York, New York
D. Louisville, Kentucky E. San Francisco, California The answer is E. Question 61 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, which city has the least gender disparity in incidence rates?
Gender City
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0
Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117. A. Phoenix, Arizona B. Houston, Texas C. New York, New York D. Louisville, Kentucky E. San Francisco, California
The answer is D. Question 62 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Patients with newly developed breast cancer are asked about previous dietary intake of fat. Their responses are compared to patients admitted to the hospital for plastic surgery procedures. Select the most appropriate study design from the lettered options. A. Casecontrol study B. Cohort study C. Clinical trial D. Cross-sectional study E. Meta-analysis F. Ecologic study The answer is A Question 63 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Which is the best measure to assess the risk of death among persons with West Nile Virus infection? A. Five-year survival B. Prevalence C. Incidence rate D. Risk E. Case fatality F. Median survival The answer is E. Question 64 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A study is performed that examines the prevalence of hypertension and the per capita intake of sodium in the diet. It is found that the countries with higher sodium consumption have a higher prevalence of hypertension. A second study is performed in an individual country that examines the intake of sodium in the diet and the level of blood pressure. In this study subjects with higher sodium intake in the diet do not have higher blood pressure. Select the most likely form of bias or error from the lettered options.
A. Selection bias B. Random error C. Information bias D. Ecologic fallacy E. Confounding F. Birth cohort effect The answer is D. Question 65 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, for males migrating from New York to Phoenix, the incidence rate should
Incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) of primary and secondary syphilis by city and gender, United States, 2002.a
Gender City
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0
Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117. A. Decrease B. Increase C. Stay the same D. Change, but direction cannot be determined E. Increase, then fall below original levels
The answer is A. Question 66 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, which city has the greatest gender disparity in incidence rates?
Gender City
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0
The answer is E. Question 67 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

A study about risk of myocardial infarction among cigarette smokers was conducted for five years, between 1998 and 2003. The results of observations on six patients are depicted schematically in the figure below.
Observations on six elderly cigarette smokers (AF). Solid lines indicate times observed while subjects were at risk of developing myocardial infarctions; dashed lines indicate times observed after myocardial infarctions.
Among these patients, the risk of developing a myocardial infarction by the end of the first year of follow-up is A. 1/6 = 0.17 B. 1/5 = 0.20 C. 2/6 = 0.33 D. 2/5 = 0.40 E. 3/5 = 0.60 The answer is A. Question 68 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, for females migrating from New York to Phoenix, the incidence rate should
Incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) of primary and secondary syphilis by city and gender, United States, 2002.a
Gender City
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0
Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117. A. Decrease B. Increase C. Stay the same D. Change, but direction cannot be determined E. Increase, then fall below original

Recent data on the incidence and survival of selected cancers in the United States are presented in the table below.
Incidence Rates (per 100,000 Person-Years) by Race and Sex and Overall Survival Rates at One and Five Years for Selected Cancers, United States.a
Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Oral cavity Esophagus Pancreas Bladder Brain
Survivalc Black Males

21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
Data from Ries LAG et al: SEER Cancer Statistics, 19752000. National Cancer Institute, 2003.
b c
For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.
For persons diagnosed in 1995.
The lowest overall rapidity of new occurrences. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is B. Question 70 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
The smallest male-to-female ratio of incidence rates among whites. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is C. Question 71 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Incidenceb
Survivalc
Type of Cancer
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Males
21 11 18 20 5
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
The highest overall incidence rate. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is D. Question 72 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The prevalence of myocardial infarction in mid-2002 was A. 1/6 = 0.17 B. 2/6 = 0.33 C. 1/4 = 0.25 D. 2/4 = 0.50 E. 2/3 = 0.67 The answer is D. Question 73 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
The greatest male-to-female ratio of incidence rates among blacks. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is A. Question 74 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) Based on the information in the table below, which city has the lowest overall incidence rate?
Gender City
Male
6.2 5.7 11.0 11.5 78.8
Female
3.8 0.9 0.4 10.8 1.0


Oral cavity

21
White Males
15
White Females
6
Black Females
5
1 5 year years
83 59
Esophagus Pancreas Bladder Brain
8 12 41 9
2 9 10 6
11 18 20 5
4 13 8 3
42 19 91 53
12 4 83 34
b c
The least level of racial disparity in incidence rates. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is A. Question 76 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Oral cavity Esophagus Pancreas

21 11 18
White Males
15 8 12
White Females
6 2 9
Black Females
5 4 13
1 5 year years
83 42 19 59 12 4
Bladder Brain
41 9
10 6
20 5
8 3
91 53
83 34
b c
Mortality rate is furthest from incidence rate. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is D. Question 77 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
The incidence rate of myocardial infarction over the observation period was: A. 3/6 = 0.50 cases/person year B. 3/10 = 0.30 cases/person year C. 2/15 = 0.13 cases/person year D. 3/15 = 0.20 cases/person year E. 3/5 = 0.60 cases/person year The answer is D. Question 78 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
Greatest percentage of overall fatalities occur between 1 and 5 years. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is A. Question 79 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A survival curve for patients with multiple myeloma is shown in the figure below.
Survival curve for patients with multiple myeloma. (Adapted from Reis LAG et al: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 19731995. National Cancer Institute, 1998.)
From this curve, the median survival is estimated to be between A. 0 and 1 year B. 1 and 2 years C. 2 and 3 years D. 3 and 4 years E. 4 and 5 years The answer is C. Question 80 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
Lowest case fatality. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is D. Question 81 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In a retirement community of 10,000 among whom 10 are found to have melanoma during an initial screening and 1 new case is found at a subsequent screening exam 1 year later, estimate the approximate incidence rate of developing melanoma, assuming no entries or losses of subjects and no deaths from other causes. A. 0.0001 B. 0.0001 cases/person-year C. 0.001 D. 0.001 cases/person-year
E. .010 F. .010 cases/person-year G. .10 H. .10 cases/person-year I. 1.0 J. 1.0 cases/person-year The answer is B. Question 82 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurred in Uganda between August 2000 and January 2001. Contact tracing from three laboratory-confirmed patients identified the chains of transmission for 27 cases (Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430). A total of 22 patients died. The case-fatality (in %) was: A. 2 B. 22 C. 66 D. 81 E. Cannot be determined The answer is D. Question 83 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurred in Uganda between August 2000 and January 2001. Contact tracing from three laboratory-confirmed patients identified the chains of transmission for 27 cases (Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430). The distribution of dates of onset was from September 18 through October 28, with the following numbers of cases in successive weeks of the outbreak: 3, 3, 4, 4, 9, 3, 1. The sentinel cases for this outbreak most likely occurred in which week? A. 1 B. 3 C. 5
D. 7 E. Cannot be determined The answer is A. Question 84 of 145 You incorrectly answered .



21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
The lowest black-to-white ratio of incidence rates among females. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain
The answer is E. Question 85 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Race Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
The male-to-female ratio of incidence rates among whites is: A. 2.2/1.2 B. 2.2 0.2 C. (2.2 x 6.5)/(13.5 x 0.2) D. (2.2 0.2)/2.2 E. 2.2/0.2 The answer is E. Question 86 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
In 2001 within the United States, the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis reversed a 10-year pattern of decline. National surveillance data were analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of syphilis (Data from CDC: Primary and secondary syphilisUnited States,
2002. MMWR 2003;52: 1117.) The incidence rates are shown by race and gender in the table below.
Race Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
The black-to-white excess rate of occurrence (in cases per 100,000 person-years) among males is A. 3.7 B. 7.0 C. 9.7 D. 11.3 E. 13.3 The answer is D. Question 87 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A study was conducted among a total of 83 contacts of patients, 20 of whom became ill and 63 remained well. Information was collected on the types of interactions between patients and their contacts, as shown in the table below.
Interaction Histories for Contacts of Patients with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever.a
Contact Interaction with patient

Sharing meals
No Contact Total
15
Ill Well
6 9
Ill Well
14 54
Total
68
Washing clothes Exposure to body fluids Sleeping in same hut Touching body
11 15 11 19
24 15 17 51
35 30 28 70
9 5 9 1
39 48 46 12
48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Which type of contact had the lowest risk ratio? A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is B. Question 88 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
An outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurred in Uganda between August 2000 and January 2001. Contact tracing from three laboratory-confirmed patients identified the chains of transmission for 27 cases (Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430). The incidence rate probably was highest in which week? A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7 E. Cannot be determined The answer is C. Question 89 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Sharing meals Washing clothes Exposure to body fluids Sleeping in same hut Touching body
No Contact Total
15 35 30 28 70
Ill Well
6 11 15 11 19 9 24 15 17 51
Ill Well
14 9 5 9 1 54 39 48 46 12
Total
68 48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Given these study results, which of the following infection control practices would be most effective? A. Handwashing and use of gloves B. Sterilize plates and utensils C. Wear surgical masks D. Daily washing of clothing E. Boiling all drinking water The answer is A. Question 90 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

No Contact Total
15 35 30 28 70
Ill Well
6 11 15 11 19 9 24 15 17 51
Ill Well
14 9 5 9 1 54 39 48 46 12
Total
68 48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Which type of contact had the highest attack rate? A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is C. Question 91 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Sharing meals Washing clothes Exposure to body fluids
No Contact Total
15 35 30
Ill Well
6 11 15 9 24 15
Ill Well
14 9 5 54 39 48
Total
68 48 53
Sleeping in same hut Touching body
11 19
17 51
28 70
9 1
46 12
55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Which type of contact appears to confer the highest risk of transmission? A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is C. Question 92 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
Data from Ries LAG et al: SEER Cancer Statistics, 19752000. National Cancer Institute,
2003.
b c
Highest case fatality. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is C. Question 93 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A population-based evaluation was conducted in Japan of annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography. The subjects underwent baseline evaluations in 1996, with repeat annual examinations the next two years. Confirmation of a lung cancer diagnosis was based on cellular pathology. A summary of the results of all three screenings combined is provided in the table below.
Summary of Low-Dose Computed Tomography (CT) Screening for Lung Cancer in Japan.a
Cancer CT Result
Positive Negative Total
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Specificity (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09
D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is L. Question 94 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Race Gender
Male Female All
White
2.2 0.2 1.2
Black
13.5 6.5 9.8
All
3.8 1.1 2.4
The overall male-to-female excess rate of occurrence (in cases per 100,000 person-years) A. 2.0 B. 7.0
C. 2.7 D. 1.4 E. 8.6 The answer is C. Question 95 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. The prevalence of disease (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5
J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is E. Question 96 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

No Contact Total
15 35 30 28 70
Ill Well
6 11 15 11 19 9 24 15 17 51
Ill Well
14 9 5 9 1 54 39 48 46 12
Total
68 48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Which type of contact had the highest risk ratio? A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is C. Question 97 of 145
You incorrectly answered .

No Contact Total
15 35 30 28 70
Ill Well
6 11 15 11 19 9 24 15 17 51
Ill Well
14 9 5 9 1 54 39 48 46 12
Total
68 48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. Which type of contact had the lowest attack rate? A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is E. Question 98 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A population-based evaluation was conducted in Japan of annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography. The subjects underwent baseline evaluations in 1996, with repeat annual examinations the next two years. Confirmation of a lung cancer diagnosis
was based on cellular pathology. A summary of the results of all three screenings combined is provided in the table below.
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Negative predictive value (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is M. Question 99 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. False-negatives out of all cancer patients (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is H. Question 100 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
Mortality rate is closest to incidence rate. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is C. Question 101 of 145 You incorrectly answered .


21 11 18 20 5
White Males
15 8 12 41 9
White Females
6 2 9 10 6
Black Females
5 4 13 8 3
1 5 year years
83 42 19 91 53 59 12 4 83 34
b c
Median survival occurs between 1 and 5 years. A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Pancreas D. Bladder E. Brain The answer is E. Question 102 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Likelihood ratio for a positive test result A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is J. Question 103 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Positive predictive value (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is I. Question 104 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Pretest odds of disease A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is A. Question 105 of 145
You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Posttest odds of disease A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is D.
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Posttest probability A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100
The answer is C. Question 107 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The similarity of treatment groups with respect to baseline characteristics most likely occurred because of A. Use of intention-to-treat analysis B. The placebo effect C. Use of randomization D. Use of blinding E. Use of informed consent The answer is C. Question 108 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result Present Absent Total
56 4 60
532 13,194 13,726
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Sensitivity (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is K. Question 109 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response.
Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. One control in ten had a clinical response. This is best explained by A. Use of intention-to-treat analysis B. The placebo effect C. Use of randomization D. Use of blinding E. Use of informed consent The answer is B. Question 110 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The risk of not responding clinically among controls was A. 0.10 B. 0.29 C. 0.71 D. 0.79 E. 0.90 The answer is E. Question 111 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Positive results out of all tests (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is G. Question 112 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The risk of not responding clinically among memantine patients was A. 0.10 B. 0.29 C. 0.71 D. 0.79 E. 0.90 The answer is C. Question 113 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25.
False-positives out of all persons without cancer (%) A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9 K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is F. Question 114 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. Although more controls than patients treated with memantine failed to complete the study, all patients were analyzed according to the original assignment. This is best described as A. Use of intention-to-treat B. The placebo effect C. Use of randomization D. Use of blinding E. Use of informed consent
The answer is A. Question 115 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

A cohort study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between exposure to solid foods at an early age and the development of asthma. In the study, 1000 infants who had solid food introduced before 4 months of age are compared to 1000 infants who had solid food introduced after 6 months of age. The results are shown in the table below.
Relationship Between Exposure to Solid Foods at an Early Age and Development of Asthma.
Health Status Introduction of Solid Food

Early Late Total
Asthma
200 100 300
No Asthma
800 900 1700
Total
1000 1000 2000
What is the risk of asthma in the group that had early introduction of solid foods? A. 0.10 B. 0.15 C. 0.20 D. 0.25 E. 0.35 The answer is C. Question 116 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based
upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The risk ratio of a serious adverse effect among patients treated with memantine compared to the corresponding reference risk among controls was A. 0.13 B. 0.18 C. 0.72 D. 0.82 E. 0.87 The answer is C. Question 117 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The results suggest that compared with controls, patients treated with memantine have A. Better clinical response and fewer serious adverse effects B. Better clinical response, but more serious adverse effects C. Worse clinical response, but fewer serious adverse effects D. Worse clinical response and more serious adverse effects E. The same clinical response, but fewer serious adverse effects The answer is A. Question 118 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. Some patients may have enrolled with cognitive deficits great enough to impair their understanding of the purpose and risks of the study. In these instances, caregivers represented the patients in accepting the risks and benefits of the study. This process is best described as A. Use of intention-to-treat B. The placebo effect C. Use of randomization D. Use of blinding E. Use of informed consent The answer is E. Question 119 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. Neither patients nor clinicians who evaluated them knew individual treatment assignments. This may be described as A. Use of intention-to-treat analysis B. The placebo effect C. Use of randomization
D. Use of blinding E. Use of informed consent The answer is D. Question 120 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Cancer CT Result
Present
56 4 60
Absent
532 13,194 13,726
Total
588 13,198 13,786
Data from Sone S et al: Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer 2001;84:25. Likelihood ratio for a negative test result A. .004 B. .07 C. .09 D. .10 E. .44 F. 3.9 G. 4.3 H. 6.7 I. 9.5 J. 23.9
K. 93.3 L. 96.1 M. 100 The answer is B. Question 121 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is conducted to determine whether memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, can reduce clinical deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease (reference: Reisberg B et al: Memantine in moderate-tosevere Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333). Among 252 patients randomized in equal numbers to memantine (20 mg per day) or a placebo, the groups were similar at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics and level of dementia. The study period was 28 weeks, with 29 experimental patients and 42 controls not completing the study. Based upon cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessments, 29% of patients treated with memantine and 10% of controls demonstrated a predefined favorable clinical response. Serious adverse events occurred among 13% of patients on memantine and 18% of controls. The risk ratio of not responding clinically among patients treated with memantine compared to the corresponding reference risk among controls was A. 0.10 B. 0.29 C. 0.71 D. 0.79 E. 0.90 The answer is D. Question 122 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Early Late Total
Asthma
200 100 300
No Asthma
800 900 1700
Total
1000 1000 2000
The point estimate for the risk ratio (early introduction of solids versus late introduction) for the occurrence of asthma indicates that the risk of asthma associated with early introduction of solids is A. Decreased B. Increased C. Not affected D. Cannot be determined The answer is B. Question 123 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Early Late Total
Asthma
200 100 300
No Asthma
800 900 1700
Total
1000 1000 2000
What is the risk of asthma in the group that had late introduction of solid foods?
A. 0.10 B. 0.15 C. 0.20 D. 0.25 E. 0.35 The answer is A. Question 124 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A cohort study is performed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation as measured by a high C-reactive protein and the occurrence of myocardial infarction among women. In the study, 500 subjects with high C-reactive protein and 500 subjects with normal C-reactive protein are studied over a 20-year period. During the study, 50 of the women with high C-reactive protein and 15 of the women with normal C-reactive protein develop a newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The incidence rate (per 10,000 person years) for a myocardial infarction for a person with normal C-reactive protein is A. 15 B. 25 C. 30 D. 50 E. 60 F. Incidence cannot be determined The answer is A. Question 125 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Early Late Total
Asthma
200 100 300
No Asthma
800 900 1700
Total
1000 1000 2000
What is the risk ratio (early introduction of solids versus late introduction) for the occurrence of asthma? A. 0.05 B. 0.50 C. 1.0 D. 2.0 E. 3.0 The answer is D. Question 126 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A cohort study is performed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation as measured by a high C-reactive protein and the occurrence of myocardial infarction among women. In the study, 500 subjects with high C-reactive protein and 500 subjects with normal C-reactive protein are studied over a 20-year period. During the study, 50 of the women with high C-reactive protein and 15 of the women with normal C-reactive protein develop a newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The attributable risk percent is A. 25% B. 35.5% C. 50% D. 70% E. 90% The answer is D..
A cohort study is performed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation as measured by a high C-reactive protein and the occurrence of myocardial infarction among women. In the study, 500 subjects with high C-reactive protein and 500 subjects with normal C-reactive protein are studied over a 20-year period. During the study, 50 of the women with high C-reactive protein and 15 of the women with normal C-reactive protein develop a newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The incidence rate (per 10,000 person years) for myocardial infarction among women with a high C-reactive protein is A. 15 B. 25 C. 30 D. 50 E. 60 F. Incidence cannot be determined The answer is D. Question 128 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Early Late Total
Asthma
200 100 300
No Asthma
800 900 1700
Total
1000 1000 2000
The 95% confidence interval for the point estimate is 1.4 to 4.5. The correct interpretation of these results is A. A statistically significant association exists between early introduction of solids and increased risk for the development of asthma at the level of p < 0.05. B. A statistically significant relationship exists between early introduction of solid foods and decreased risk for the development of asthma at the level of p < 0.05. C. It can be concluded with 95% confidence that early introduction of solids is protective for development of asthma. D. Breast feeding is an important intervention to prevent the development of asthma. E. The risk of asthma is not statistically significantly different between early and late introduction of solid foods at the level of p < 0.05. The answer is A. Question 129 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a pair-matched casecontrol study to assess post-menopausal hormone replacement as a risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, patients were matched with controls on age, race, years since menopause, area of residence, and age at menarche. A. Concordant pair B. Discordant pair C. Not applicable D. Cannot be determined from the information provided E. More efficient than other casecontrol designs The answer is E. Question 130 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

No Contact Total
15 35 30 28 70
Ill Well
6 11 15 11 19 9 24 15 17 51
Ill Well
14 9 5 9 1 54 39 48 46 12
Total
68 48 53 55 13
Data from Francesconi P et al: Ebola hemorrhagic fever transmission and risk factors of contacts, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1430. The most frequent type of contact was A. Sharing meals B. Washing clothes C. Exposure to body fluids D. Sleeping in same hut E. Touching body The answer is E. Question 131 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A cohort study is performed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation as measured by a high C-reactive protein and the occurrence of myocardial infarction among women. In the study, 500 subjects with high C-reactive protein and 500 subjects with normal C-reactive protein are studied over a 20-year period. During the study, 50 of the women with high C-reactive protein and 15 of the women with normal C-reactive protein develop a newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The risk difference is A. 0.005 B. 0.007
C. 0.07 D. 0.05 E. 1.0 The answer is C. Question 132 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
A cohort study is performed to evaluate the relationship between inflammation as measured by a high C-reactive protein and the occurrence of myocardial infarction among women. In the study, 500 subjects with high C-reactive protein and 500 subjects with normal C-reactive protein are studied over a 20-year period. During the study, 50 of the women with high C-reactive protein and 15 of the women with normal C-reactive protein develop a newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The incidence rate ratio for myocardial infarction is A. 0.9 B. 1.0 C. 2.3 D. 3.3 E. 5.0 The answer is D. Question 133 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a casecontrol study of nosocomial urinary tract infection and catheter care among patients with a Foley catheter, information about catheter care is obtained by interviewing patients about 6 months after discharge from the hospital. A. Publication bias B. Confounding C. Interviewer bias D. Misclassification
E. Cohort effect F. Selection bias The answer is D. Question 134 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Select the most appropriate advantage that best applies to the casecontrol design from the following lettered options. Assessing risk factors for adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). A. The study can be conducted at nominal expense B. Efficient for the study of rare diseases C. Efficient for the study of rare exposures D. The incidence rate in the population can be estimated directly E. The temporal relationship between exposure and disease is clearly defined F. The ability to conduct an assessment quickly The answer is B. Question 135 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a casecontrol study of nosocomial urinary tract infection and catheter care among patients with a Foley catheter, cases are sampled from patients who had been on a surgical ward and controls who had been on a medical ward. A. Publication bias B. Confounding C. Interviewer bias D. Misclassification E. Cohort effect F. Selection bias The answer is F. Question 136 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a casecontrol study of nosocomial urinary tract infection and catheter care among patients with a Foley catheter, patients who had a bladder infection are more likely to remember the number of times the catheter had been changed. A. Publication bias B. Confounding C. Interviewer bias D. Misclassification E. Cohort effect F. Selection bias The answer is D. Question 137 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a casecontrol study of nosocomial urinary tract infection and catheter care among patients with a Foley catheter, the interviewer probes more deeply when questioning patients who had had a bladder infection because she did not want to "miss anything." A. Publication bias B. Confounding C. Interviewer bias D. Misclassification E. Cohort effect F. Selection bias The answer is C. Question 138 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
Select the most appropriate advantage that best applies to the casecontrol design from the following lettered options. Assessing risk factors for an epidemic of a newly recognized condition with rapid onset of liver disease in several communities.
A. The study can be conducted at nominal expense B. Efficient for the study of rare diseases C. Efficient for the study of rare exposures D. The incidence rate in the population can be estimated directly E. The temporal relationship between exposure and disease is clearly defined F. The ability to conduct an assessment quickly The answer is F. Question 139 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the measure below, slect the most appropriate calculation from the following options. The odds of exposure among cases in an unmatched casecontrol study of risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, in which chronic heartburn was found in 70 of 150 cases and 20 of 150 controls. A. 70/150 B. 20/230 C. 20/150 D. (80 x 280)/(20 x 70) E. 70/80 F. (70 x 130)/(80 x 20) G. Cannot be calculated with available information The answer is E. Question 140 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the measure below, slect the most appropriate calculation from the following options. The prevalence of exposure among cases in an unmatched casecontrol study of risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, in which chronic heartburn was found in 70 of 150 cases and 20 of 150 controls. A. 70/150 B. 20/230 C. 20/150
D. (80 x 280)/(20 x 70) E. 70/80 F. (70 x 130)/(80 x 20) G. Cannot be calculated with available information The answer is A. Question 141 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the measure below, slect the most appropriate calculation from the following options. The odds ratio for exposure in an unmatched casecontrol study of risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, in which chronic heartburn was found in 70 of 150 cases and 20 of 150 controls. A. 70/150 B. 20/230 C. 20/150 D. (80 x 280)/(20 x 70) E. 70/80 F. (70 x 130)/(80 x 20) G. Cannot be calculated with available information The answer is F. Question 142 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
For the measure below, slect the most appropriate calculation from the following options. The risk of disease among the exposed for an unmatched casecontrol study of risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, in which chronic heartburn was found in 70 of 150 cases and 20 of 150 controls. A. 70/150 B. 20/230 C. 20/150 D. (80 x 280)/(20 x 70) E. 70/80
F. (70 x 130)/(80 x 20) G. Cannot be calculated with available information The answer is G. Question 143 of 145
Select the most appropriate advantage that best applies to the casecontrol design from the following lettered options. Assessing risk factors for a long-standing high rate of infant mortality in a developing country. A. The study can be conducted at nominal expense B. Efficient for the study of rare diseases C. Efficient for the study of rare exposures D. The incidence rate in the population can be estimated directly E. The temporal relationship between exposure and disease is clearly defined F. The ability to conduct an assessment quickly The answer is A.
Question 144 of 145 For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options. In a pair-matched casecontrol study of cell phone usage while driving as a risk factor for automobile accidents, a male driver was using his cell phone when the accident occurred and his matched control was not using a cell phone at the corresponding time. A. Concordant pair B. Discordant pair C. Not applicable D. Cannot be determined from the information provided E. More efficient than other casecontrol designs The answer is B. Question 145 of 145 You incorrectly answered .
< Previous question
For the situation below, select the best descriptor from the following options.
In an unmatched casecontrol study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis, a patient with deep vein thrombosis had traveled in an airplane, and a control of similar age had not. A. Concordant pair B. Discordant pair C. Not applicable D. Cannot be determined from the information provided E. More efficient than other casecontrol designs The answer is C.

Greenberg - Epidemiology Self - Assessment Study Questions

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Greenberg - Epidemiology Self - Assessment Study Questions

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Greenberg: Epidemiology Self-Assessment

Question 1 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

The answer is B. Question 8 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Question 21 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

< Previous question Next question >

Decision tree for coronary bypass surgery.

Decision tree for coronary bypass surgery.

Decision tree for coronary bypass surgery.

Decision tree for coronary bypass surgery.

Question 52 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

< Previous question Next question >

blocker, and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in order to evaluate relative safety

< Previous question Next question >

The group with the lowest rapidity of new occurrences.

The answer is D. Question 62 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

The answer is A. Question 66 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

The answer is E. Question 67 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

The answer is B. Question 69 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

The answer is B. Question 75 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

Esophagus Pancreas Bladder Brain

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

D. 7 E. Cannot be determined The answer is A. Question 84 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Incidenceb Type of Cancer

Survivalc Black Males

For 2000, age-adjusted to the 2000 population of the United States.

For persons diagnosed in 1995.

The answer is E. Question 85 of 145 You incorrectly answered .

Interaction Histories for Contacts of Patients with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever.a

Contact Interaction with patient

Interaction Histories for Contacts of Patients with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever.a

Contact Interaction with patient

Interaction Histories for Contacts of Patients with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever.a

Contact Interaction with patient